Chapter 2 key 1erms

1 ,atter anyLhlng LhaL Lakes up space and has mass

2 ementany subsLance LhaL cannoL be broken down Lo any oLher subsLance by chemlcal reacLlons
3 Compounda subsLance conslsLlng of 2 or more dlfferenL elemenLs comblned ln a flxed raLlo
4 1race eementan elemenL lndlspensable for llfe buL requlred ln exLremely mlnuLe amounLs
AtomLhe smallesL unlL of maLLer LhaL reLalns Lhe properLles of an elemenL
6 Neutrona subaLomlc parLlcle havlng no elecLrlcal charge (elecLrlcally neuLral) wlLh a mass of abouL
17 x 10
24
g found ln Lhe nucleus of an aLom
7 rotona subaLomlc parLlcle wlLh a slngle poslLlve elecLrlcal charge wlLh a mass of abouL 17 x 10
24
g
found ln Lhe nucleus of an aLom
8 ectrona subaLomlc parLlcle wlLh a slngle negaLlve elecLrlcal charge and a mass abouL 1/2000 LhaL
of a neuLron or proLon Cne or more elecLrons move around Lhe nucleus of an aLom
9 Atom|c nuceusan aLom's dense cenLral core conLalnlng proLons and neuLrons
10 Datona measure of mass for aLoms and subaLomlc parLlcles Lhe same as Lhe aLomlc mass unlL or
amu
11 Atom|c numberLhe number of proLons ln Lhe nucleus of an aLom unlque for each elemenL and
deslgnaLed by a subscrlpL Lo Lhe lefL of Lhe elemenLal symbol
12 ,ass numberLhe sum of Lhe number of proLons and neuLrons ln an aLom's nucleus
13 Atom|c we|ghtLhe LoLal mass of an aLom whlch ls Lhe mass ln grams of 1 mole of Lhe aLom
14 Isotopeone of several aLomlc forms of an elemenL each w/ Lhe same number of proLons buL a
dlfferenL number of neuLrons Lhus dlfferlng ln aLomlc mass
1 kad|oact|ve |sotopean lsoLope (an aLomlc form of a chemlcal elemenL) LhaL ls unsLable Lhe nucleus
decays sponLaneously glvlng off deLecLable parLlcles and energy
16 nergyLhe capaclLy Lo cause change especlally Lo do work (Lo move maLLer agalnsL an opposlng
force)
17 otent|a energyLhe energy LhaL maLLer possesses as a resulL of lLs locaLlon or spaLlal arrangemenL
(sLrucLure)
18 nergy eveone of a quanLlzed serles of sLaLes ln whlch maLLer may exlsL each havlng consLanL
energy and separaLed from oLhers ln serles by flnlLe quanLlLles of energy
19 ectron shean energy level of elecLrons aL a characLerlsLlc average dlsLance from Lhe nucleus of
an aLom
20 Vaence eectronan elecLron ln Lhe ouLermosL elecLron shell
21 Vaence sheLhe ouLermosL energy shell of an aLom conLalnlng Lhe valence elecLrons lnvolved ln
Lhe chemlcal reacLlons of LhaL aLom
22 Crb|taLhe 3u space where an elecLron ls found 90 of Lhe Llme
23 Chem|ca bond an aLLracLlon beLween 2 aLoms resulLlng from a sharlng of ouLershell elecLrons or
Lhe presence of opposlLe charges on Lhe aLoms 1he bonded aLoms galn compleLe ouLer elecLron
shells
24 Covaent bonda Lype of sLrong chemlcal bond ln whlch 2 aLoms share one or more palrs of valence
elecLrons
2 ,oecue2 or more aLoms held LogeLher by covalenL bonds
26 Structura formuaa Lype of molecular noLaLlon ln whlch Lhe consLlLuenL aLoms are [olned by llnes
represenLlng covalenL bonds
27 ,oecuar formuaa Lype of molecular noLaLlon represenLlng Lhe quanLlLy of consLlLuenL aLoms buL
noL Lhe naLure of Lhe bonds LhaL [oln Lhem
28 Doube covaent bond (doube bond) Lhe sharlng of 2 palrs of valence elecLrons by 2 aLoms
29 VaenceLhe bondlng capaclLy of a glven aLom usually equals Lhe number of unpalred elecLrons
requlred Lo compleLe Lhe aLom's ouLermosL (valence) shell
30 ectronegat|v|tyLhe aLLracLlon of a glven aLom for Lhe elecLrons of a covalenL bond
31 Nonpoar covaent bonda Lype of covalenL bond ln whlch elecLrons are shared wlLh equally
beLween 2 aLoms of slmllar elecLronegaLlvlLy
32 oar covaent bonda covalenL bond beLween aLoms LhaL dlffer ln elecLronegaLlvlLy 1he shared
elecLrons are pulled closer Lo Lhe more elecLronegaLlve aLom maklng lL sllghLly negaLlve and Lhe
oLher aLom sllghLly poslLlve
33 Ionan aLom or group of aLoms LhaL has galned or losL one or more elecLrons Lhus acqulrlng a
charge
34 Cat|ona poslLlvely charged lon
3 An|ona negaLlvely charged lon
36 Ion|c bonda chemlcal bond resulLlng from Lhe aLLracLlon beLween opposlLely charged lons
37 Ion|c compounda compound resulLlng from Lhe formaLlon of an lonlc bond also called a salL
38 Sata compound resulLlng from Lhe formaLlon of an lonlc bond also called an lonlc compound
39 nydrogen bonda Lype of weak chemlcal bond LhaL ls formed when Lhe sllghLly poslLlve hydrogen
aLom of a polar covalenL bond ln one molecule ls aLLracLed Lo Lhe sllghLly negaLlve aLom of a polar
covalenL bond ln anoLher molecule
40 Van der Waas Interact|onsweak aLLracLlons beLween molecules or parLs of molecules LhaL resulL
from locallzed charge flucLuaLlons
41 Chem|ca react|onLhe maklng and breaklng of chemlcal bonds leadlng Lo changes ln Lhe
composlLlon of maLLer
42 keactanta sLarLlng maLerlal ln a chemlcal reacLlon
43 roducta maLerlal resulLlng from a chemlcal reacLlon
44 Chem|ca equ||br|umln a chemlcal reacLlon Lhe sLaLe ln whlch Lhe raLe of Lhe forward reacLlon
equals Lhe raLe of Lhe reverse reacLlon so LhaL Lhe relaLlve concenLraLlons of Lhe reacLanLs and
producLs don'L change wlLh Llme

Chapter 3 key 1erms

1 oar moecuea molecule (such as waLer) wlLh opposlLe charges on dlfferenL ends of Lhe molecule
2 Cohes|onLhe blndlng LogeLher of llke molecules ofLen by hydrogen bonds
3 Adhes|onLhe aLLracLlon beLween dlfferenL klnds of molecules
4 Surface tens|ona measure of how dlfflculL lL ls Lo sLreLch or break Lhe surface of a llquld WaLer has
a hlgh surface Lenslon because Lhe hydrogen bondlng of surface molecules
k|net|c energyLhe energy assoclaLed wlLh Lhe relaLlve moLlon of ob[ecLs Movlng maLLer can
perform work by lmparLlng moLlon Lo oLher maLLer
6 neatLhe LoLal amounL of klneLlc energy due Lo Lhe random moLlon of aLoms or molecules ln a body
of maLLer also called Lhermal energy PeaL ls energy ln lLs mosL random form
7 1emperaturea measure of Lhe lnLenslLy of heaL ln degrees reflecLlng Lhe average klneLlc energy of
Lhe molecules
8 Ces|us scaea LemperaLure scale () equal Lo

{4 { LhaL measures Lhe freezlng polnL of

waLer aL 0 and Lhe bolllng polnL of waLer aL 100
9 Caor|e (ca)Lhe amounL of heaL energy requlred Lo ralse Lhe LemperaLure of 1 g of waLer by 1
also Lhe amounL of heaL energy LhaL 1 g of waLer releases when lL cools by 1 1he Calorle (wlLh a
caplLal C) usually used Lo lndlcaLe Lhe energy conLenL of food ls a kllocalorle
10 k|ocaor|e (kca) a Lhousand calorles Lhe amounL of heaL energy requlred Lo ralse LemperaLure of
1 kg of waLer by 1
11 Ioue (I)a unlL of energy 1 ! 0239 cal 1 cal 4184 !
12 Spec|f|c heatLhe amounL of heaL LhaL musL be absorbed or losL for 1 g of a subsLance Lo change lLs
LemperaLure by 1
13 neat of vapor|zat|onLhe quanLlLy of heaL a llquld musL absorb for 1 g of lL Lo be converLed from Lhe
llquld Lo Lhe gaseous sLaLe
14 vaporat|ve coo|ngLhe process ln whlch Lhe surface of an ob[ecL becomes cooler durlng
evaporaLlon owlng Lo a change of Lhe molecules wlLh Lhe greaLesL klneLlc energy from Lhe llquld Lo
Lhe gaseous sLaLe
1 Sout|ona llquld LhaL ls a homogeneous mlxLure of 2 or more subsLances
16 SoventLhe dlssolvlng agenL of a soluLlon WaLer ls Lhe mosL versaLlle solvenL known
17 Soutea subsLance LhaL ls dlssolved ln a soluLlon
18 Aqueous sout|ona soluLlon ln whlch waLer ls Lhe solvenL
19 nydrat|on sheLhe sphere of waLer molecules around a dlssolved lon
20 nydroph||chavlng an afflnlLy for waLer
21 nydrophob|chavlng an averslon Lo waLer Lendlng Lo coalesce and form dropleLs ln waLer
22 ,oe (mo)Lhe number of grams of a subsLance LhaL equals lLs molecular welghL ln ualLons and
conLalns Avogadro's number of molecules
23 ,oecuar we|ghtLhe sum of Lhe masses of all Lhe aLoms ln a molecule someLlmes called
molecular welghL
24 ,oar|tya common measure of soluLe concenLraLlon referrlng Lo Lhe number of moles of soluLe
per llLer of soluLlon
2 nydrogen |ona slngle proLon wlLh a charge 1+ 1he dlssoclaLlon of a waLer molecule (P
2
C) leads Lo
Lhe generaLlon of a hydroxlde lon (CP) and a hydrogen lon (P)
26 nydrox|de |ona waLer molecule LhaL has losL a proLon CP
27 Ac|da subsLance LhaL lncreases Lhe hydrogen lon concenLraLlon of a soluLlon
28 8asea subsLance LhaL reduces Lhe hydrogen lon concenLraLlon of a soluLlon
29 pna measure of hydrogen lon concenLraLlon equal Lo logP and ranglng ln value from 0 Lo 14
30 8uffera subsLance LhaL conslsLs of acld and base forms ln a soluLlon and LhaL mlnlmlzes changes ln
pP when exLraneous aclds or bases are added Lo Lhe soluLlon
31 Ac|d prec|p|tat|onraln snow or fog LhaL ls more acldlc Lhan pP 2


Chapter 4 key 1erms
1 Crgan|c chem|stryLhe sLudy of carbon compounds (organlc compounds)
2 nydrocarbonan organlc molecule conslsLlng only of carbon and hydrogen
3 Isomerone of several compounds wlLh Lhe same molecular formula buL dlfferenL sLrucLures and
Lherefore dlfferenL properLles 1he 3 Lypes of lsomers are sLrucLural lsomers geomeLrlc lsomers
and enanLlomers
4 Structura |somerone of several compounds LhaL have Lhe same molecular formula buL dlffer ln Lhe
covalenL arrangemenLs of Lhelr aLoms
Geometr|c |somerone of several compounds LhaL have Lhe same molecular formula and covalenL
arrangemenLs buL dlffer ln Lhe spaLlal arrangemenLs of Lhelr aLoms owlng Lo Lhe lnflexlblllLy of
double bonds
6 nant|omerone of 2 compounds LhaL are mlrror lmages of each oLher
7 Iunct|ona groupa speclflc conflguraLlon of aLoms commonly aLLached Lo Lhe carbon skeleLons of
organlc molecules and usually lnvolved ln chemlcal reacLlons
8 nydroxy group
9 Acoho (C
2
P

) Lhelr speclflc names usually end ln A Lype of compound of a hydroxyl group

LLhanol ls an example of Lhe alcohol presenL ln alcohollc beverages
10 Carbony groupa chemlcal group presenL ln aldehydes and keLones and conslsLlng of a carbon
aLom doublebonded Lo an oxygen aLom
11 Adehyde
12 ketonelf Lhe carbonyl group ls wlLhln a carbon skeleLon
13 Carboxy groupa chemlcal group presenL ln organlc aclds and conslsLlng of a slngle carbon aLom
doublebonded Lo an oxygen aLom and also bonded Lo a hydroxyl group
14 Carboxy|c ac|d
1 Am|no groupa chemlcal group conslsLlng of a nlLrogen aLom bonded Lo 2 hydrogen aLoms can acL
as a base ln soluLlon accepLlng a hydrogen lon and acqulrlng a charge of 1+
16 Am|nea compound of Lhe amlno group Clyclne ls an example of amlne and carboxyllc acld due Lo
conLalnlng a carboxyl group
17 Sufydry groupa chemlcal group conslsLlng of a sulfur aLom bonded Lo a hydrogen aLom
18 1h|o
19 hosphate groupa chemlcal group conslsLlng of a phosphorus aLom bonded Lo 4 oxygen aLoms
lmporLanL ln energy Lransfer


Chapter S key 1erms
1 ,acromoecuea glanL molecule formed by Lhe [olnlng of smaller molecules usually by a
condensaLlon reacLlon olysaccharldes proLelns and nuclelc aclds are macromolecules
2 oymera long molecule conslsLlng of many slmllar or ldenLlcal monomers llnked LogeLher
3 ,onomerLhe subunlL LhaL serves as Lhe bulldlng block of a polymer
4 CondensaLlon reacLlona reacLlon ln whlch 2 molecules become covalenLly bonded Lo each oLher
Lhrough Lhe loss of a small molecule usually waLer ln whlch case lL ls also called a dehydraLlon
reacLlon
Dehydrat|on react|ona chemlcal reacLlon ln whlch 2 molecules covalenLly bond Lo each oLher wlLh
Lhe removal of a waLer molecule
6 nydroys|sa chemlcal process LhaL lyses or spllLs molecules by Lhe addlLlon of waLer funcLlonlng
dlsassembly of polymers Lo monomers
7 Carbohydratea sugar (monosaccharlde) or one of lLs dlmers (dlsaccharldes) or polymers
(polysaccharlde)
8 ,onosacchar|deLhe slmplesL carbohydraLe acLlve alone or servlng as a monomer for dlsaccharldes
and polysaccharldes Also known as slmple sugars monosaccharldes have molecular formulas LhaL
are generally some mulLlple of CP
2
C
9 D|sacchar|dea double sugar conslsLlng of 2 monosaccharldes [olned by a glycosldlc llnkage formed
durlng dehydraLlon synLhesls
10 Gycos|d|c |nkagea covalenL bond formed beLween 2 monosaccharldes by a dehydraLlon reacLlon
11 oysacchar|de a polymer of many monosaccharldes formed by dehydraLlon reacLlon
12 Starcha sLorage polysaccharlde ln planLs conslsLlng enLlrely of glucose monomers [olned
glycoslde llnkages
13 Gycogenan exLenslvely branched glucose sLorage polysaccharlde found ln Lhe llver and muscle of
anlmals Lhe anlmal equlvalenL of sLarch
14 Ceuosea sLrucLural polysaccharlde of planL cell walls conslsLlng of glucose monomers [olned by
glycosiuic linkages
1 Ch|t|na sLrucLural polysaccharlde conslsLlng of amlno sugar monomers found ln many fungal cell
walls and ln Lhe exoskeleLons of all arLhropods
16 L|p|done of a group of compounds lncludlng faLs phosphollplds and sLerolds LhaL mlx poorly lf aL
all wlLh waLer
17 Iata llpld conslsLlng of 3 faLLy aclds llnklng Lo one glycerol molecule also called a 1rlacylglycerol or
Lrlglycerlde
18 Iatty ac|da long carbon chaln carboxyllc acld laLLy aclds vary ln lengLh and ln Lhe number and
locaLlon of double bonds 3 faLLy aclds llnklng Lo a glycerol molecule form a faL molecule also
known as a Lrlacylglycerol or Lrlglycerlde
19 1r|acygycero3 faLLy aclds llnked Lo one glycerol molecule also called a faL or Lrlglycerlde
20 Saturated fatty ac|da faLLy acld ln whlch all carbons ln Lhe hydrocarbon Lall are connecLed by
slngle bonds Lhus maxlmlzlng Lhe number of hydrogen aLoms LhaL are aLLached Lo Lhe carbon
skeleLon
21 Unsaturated fatty ac|da faLLy acld possesslng one or more double bonds beLween Lhe carbons ln
Lhe hydrocarbon Lall Such bondlng reduces Lhe number of hydrogen aLoms aLLached Lo Lhe carbon
skeleLon
22 hospho|p|dsa llpld made up of glycerol [olned Lo 2 faLLy aclds and a phosphaLe group 1he
hydrocarbon chalns of Lhe faLLy aclds acL as a nonpolar hydrophoblc Lalls whlle Lhe resL of Lhe
molecule acLs as a polar hydrophlllc head phosphollplds from bllayers LhaL funcLlon as blologlcal
membranes
23 Stero|ds a Lype of llpld characLerlzed by a carbon skeleLon conslsLlng of rlngs wlLh varlous
chemlcal groups aLLached
24 Choesteroa sLerold LhaL forms an essenLlal componenL of anlmal cell membranes and acLs as a
precursor molecule for Lhe synLhesls of oLher blologlcally lmporLanL sLerolds such as hormones
2 oypept|de a polymer (chaln) of many amlno aclds llnked LogeLher by pepLlde bonds
26 Am|no ac|dan organlc molecule possesslng boLh carboxyl and amlno groups Amlno aclds serve as
Lhe monomers of polypepLldes
27 ept|de bondLhe covalenL bond beLween Lhe carboxyl group on one amlno acld and Lhe amlno
group on anoLher formed by a dehydraLlon reacLlon
28 r|mary structureLhe level of proLeln sLrucLure referrlng Lo Lhe speclflc sequence of amlno aclds
29 Secondary structureLhe locallzed repeLlLlve colllng or foldlng of Lhe polypepLlde backbone of a
proLeln due Lo hydrogen bond formaLlon beLween consLlLuenLs of Lhe backbone
30 he|xa splral shape consLlLuLlng one form of Lhe secondary sLrucLure of proLelns arlslng from a
speclflc paLLern of hydrogen bondlng
31 peated sheetone form of Lhe secondary sLrucLure of proLelns ln whlch Lhe polypepLlde chaln
folds back and forLh 2 reglons of Lhe chaln lle parallel Lo each oLher and are held LogeLher by
hydrogen bonds
32 1ert|ary structurelrregular conLorLlons of a proLeln molecule due Lo lnLeracLlons of slde chalns
lnvolved ln hydrophoblc lnLeracLlons lonlc bonds hydrogen bonds and dlsulflde
33 nydrophob|c Interact|ona Lype of weak chemlcal bond formed when molecules LhaL don'L mlx wlLh
waLer coalesce Lo exclude waLer
34 D|suf|de br|dgea sLrong covalenL bond formed when Lhe sulfur of one cysLelne monomer bonds Lo
Lhe sulfur of anoLher cysLelne monomer
3 uaternary structureLhe parLlcular shape of a complex aggregaLe proLeln deflned by Lhe
characLerlsLlc 3u arrangemenL of lLs consLlLuenL subunlLs each a polypepLlde
36 Denaturat|onln proLelns a process ln whlch a proLeln unravels and loses lLs naLural shape Lhereby
becomlng blologlcally lnacLlve ln unA Lhe separaLlon of 2 sLrands of Lhe double hellx uenaLuraLlon
occurs under exLreme (noncellular) condlLlons of pP salL concenLraLlon and LemperaLure
37 Chaperon|na proLeln molecule LhaL asslsLs ln Lhe proper foldlng of oLher proLelns
38 kray crystaographya Lechnlque LhaL depends on Lhe dlffracLlon of an xray beam by Lhe
lndlvldual aLoms of a crysLalllzed molecule Lo sLudy Lhe 3u sLrucLure of Lhe molecule
39 Genea dlscreLe unlL of heredlLary lnfo conslsLlng of a speclflc nucleoLlde sequence ln unA (or 8nA
ln some vlruses)
40 Nuce|c ac|da polymer (polynucleoLlde) conslsLlng of many nucleoLlde monomers serves as a
blueprlnL for proLelns and Lhrough Lhe acLlons of proLelns for all cellular acLlvlLles 1he 2 Lypes are
unA and 8nA
41 Deoxyr|bonuce|c ac|d (DNA)a doublesLranded hellcal nuclelc acld molecule conslsLlng of
nucleoLlde monomers wlLh a ueoxyrlbose sugar and Lhe nlLrogenous bases adenlne (A) cyLoslne (C)
guanlne (C) and Lhymlne (1) capable of repllcaLlng and deLermlnlng Lhe lnherlLed sLrucLure of a
cell's proLelns
42 k|bonuce|c ac|d (kNA)a Lype of nuclelc acld conslsLlng of nucleoLlde monomers wlLh a rlbose sugar
and Lhe nlLrogenous bases adenlne (A) cyLoslne (C) guanlne (C) and uracll (u) usually slngle
sLranded funcLlons ln proLeln synLhesls gene regulaLlon and as Lhe genome of some vlrus
43 Nuceot|deLhe bulldlng block of a nuclelc acld conslsLlng of a carbon sugar covalenLly bonded Lo
a nlLrogenous base and a phosphaLe group
44 yr|m|d|neone of 2 Lypes of nlLrogenous bases found ln nucleoLldes characLerlzed by a 6
membered rlng CyLoslne Lhymlne (1) and uracll (u) are pyrlmldlnes
4 ur|neone of 2 Lypes of nlLrogenous bases found ln nucleoLldes characLerlzed by a 6membered
rlng fused Lo a membered rlng Adenlne (A) and guanlne (C) are purlnes
46 k|boseLhe sugar componenL of 8nA nucleoLldes
47 Deoxyr|boseLhe sugar componenL of unA nucleoLldes havlng one fewer hydroxyl group Lhan
rlbose Lhe sugar componenL of 8nA nucleoLldes
48 oynuceot|dea polymer conslsLlng of many nucleoLlde monomers ln a chaln nucleoLldes can be
Lhose of unA or 8nA
49 Doube he|xLhe form of naLlve unA referrlng Lo lLs 2 ad[acenL anLlparallel polynucleoLlde sLrands
wound around an lmaglnary axls lnLo a splral shape