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Down the group Nuclear charge increases. Significant increase in screening effect outweighs increase in nuclear charge Effective nuclear charge decreases down the group Weaker electrostatic attraction between nucleus and valence electrons Valence electrons are further away from the nucleus Smaller amount of energy needed to remove the valence electron (for1st IE only) Group II metals have giant metallic lattice structure Down a group, atomic radius increases Weaker electrostatic attraction between the cations and sea of delocalised electrons Metallic bond strength decreases
Melting Point
Reducing power & chemical reactivity increases down the group Down the group, the atomic radius increases it becomes easier to lose the 2 outermost electrons (oxidation more likely to occur) (OR the ionisation energy decreases thus valence electrons are more easily lost) E is negative and decreases M2+ + 2e M E < 0 2+ + 2e Mg E = -2.38V e.g Mg Ca2+ + 2e Ca E = -2.87V Reactivity of Group II elements increases. (e.g. Ca is more reactive than Mg)
MJC 2011
Mg Reacts very slightly with cold water It reacts rapidly with steam to form oxide MgO dissolves partially in water to give a weakly alkaline solution Mg(s) + H2O(g) MgO(s) + H2(g) MgO(s) + H2O(l) Mg(OH)2(aq)
All Group II metals burn with a bright flame to form basic oxides. (exception: BeO which is amphoteric) 2Ca(s) + O2(g) 2Sr(s) + O2(g) 2Ba(s) + O2(g) 2CaO(s) 2SrO(s) 2BaO(s)
MJC 2011
Reaction of Group II Metal Oxides with Water Group II Oxides Nature of oxide BeO
Amphoteric (ionic bond with covalent character since Be2+ has high charge density) (reacts with both acids and bases) BeO + 2HCl BeCl2 + H2O BeO + 2OH- H2O Be(OH)42Insoluble in water
MgO
CaO
SrO
BaO
Basic (ionic bond) (reacts with acids to give salt and water)
Dissolve in water to give an alkaline solution (pH 10 13) Slightly soluble in water (pH9) MgO + H2O Mg(OH)2 CaO(s) + H2O(l) Ca(OH)2(aq) SrO(s) + H2O(l) Sr(OH)2(aq) BaO(s) + H2O(l) Ba(OH)2(aq)
Thermal Stability of Carbonates, Nitrates and Hydroxides Thermal stability of Group II salts increases down the group or Thermal decomposition temperature of Group II salts increases down the group Down the group, size of cation increases (while charge remains unchanged) charge density of the cation decreases polarising power of the cation decreases cation is less able to distort electron cloud of an anion thermal stability of compound increases. M(NO3)2(s) MO(s) + 2NO2(g) + O2(g) (brown gas) MCO3(s) MO(s) + CO2 (g) M(OH)2(s) MO(s) + H2O(g) where M refers to any Group II metal
MgO is used as refractory lining for high temperature furnaces because of its high melting point. CaO (quicklime) or CaCO3 (limestone) is used for liming (increased soil pH).
MJC 2011
MJC 2011