A ~IICROPROCESSORBASED PRIYI'ECTIW

SYSTEN FOR GENERATOR-TRANSFORMER UNITS

I Korbasieuicz, PI. Korbasiewicz and W 'ilinlcler . .

Silesian Technical University of Gliwice, Poland

INrRODUCTION The last decade has brought a large number of works in the field of digital relays and protective schemes, However, they uere mainly concerned with individual relays or schemes, lilce distance and/or differential protective devices of power lines and/or transformers (1) ( 2 ) ( ) or substations () 3 4. Less attention was turned to the implemcntation of the digital technique in protectim systems of generators and generator-transformer units. Just lately some of papers have been published in the latter field ( ) ( ) 5 6

(7)
This paper describes a general concept of a digital protective system for large generator-transformer units, The main principle of this system is presented and some of the protective functions are discussed. Special attention is given to the overall impedance protective scheme which integrates all the tasks realised in the conventional technique separately by individual relays, ie .. back-up distance, loss of excitation and loss of synchronism (pole-slipping) protection. CONCEIT OF THE MULTIPROCESSOR PROTECTIVE SYSTEM Hardware outline Considering that the protective system must fulfil the requirements of high reliability, dependability and redundancy, all protective relays used so far for large generator-transformer units have been divided into three main groups shown in Table 1 . A n important role in such a groupage plays also the required computation capability and speed. Fig. 1 shows the structure of the protective system, where the individual units serve the

f o l l o w i n g purposes : Three independent units based on 16-bit microprocessors (CWI-CPU3) are devoted for the realisation of tasks within tho framework of the given groups. Each processor cooperates with the local memory, local channel of analog-to-digital conversion and the local system of two-state inputs. A distribution system based on a 16-bit processor (CPU 4) is dedicatod for the distribution of tripping and signalisation impulses as well as the self-monitoring of measuring and control circuits and input quantities. A system memory enables the exchange of information between the above main units, since all up-to-date results of measurements, protective data (state vectors) and algorithm settings are stored there. The protective system is connected by a cdmmon mu1t imaster bus. The ind ividual microprocessors obtain the access to this bus by an interrupt routine execution. A non-conflict cooperation is assured by the bus arbiter.

There is a possibility to introduce a host computer for such tasks like: the modification of protective algorithm in conjuction with the power system protection in emergency and failure conditions, the visualization of states of the protected unit as well as the recording of selected signals in fault conditions. Preparation and processine; of measurands
The analog current and voltage input signals

received from the main CT' ..s and VT' ..s of the protected generator-transformer unit are subsequently processed in the analog-to-

TABLE 1

- Arrangement of the generator-transformer protective relays into three main groups

Group
1

Group

Group

Generator-transformer differ. HV-r estricted earth-f ault Stator earth-fault-100 $ Negative phase-sequence Back-up overcurrent Rotor overload Stator overload

Back-up distance protection Loss of excitation Pole-slipping Motoring Under-f requency Overf luxing 0 vervol tage

Generator differential Unit-transf ormer differential Stator earth-fault 95 $ Rotor earth-fault

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-digital (A/D) conversioii circuits uhich COsists of the following elements: Separating units, i n c l u d a shielded auxiliary transfo m e r s , I/V and V/V converters. Overvoltage restricting devices. Two-pole Butterworth filters with a cutoff frequency accommodate to the sampling frequency. Sample and hold circuits. llult iplexer. 16-bit A/D converter.

taz, which should be largcr t h a n the operatix times of thc main protcctive scheues, like tho dirf crential Generator-transformer prot ec t ion, 1J bus b a r protecI' tion and the first zoiics of transmission lino distance protection. a l e sccond tripping condition will bc satisfied, when the impedance locus ZLV enters area I in Fie. 2 and remains therc f o r a tine tIi or tie. The determination, which of these time restrictions have to be checked, depends upon the inpedance vector Z11v seen from the HV-terminals of the step-up transfornor (Linc a in F g 2 . i.) This part of the altyorithm is repeated for each ncw set of samples. The accomplishment of the succossivc part of %healgorithm in Uloclis 4,5 and 9 is distributed in time i such a way that thc system n elaborates a new decision four tines pcr one cycle based on the first harmonic wavefoxm. This principlc rosults from the range of poss ible posit ions on the impedancc d iagram of impedance vector loci with time under pole-slipping and/or loss of field conditions. Thanks to the introduction into the algorithm the procedure of impedance plane rotation (phase %le CL in Fig.2) in Clock 6 , the verification of the impedance locus is made easier, since all lines inclined to the coordinate axes can be replaced by prependicular and/or parallel lines towards the new coordinate system. The identification of loss-of-field conditions requires the verification of the impedance locus ZLV in relation to area I in 1 Fig. 2 Tripping conditions exist when the . vector impedance enters into this area and stays there for a fixed time t I I. Correct pole-slipping detcction requires the tra-cing and storage of information about the sequence during the entry of the impedance locus into the individual areas of the resulting operating characteristic a s well as the respective timc intervals and sequenoe counting. This task is realized thanlcs the implementation of logical variables which are continously updated. After checking all possible conditions, a state vector is being created, which is a coded result of the algorithm operation, comprehensible to the distribution system (Block 8 and 10). Differential protective schemes For reliability reasons three differential protective schemes have been proposed (Table I),all based on the same concept but depending upon the properties of the individual object realised in different ways. Identical shapas of biased relay characteristics are chosen in all cases. Iloreover, the same additional criterion for thc distinction between extcrnal and internal faults under transient current transformer saturations is used. This criterion is based on the fact that under out-zone faults the operating ( . . difference) current waverom ie appears with a certain Lime delay, uhcreas Lhe restraint current occurs simultaneously Hiti1 the fault inccption ( 8 ) . Considerinc that no magnctiziw transient phenomen can occur in the generator-transformer-unit, since the stcp-up trand o r m e r rcnains c o m e c bed to the Generator and is energized Eradually as the laiLcr is run up to speed and excited, the unit pro-

A sampling frequency of 8 0 0 HZ has bcen

chosen, thus an indispensable time interval for fast protective algorithms of 1 2 mili.5 seconds is ensured.

EXAMPLES OF S O F T Y I ~ R EARCHITECTURE AND

i1LGORITIII.lS

Integrated system of protections based on impedance measurement

In conventional analog protection systems there is a strict separation of functions realised by the individual relays even when the same electrical quantity is used in all cases for fault discrimination. Typical examples for such a solution are the following protective schemes based on the control of impedance seen from the terminals of synchronous generators under various types of faults: Distance protection as back-up to differential protective schemes. Loss of excitation protection. Pole-slipping protection.

A11 these protective functions can be integrated in one coherent system, taking advantage of the benefits given by the digital techique. This concept is based on the continuous tracing of the impedance vector locus on the complex impedance plane in relation to the selected operating characteristic which is shown in Fig. 2 . Two groups of measuring input signals are used for the fault detection, ie .. the current ILV and voltage VLV at the generator terminals as well as the current IIN and voltage VI^ at the IIV-terminals of the step-up transformer. These signals are after analog filtering processed according to the flow chart shown in Fig. 3 First the real . and imaginary parts of the fundamental harmonics of the above measuring signals are computated in Block 2 using a DIT-spectral estimator. Subsequently the resistance and reactances are determined, thus the impedances ZLV and Z ~ I V seen from the generator terminals and HV outputs of the step-up transformer respectively are obtained.

The first decision block (Block 3 in F g ? , i.) which determines the successive operations, is destinated for the detection of phase-to-phase faults within the generator-transformer unit and partly i the external power n system. There are two conditions which must be satisfied before a trip command is sent. The first one is fulfilled when thc rate of change of 1 a n d X crosses the sctted thres1 holds d w i w powar swings. This stato, determined by the inequalities A Il)bil1&y and/or 6 X ) A A & is stored for a given time

tective scheme has only to be equipped with the fifth harmonic restraint against oversaturation. IIonever, the differential protective scheme for the unit transformer should be fitted with a second harmonic restraint circuit if a circuit breaker exists on the HV-side of this transformer. Fig. 4 shows an algorithm of a differential protection for such a transformer. Stator

3. hlisznieuslci, A , 1937, "Digital algorithns . for differential Protection of power transformers", Proc. of the 9th-PSCC1 Cascais, 725-731.

4 Bornard, P , 1988, "Power system . .

protection and substation control: trends, opportunities and problems1' Electrical , Power & Energy Systems, E, 101-109.

- earth fault protection

5 Sekine, Y , Hatata, . .
t -ion" , 6 , 181-191.

PI. and Yoshida, T , . 1984, "Recent advances in digital protec-

Two types of stator earth fault protective schemes are proposed, the first based on the detection of the zero-sequence voltagc of fundamental frequency (95 $ I stator winding protected), the second ono covoring 100 $ of tho winding, based on the natural third harmonic ewf ... produced by tho protected synchronous generator. Here only the latter protection will be described.

EXec trical Ponor & Energy Systems ,

6, K a h n , KR ..

and Cory, B J , .. 1985, "Develop ments in digital generator protection", IEE Conference Publication, No. 223-226.

a,

7 Fromm, U . .

Fig. 5 shows thc algorithm of the proposed 100 $ protcctive scheme. I combines two t discrimination methods proposod by Plartilla ( ) and K h a n and Cory ( 6 ) . A input quanti9 s ties the generator neutral voltage U and , generator terminal voltage U ( e i u l ,rsda voltage) are selected (3lock I ) , which allow the calculation of the emf ... After filtering by DFT-techique the first harmonics UOIH and UAIH as well as the third harmonics are being computed (Block U~313and E ~ H $?"kubs equently the comparison be tu een the present measured magnitudes with setted tripping values TR is done (Block 8 ) Thus, about . 95 $ of the stator winding can be protected by an optimal choice of T . The remaining R 5 $ of the winding is being protected using additional criterions checked in the left part of the algorithm. If E ~ H relatively is smal1,so the measuring and filtration errors may have a significant influence on the fault detection. Therefore, two inequalities shown in Blocks 5 and 6 must be checked. T o avoid maloperations due to some fault transient conditions, the rate of change of the ratio U O ~ H / U ~is H ~ checked in Block 7 The designa. tions T and T3 correspond to logic variaI TI=l means fault existence, bles, eg .. whereas T1=0 is an indication for non fault conditions. If one of the conditions either TI=l or T3=l is fulfilled, the trip command is send to the distribution system (Fig.1) after a selected time lag.

, Franc, 2 , Ilulendik, B a n d . . Steiner, Ch., 1987, I'Generatorschutz mit dem digitalen Schutasystem MODURES 216", Brown Boveri Tochnik, 2, 693-700.
1981 , "Neue Differentialrelais filr Transformatoren und Leitungenl', Brown Boveri Mitt., 68,70-78.

G Ilar , PI. .

9 Martilla, R J . . .

, 1986, tlDesign principles of a new generator stator ground relay for 100 7: coverage of the stator winding, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, 1, 41-51.

CONCLUSIONS It has been shown that thanks the digital teclmique further improvement in reliable and flexible fault detection and discrimination within generator-transformer units can be ensured. This can be achieved by the optimum choice of operating characteristics, criterions and a1gorithms.A typical example is the overall impedance protective scheme which integrates several functions, realised s o far separately by individual analog relays.

REFERENCES
Sachdev, 5I.S. and Baribeau, MA .. 1979, "A new algorithm for digital impedance relays1!, IEEE Trans. on PAS, 2232-2240, Phadke, A G , . and Thorp, J S , .. 1983, "A new computer-based f l u x restrained current-d ifferential relay for pow er transformer protection", ~ E E ET . & S on

, E,

- 102, 2624-3629, PAS,

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Figure 1 Hardware outline of a digital protective systen for generator-transformer units

measuring signals

~~

MEASUREMENT , DIGITIZING AND PRE-PROCESSING U MEASURING SIGNALS ILV.ULV.Im ,,

OF

' 3
FAULT INCEPTION 3

FILTERING O F MEASURING SIGNALS AND COMPUTATION O F IMPEDANCES ZLv .Zm

1
Figure 2 Operating characteristics of the overall impedance protection

LOSS-OF-EXCITATION POLE-SLPrING ?

le]

COMPUTATION O F STATE VECTOR FOR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

. -

Figure

; I

Flow chart of' the overall impedance protection

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COMPUTATION OF Iop& I, I

Iop >MAX

- YES

COMPUTATION OF I= & ILB

I

a I,>k,I, YES <

I
1

ICOMPUTATION OF I,I
I

Figure 4 Algorithm of the unit transformer differential proteotion

Figure

5 AlgorZthm of

the stator earth fault proteotion