IS52026 Social Computing Week 5: open source code, copyright & culture dan mcquillan

Collaboration goes back to the birth of the internet. researchers with access to Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) used a process called Request for Comments to develop telecommunication network protocols. This collaborative process of the 1960s led to the birth of the Internet in 1969. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source In United States vs. IBM, filed January 17, 1969, the government charged that bundled software was anticompetitive.[8]I n 1980 copyright law was extended to computer programs. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_software

By Gisle Hannemyr - Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license.

In 1983, Richard Stallman, longtime member of the hacker community at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, announced the GNU project...He developed a free software definition and the concept of "copyleft", designed to ensure software freedom for all. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_software Because of a fairly complicated controversy (whose details need not concern us here but in which Stallman was accused of illegally copying source code) the legal issues concerning patents, copyrights, and public domain first and palpably became clear to software developers By 1989, Stallman had crafted a legal framework for Free Software to prevent the type of controversy that had erupted over his first Free Software program from recurring, and to add a layer of transparency, control, and accountability for Free Software. http://steinhardt.nyu.edu/scmsAdmin/uploads/005/984/Cole man-Code-is-Speech.pdf

http://royal.pingdom.com/2011/01/04/apache-web-server-hit-a-home-run-in-2010/

Apache went from hosting 109 million websites in 2009, to almost 152 million by the end of 2010. http://royal.pingdom.com/2011/01/04/apache-webserver-hit-a-home-run-in-2010/

http://www.thinkgeek.com/geektoys/plush/288e/

Linus Torvalds, who wanted to rewrite the proprietary UNIX operating system for the personal computer, initiated the Linux kernel project in 1991 as a hobbyist pursuit and eventually used an electronic mailing list to request feedback. http://steinhardt.nyu.edu/scmsAdmin/uploads/005/98 4/Coleman-Code-is-Speech.pdf Linux. coincided with mass collaboration affordances of internet. Open source on the Internet began when the Internet was relatively primitive, with software distributed via UUCP, Usenet, and irc, and gopher. Linux, for example, was first widely distributed by posts to comp.os.linux on the Usenet, which is also where its development was discussed. Linux became the archetype for organized open source development, in general. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source

http://tuxweet.linux.org.tr/view/post:89513

in 1993 Ian Murdock, a computer science student, combined Torvalds kernel with some of the GNU/FSF software tools to create a fully functional operating system distribution of Linux called Debian. http://steinhardt.nyu.edu/scmsAdmin/uploads/005/98 4/Coleman-Code-is-Speech.pdf

by inju CC BY-NC-SA 2.0)

"The essay's central thesis is Raymond's proposition that "given enough eyeballs, all bugs are shallow" (which he terms Linus' Law) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cathedral_and_the_ Bazaar pragmatic justifications... This differentiation between free beer and free speech is the clearest enunciation of what, to these developers, are the core meanings of freeexpression, learning, and modification. Freedom is understood foremost to be about personal control and autonomous production and decidedly not about commodity consumption or possessive individualism http://steinhardt.nyu.edu/scmsAdmin/uploads/005/98 4/Coleman-Code-is-Speech.pdf

by codepo8 (CC BY 2.0)

In May 2003, Munich's city council resolved to migrate municipal workstations to Linux and open source. Towards this goal, the city developed its own LiMux client and WollMux, a template system for OpenOffice.Munich's LiMux project has reached its halfway point. Half of the City's PC stations that are to be migrated to Linux have now switched to the LiMux client. In the past three months alone, 1,000 PCs have migrated, and the LiMux project directors say that at this speed the project is on schedule. A total of 12,000 to 15,000 PC workstations used by city officials in Munich are to switch to Linux and open source software. http://www.h-online.com/open/news/item/LiMuxcelebrates-halfway-point-in-Munich-1228637.html

by Lmarino (CC BY-NC 2.0)

But I've always felt frustrated that most people don't ... didn't have write access. And wikis and blogs are two areas where suddenly two sort of genres of online information suddenly allow people to edit, and they're very widely picked up, and people are very excited about them. And I think that really for me reinforces the idea that people need to be creative. They want to be able to record what they think. They want to be able to, if they see something wrong go and fix it. TBL http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/podcast/dwi/c m-int082206txt.html

Language. Tranlsation. Rendering, spell checking... Multikulti. Show http://mio.gov.mk/?q=node/2280

http://evolution-control.com/sounds/gunderphonic/

legend has it that the first true "mashup" as it is understood today was a 1994 track by the Evolution Control Committee that combined a Public Enemy rap over a Herb Albert instrumental http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/ fm/article/view/1460/1375 The Evolution Control Committee- Rebel Without A Pause http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zcJTioKULCQ Creativity and innovation based on reuse, adaptation... Amen break 1969 b-side sampler 1980's hip-hop http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5SaFTm2bcac

The rise of open-source culture in the 20th century resulted from a growing tension between creative practices that involve appropriation, and therefore require access to content that is often copyrighted, and increasingly restrictive intellectual property laws and policies governing access to copyrighted content. The two main ways in which intellectual property laws became more restrictive in the 20th century were extensions to the term of copyright (particularly in the United States) and penalties, such as those articulated in the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), placed on attempts to circumvent anti-piracy technologies.[43] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source Fan culture Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Edit http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mzC-KdR5UHM

The other great aspect of Dirk's presentation was the image he conjoured up of a titanic clash between two legal regimes, namely Intellectual Property Rights versus Human Rights. As he put it, we need to decide between "Copyright/trademark protection as a principle and freedom of expression as an exception or Freedom of expression as a principle and copyright/trademark protection as exceptions". http://www.internetartizans.co.uk/copyright-versuscampaigning

Copyright wars. copyright absolutism. CopyFight. intellectual property expansionism. the WIPO Copyright Treaty, which became US law in 1998, as the Digital Millennium Copyright Act.

by pablokdc (CC BY-NC-SA 2.0)

* Attribution (CC BY) * Attribution Share Alike (CC BY-SA) * Attribution No Derivatives (CC BY-ND) * Attribution Non-Commercial (CC BY-NC) * Attribution Non-Commercial Share Alike (CC BY-NC-SA) * Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives (CC BY-NC-ND)

EXERCISE: WHAT FEATURES WOULD YO INCLUDE IN A SHARING LICENSE Creative Commons licenses consist of four major condition modules: Attribution (BY), requiring attribution to the original author; Share Alike (SA), allowing derivative works under the same or a similar license (later or jurisdiction version); NonCommercial (NC), requiring the work is not used for commercial purposes; and No Derivative Works (ND), allowing only the original work, without derivatives. Generally, many critics erroneously view Creative Commons as a replacement of Copyright, whereas in reality it is a standardized, copyright based solution for those cases where re-use and remixing is desired under specific conditions. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Commons

David Berry and Giles Moss have credited Creative Commons with generating interest in the issue of intellectual property and contributing to the rethinking of the role of the "commons" in the "information age" http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Commons Developers construct new legal meanings by challenging the idea of software as property and by crafting new free speech theories to defend the idea of software as speech. http://steinhardt.nyu.edu/scmsAdmin/uploads/005/98 4/Coleman-Code-is-Speech.pdf

Using Debian, the largest Free Software project in the world, as my primary ethnographic example, I suggest that these F/OSS projects have served like an informal law education, transforming technologists into informal legal scholars who are experts in the legal technicalities of F/OSS as well as proficient in the current workings of intellectual property law. http://steinhardt.nyu.edu/scmsAdmin/uploads/005/98 4/Coleman-Code-is-Speech.pdf

http://opensourceecology.org/wiki/LifeTrac

Open source tractor http://opensourceecology.org/ http://opensourceecology.org/wiki/LifeTrac

by rob_knight (CC BY-SA 2.0)

the tricky balance between creativity, culture, and the relationship between audiences and creators. These have always been hard subjects, and the Internet has made them harder still, because the thing that triggers copyright rules copying is an intrinsic part of the functioning of the Internet and computers. Theres really no such thing as loading a web-page you make a copy of it. Theres really no such thing as reading a file off a harddrive you copy it into memory.
http://www.locusmag.com/Perspectives/2011/11/cory-doctorow-its-time-to-stop-talking-about-copyright

snoops on everything to find the bad stuff - but net isn't just entertainment, it's everything else (work, socialization, health, education, access to tools and ideas, freedom of speech, assembly and the press, as well as the conduit to political and civic engagement) "There is no copyright policy, only Internet policy; there is no Internet policy, only policy" http://www.locusmag.com/Perspectives/2011/11/cory-doctorow-itstime-to-stop-talking-about-copyright "There is no copyright policy, only Internet policy; there is no Internet policy, only policy" @doctorow http://bit.ly/vUas9R

@telecomix: Free as in People

By 3arabawy (CC BY-NC-SA 2.0)

@alaa Free as in people