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7. x2 + xy + y2 = 11 dy
dy dy 4x3 + 4 y 3 =0
2x + x + y + 2y =0 dx
dx dx dy x3
dy 2x + y ∴ = − 3
∴ = − dx y
dx x + 2y
dy 13
= − =1
8. x3 + 2xy + y4 = 13 dx (1, −1) (−1) 3
dy dy ∴ Gradient of tangent = 1
3x2 + 2x + 2y + 4y3 =0
dx dx
dy 3x 2 + 2 y 15. xy2 + x2y + 6 = 0
∴ = − dy dy
dx 2x + 4 y3 x(2y) + y 2 + x2 + 2xy = 0
dx dx
dy 2 xy + y 2
9. x + y = 10 = − 2
dx x + 2 xy
1 1
1 − 2 1 − 2 dy dy 2(−2)(3) + 32
x + y =0 3
2 2 dx = − = −
dx(−2 , 3 ) (−2) + 2(−2) ⋅ 3
2
8
dy y
∴ = − 3
dx x ∴ Gradient of tangent = −
8
2 2
10. 16. x3 + 2xy + y2 = 34
x3 + y3 = 1 dy dy
1 3x2 + 2 x + 2y + 2 y =0
2 − 3 2 − 13 dy dx dx
x + y =0
3 3 dx dy 3x 2 + 2 y
= −
dy y dx 2 y + 2x
∴ = −3
dx x dy 3(−1) 2 + 2(−5) 7
= − = −
dx ( −1, −5) 2(−5) + 2(−1) 12
11. (x − 2)y3 = x + 2
7
2 dy ∴ Gradient of tangent = −
3(x − 2) y + y3 = 1 12
dx
dy 1 − y3 Section B
∴ =
dx 3 y 2 ( x − 2)
1 1
17. + =1
12. (x2 + y2)3 = 4x5y6 x y
dy −1 1 dy
3 (x2 + y2)2 (2x + 2 y ) − 2 ⋅ =0
dx x2 y dx
5 dy
= 4x5 ⋅ 6 y + 4y6 ⋅ 5x4 dy y2
dx ∴ = − 2
dx x
dy 10 x 4 y 6 − 3 x( x 2 + y 2 ) 2
∴ =
dx 3 y ( x 2 + y 2 ) 2 − 12 x 5 y 5 xy + 3
18. =3
xy − 3
13. y2 = 4x − 8
xy + 3 = 3xy − 9
dy
2y =4 ∴ xy = 6
dx dy
dy 2 y+ x =0
= dx
dx y dy y
dy ∴ = −
=1 dx x
dx y = 2
∴ Gradient of tangent = 1 19. xy + 2x = y
14. x4 + y4 = 2
33
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 14)
1 1
dy 6. y = sec x3
⋅ y+ x⋅ +2 ⋅ dy
2 x 2 y dx = sec x3 tan x3 ⋅ (3x2)
dx
1 dy
= ⋅ = 3x2 sec x3 tan x3
2 y dx
7. y = sin2 x
dy y + 4 xy dy
∴ = = 2 sin x cos x
dx x−x dx
20. y 1 − x2 + x y = x 8. y = sin x2
dy
− xy dy x dy = cos x2 ⋅ 2x
+ 1− x + y+
2
=1 dx
1− x 2 dx 2 y dx = 2x cos x2
dy 2(1 − y ) y (1 − x 2 ) + 2 xy y
∴ = 9. y= cot 2 x
dx 2(1 − x 2 ) y + x 1 − x 2 1
= (cot 2 x) 2
1
dy
= 1 (cot 2 x) 2 (− csc 2 2 x ⋅ 2)
−
16. y = x2 tan x
dy
= x2 sec2 x + 2x tan x
dx
34
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 14)
cos x π
17. y = 25. y = [sin (
+ x)]4
x2 2
dy x 2 (− sin x) − cos x(2 x) dy π π
= = 4 sin3 ( + x) cos ( + x)
dx x4 dx 2 2
− x sin x − 2 cos x = 4 cos3 x (−sin x)
= = − 4cos3 x sin x
x3
35
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 14)
36
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 14)
1 2. x =1−t
44. y= tan3 x − tan x + x
3 dx
= −1
dy dt
= tan2 x sec2 x − sec2 x + 1
dx y = 2 + 5t
= tan2 x (tan2 x + 1) − (tan2 x + 1) + 1 dy
=5
= tan4 x dt
dy dy 5
∴ − tan4 x = 0 ∴ = = −5
dx dx −1
37
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 14)
7. x = t dy −2 sin 2t
∴ =
1 dx 2 sin t cos t
dx
= 1t 2
−
−2 sin 2t
dt 2 =
sin 2t
y = 6 − 7t = −2
dy
= −7
dt 12. x = t − sin 2t
−7 dx
dy 1 = 1 − 2 cos 2t
∴ = 1 − 12 = −14 t 2 dt
dx t
2 y = 1 − cos 2t
dy
8. x = 2 sin t = 2 sin 2t
dt
dx
= 2 cos t dy 2 sin 2t
dt ∴ =
y = 5 cos t dx 1 − 2 cos 2t
dy
= −5 sin t 13. x=t−1
dt
dx
dy −5 sin t =1
∴ = dt
dx 2 cos t
y = 2t + 3
5
= − tan t dy
2 =2
dt
9. x = 2 sec t dy
∴ = 2
dx dx t = 2
= 2 sec t tan t
dt
y = 4 tan t 14. x = 1 − t3
dy dx
= 4 sec2 t = −3t2
dt dt
dy 4 sec 2 t y = t2 − 2t + 1
∴ =
dx 2 sec t tan t dy
2 sec t = 2t − 2
= dt
tan t dy 2t − 2
= 2 csc t =
dx − 3t 2
10. x = 3 sin 7t dy 2(0) − 2 −2
= 2 =
dx dx t =0 − 3(0) 0
= 21 cos 7t
dt This is undefined.
y = 5 cos 7t
dy 15. x = t2 + 2t
= −35 sin 7t dx
dt = 2t + 2
dy −35 sin 7t dt
∴ =
dx 21 cos 7t y = t
5 dy 1
= − tan 7t = 1
−
3 t 2
dt 2
1
11. x = sin2 t 1 −2 1
dy t
dx ∴ = 2 = 1
= 2 sin t cos t dx 4 (t + 1)t 2
dt 2t + 2
y = cos 2t dy 1
1
dy = 1 =
= −2 sin 2t dx t = 4 4(4 + 1)4 2 40
dt
38
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 14)
16. x = 2t 3
1 19. x = cos3 θ
dx
dx 2 = −3 cos2 θ sin θ
2 − dθ
= t 3
dt 3 y = sin3θ
y = 3t 3
2
dy
= 3 sin2 θ cos θ
dθ
dy 1
= 2t − 3 dy 3 sin 2 θ cos θ
dt =
1 dx − 3 cos 2 θ sin θ
−
dy 2t 3 = −tan θ
= 2
dy
dx 2 −3 π
t ∴ dx π = − tan
3 θ= 3
3
1
= 3t 3 = − 3
dy 1
= 3(−8) 3 Section B
dx t = −8
=−6 20. (a) x .............................................= 1 − t
(1)
17. x = 2 sin θ dx
dx = −1
= 2 cos θ dt
dθ y = 1 − t2.......................................(2)
y = 3 cos θ dy
dy = −2t
= −3 sin θ dt
dθ dy −2t
dy −3 sin θ =
= dx −1
dx 2 cos θ = 2t
3 Putting x = 1 into (1),
= − tan θ 1=1−t
2
t=0
dy 3 π dy dy
dx θ = π = − 2 tan 4 ∴ =
4 dx (1, 1) dx t = 0
3 = 2(0)
= −
2 =0
(b) From (1), t = 1 − x ........................(3)
18. x = t sin t Putting (3) into (2),
dx y = 1 − (1 − x)2
= t cos t + sin t
dt = 1 − (1 − 2x + x2)
y = t cos t ∴ y = f (x) = 2x − x2
dy (c) f ′ (x) = 2 − 2x
= − t sin t + cos t
dt dy
dy −t sin t + cos t ∴ = f ′ (1)
= dx (1, 1)
dx t cos t + sin t
= 2 − 2 (1)
dy − π sin π + cos π
∴ = =0
dx t = π π cos π + sin π
1
=
π
39
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 14)
40
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 14)
(d) Differentiating (5) with respect to x, We can consider the curve passes
dy dy through the point (1, 1) twice, one
3x2 + 3y2 = 3y + 3x ⋅
dx dx π 3π
at θ = and one at θ = .
dy y−x 2 2 2
∴ = 2 Hence, there are two tangents, with
dx y −x
gradients 1 and −1 respectively.
3 3 2
dy −( ) (e) From (2), y2 = sin2θ cos2θ
dx = 2 2 = −1 = (1 − cos2θ) cos2θ
3 3
( , ) 3 3
2 2 ( )2 − Putting (1) into it,
2 2
y2 = (1− x2)x2
23. (a) x = cos θ......................................... (1) i.e. The equation of the curve can be
represented by
As −1 ≤ cos θ ≤ 1 for 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π
y2 = x2 − x4 ....................(5)
∴ The range of values of x
= [−1,1] (f) Differentiating (4) with respect to x,
(b) y = sin θ cos θ ...............................(2) dy
2y = 2x − 4x3
1 dx
= ⋅ 2 sin θ cos θ
2 dy x − 2x3
=
1 dx y
∴ y = sin 2θ...........................(3)
2 dy
is in indeterminate form at (0, 0).
As −1 ≤ sin 2θ ≤ 1 for 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π dx
∴ The range of values of y We have to take the limit.
1 1 Equation (5) can be considered as a
= [− , ] combination of two functions,
2 2
(c) Putting x = 0 into (1), y = x 1 − x 2 and y = −x 1 − x 2
0 = cos θ When y = x 1 − x 2 ,
π 3π
θ = or ...............(4) dy x − 2x3
2 2 = lim
x→0
Putting (4) into (2), dx ( 0, 0 ) x 1 − x2
π π π 1 − 2x2
When θ = , y = sin cos =0 = lim
2 2 2 x→0
1 − x2
3π 3π 3π =1
When θ = , y = sin cos =0
2 2 2 When y = −x 1 − x 2 ,
∴ The point (0, 0) corresponds to
π 3π dy x − 2x3
θ= or . = lim
x→0
2 2 dx ( 0, 0 ) − x 1 − x2
dx 1 − 2x2
(d) From (1), = −sin θ = lim
dθ x→0
− 1 − x2
dy
From (3), = cos 2θ = −1
dθ
dy cos 2θ
∴ =
dx − sin θ EXERCISE 14.9 Section 14.9 Second derivatives
(page 90)
π
dy cos 2( )
= 2 =1
dx θ = π Section A
π
2 − sin
2 1. y = x5 − 7x3 + 2x
3π y′ = 5x4 − 21x2 + 2
dy cos 2( )
2 = −1 y′′ = 20x3 − 42x
dx θ = 3π = 3π
2 − sin
2
41
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 14)
8. y = (x + 3)100 t +1
y′ = 100(x + 3)99 15. y=
t −1
y′′ = 9 900(x + 3)98 (t − 1) − (t + 1) −2
9. y = (2x − 5)−4 y′ = =
(t − 1) 2 (t − 1) 2
y′ = −8(2x − 5)−5
4
y′′ = 80(2x − 5)−6 y′′ =
(t − 1) 3
42
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 14)
43
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 14)
44
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 14)
45
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 14)
x2 + y2 1. f (x) = (1 + 8 x) 4
= −
y3 1 −
3
−
3
f ′ (x) = (1 + 8 x) 4 (8) = 2(1 + 8 x) 4
2 4
= − 3 ( x2 + y2 = 2)
y 3 2
f ′ (10) = 2[1 + 8(10)]− 4 =
27
41. (a) y = A sin mx
dy 2. y = (3 + 2x) 1 − 5 x
= mA cos mx
dx dy
d2y dx
= −m2A sin mx 1
dx 2 1 −
= (3+2x) ⋅ (1 − 5 x) 2 (−5) + 1 − 5 x (2)
d2y 2
+ 4y = 0 1
dx 2 1 −
= (1 − 5 x) 2 (−15 − 10 x + 4 − 20 x)
∴ −m2A sin mx + 4A sin mx = 0 2
−m2 + 4 = 0 1 −
1
m=±2 = (1 − 5 x) 2 (−11 − 30 x)
2
(b) y = kx sin 2x
dy 3. (a) y = x3 sin 2x
= k[x(2 cos 2x) + sin 2x]
dx dy
= x3 (2 cos 2x) + (sin 2x) (3x2)
d2y dx
= k[x(−4 sin 2x) + 2 cos 2x
dx 2 = 2x3 cos 2x + 3x2 sin 2x
+ 2 cos 2x] d2y
(b) = 2x3 (−2 sin 2x) + (cos 2x)(6x2)
= k(−4x sin 2x + 4 cos 2x) dx 2
d2y + 3x2 (2 cos 2x ) + (sin 2x) (6x)
+ 4y = 2 cos 2x
dx 2 = (−4x3 + 6x)sin 2x + 12x2 cos 2x
∴ k(−4x sin 2x + 4 cos 2x)
1
+ 4kx sin 2 x = 2 cos 2x
(1 + 3 x) 3
4k cos 2x = 2 cos 2x 4. y= 1
1 (1 − 2 x) 2
∴ k =
2
46
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 14)
1 1
= (1 + 3 x) 3 (1 − 2 x) − 2 π π 2
sin 2( )
π 2 2
dy f′ ( ) =
2 π 2
dx 1 − cos 2 ( )
3 2
1 1 −
= (1 + 3x) 3 [ − (1 − 2 x) 2 (−2)] π
2 =
1 1 −
2 2
−
+ (1 − 2 x) 2 [ (1 + 3 x) 3 (3)]
3
cos 2 u
1
−
3
−
1
−
2 9. f (u) =
= (1 + 3x) (1 − 2 x)3 2 + (1 − 2 x) 2 (1 + 3 x) 3 1 + sin 2 u
2 3 1 − sin 2 u
= (1 + 3 x) − −
[(1 + 3x) + (1 − 2x)] =
3
(1 − 2 x) 2
1 + sin 2 u
2 3 1 −θ
= (2 − x) (1 + 3 x) − 3 (1 − 2 x) − 2 f (u) = where θ = sin2 u
1+θ
dy 2 3 (1 + θ )(−1) − (1 − θ ) dθ
= (2 − 0) (1 + 0) − 3 (1 − 0) − 2 f ′ (u) =
dx x=0 (1 + θ ) 2 du
=2 −2
= (2 sin u cos u )
(1 + sin 2 u ) 2
1
y = (1 − 3
2
5. ) −2 sin 2u
x =
(1 + sin 2 u ) 2
4
dy 1 1 − π
= 2( )[−(− ) x 3 ] cos 2
dx 1− 3 x 3 π 4 = 1
f( )=
1 4 4 π 3
2 − − 1 + sin 2
= (1 − x 3 ) x 3 4
3
π
− 2 sin 2 ( )
sin 2 θ π 4 8
f′( )= 2 = −
6. y = 4 2 π 9
cos θ 1 + sin ( 4 )
dy cosθ (2 sin θ cos θ ) − sin 2 θ (− sin θ )
= π π 1 8
dθ cos 2 θ ∴ f ( ) − 3 f′ ( ) = − 3(− ) = 3
4 4 3 9
sin θ (1 + cos 2 θ )
=
cos 2 θ 10. f (θ ) = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cosθ
= sin θ (1 + sec 2 θ )
2ab sin θ
f ′ (θ ) =
2 1 2 a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cosθ
7 y = tan x + tan 3 x + tan 5 x π
3 5 2ab sin
y′ = sec x + 2 tan x sec 2 x + tan 4 x sec 2 x
2 2 π 2
f′( )=
= sec6x 2 π
2 a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos
2
8. f (t) = 1 − cos 2 t 2 ab
=
2 cos t 2 sin t 2 ⋅ (2t ) a 2 + b2
f ′ (t) =
2 1 − cos 2 t 2
2
11. f (x) = cos3 x
t sin 2t f′ (x) = 3 cos2 x (−sin x)
=
1 − cos 2 t 2 = −3 cos2 x sin x
f′′ (x) = −3 cos2 x (cos x)
+ sin x [(−6 cos x) (−sin x)]
= −3 cos3 x + 6 sin2 x cos x
47
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 14)
x2 ⋅
d d
[sin (1 − x 2 )] − sin (1 − x 2 ) ⋅ ( x 2 )
d2y
= (b)
dx dx dx 2
x4
d 2x + 3 y
x 2 [−2 x cos (1 − x 2 )] − 2 x sin (1 − x 2 ) = (− )
= dx 3 x + 8 y
x4 dy dy
(3x + 8 y )(−2 − 3 ) + (2 x + 3 y )(3 + 8 )
− 2 x cos (1 − x ) − 2 sin (1 − x 2 )
2 2
= dx dx
= (3x + 8 y ) 2
x3
dy
− 7 y + 7x
13. (a) y = f (x) = = dx
25 − x ......................(1)
2
1
(3 x + 8 y ) 2
dy 1 −
= (25 − x 2 ) 2 (−2 x) 2x + 3 y
dx 2 − 7 y + 7 x (− )
1
= 3x + 8 y
= − x(25 − x 2 ) − 2 (3x + 8 y ) 2
dy 1 − 7(3xy + 8 y 2 + 2 x 2 + 3 xy)
= − 3(25 − 3 ) 2
− =
dx ( 3, 4 )
2
(3 x + 8 y ) 3
3 − 14( x 2 + 3 xy + 4 y 2 )
= − =
4 (3x + 8 y )3
(b) From (1), y2 = 25 − x2 −14(8)
= (from (1))
x2 = 25 − y2 (3 x + 8 y )3
x≥0 112
∴ The inverse function of f(x) is = −
(3 x + 8 y ) 3
x= 25 − y 2 .
16. (a) x = tan θ ....................................(1)
dx 1 −
1
dx
(c) = (25 − y 2 ) 2 (−2 y ) = sec2θ
dy 2 dθ
1
y = sec θ ....................................(2)
= −y (25 − y 2 ) − 2
dy
= sec θ tan θ
dx −
1 dθ
= −4 (25 − 4 2 ) 2
dy dy secθ tan θ
( 3, 4 ) ∴ =
4 dx sec 2 θ
= − tan θ
3 =
secθ
14. x3 + xy2 = 5 = sin θ
dy dy π
3x2 + x (2y) + y2 = 0 2
dx dx θ = π = sin 4 = 2
4
dy 3x 2 + y 2
∴ = −
dx 2 xy
(b) As sec2θ − tan2 θ = 1,
dy 3(1) + 2
2 2
7
=− =− from (1) and (2), the required equation is
dx (1, 2 ) 2(1)(2) 4 y2 − x2 = 1.
7
∴ Gradient of tangent = −
4
49
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 14)
50