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Introduct|on

Cloud computing provides computation, soItware, data access, and storage services that do not
require end-user knowledge oI the physical location and conIiguration oI the system that delivers
the services. Parallel to this concept can be drawn with the electricity grid wherein end-users
consume power without needing to understand the component devices or inIrastructure required
to provide the service.
Cloud computing describes a new supplement, consumption, and delivery model Ior IT services
based on Internet protocols, and it typically involves provisioning oI dynamically scalable and
oIten virtualized resources. It is a byproduct and consequence oI the ease-oI-access to remote
computing sites provided by the Internet. This may take the Iorm oI web-based tools or
applications that users can access and use through a web browser as iI the programs were
installed locally on their own computers.
Cloud computing providers deliver applications via the internet, which are accessed Irom web
browsers and desktop and mobile apps, while the business soItware and data are stored on
servers at a remote location. In some cases, legacy applications (line oI business applications that
until now have been prevalent in thin client Windows computing) are delivered via a screen-
sharing technology, while the computing resources are consolidated at a remote data center
location; in other cases, entire business applications have been coded using web-based
technologies such as AJAX
At the Ioundation oI cloud computing is the broader concept oI inIrastructure convergence (or
Converged InIrastructure) and shared services This type oI data center environment allows
enterprises to get their applications up and running Iaster, with easier manageability and less
maintenance, and enables IT to more rapidly adjust IT resources (such as servers, storage, and
networking) to meet Iluctuating and unpredictable business demand.
Most cloud computing inIrastructures consist oI services delivered through shared data-centers
and appearing as a single point oI access Ior consumers' computing needs. Commercial oIIerings
may be required to meet service-level agreements (SLAs), but speciIic terms are less oIten
negotiated by smaller companies


|story of c|oud comput|ng
The term "cloud" is used as a metaphor Ior the Internet, based on the cloud drawing used in the
past to represent the telephone network,|22| and later to depict the Internet in computer network
diagrams as an abstraction oI the underlying inIrastructure it represents
Cloud computing is a natural evolution oI the widespread adoption oI virtualisation, service-
oriented architecture, autonomic, and utility computing. Details are abstracted Irom end-users,
who no longer have need Ior expertise in, or control over, the technology inIrastructure "in the
cloud" that supports them.
The underlying concept oI cloud computing dates back to the 1960s, when John McCarthy
opined that "computation may someday be organised as a public utility." Almost all the modern-
day characteristics oI cloud computing (elastic provision, provided as a utility, online, illusion oI
inIinite supply), the comparison to the electricity industry and the use oI public, private,
government, and community Iorms, were thoroughly explored in Douglas Parkhill's 1966 book,
The Challenge oI the Computer Utility. Other scholars have shown that cloud computing's roots
go all the way back to the 1950s when scientist Herb Grosch (the author oI Grosch's law)
postulated that the entire world would operate on dumb terminals powered by about 15 large data
centers.
The actual term "cloud" borrows Irom telephony in that telecommunications companies, who
until the 1990s oIIered primarily dedicated point-to-point data circuits, began oIIering Virtual
Private Network (VPN) services with comparable quality oI service but at a much lower cost. By
switching traIIic to balance utilisation as they saw Iit, they were able to utilise their overall
network bandwidth more eIIectively. The cloud symbol was used to denote the demarcation
point between that which was the responsibility oI the provider and that which was the
responsibility oI the user. Cloud computing extends this boundary to cover servers as well as the
network inIrastructure.
AIter the dot-com bubble, Amazon played a key role in the development oI cloud computing by
modernising their data centers, which, like most computer networks, were using as little as 10
oI their capacity at any one time, just to leave room Ior occasional spikes. Having Iound that the
new cloud architecture resulted in signiIicant internal eIIiciency improvements whereby small,
Iast-moving "two-pizza teams" could add new Ieatures Iaster and more easily, Amazon initiated
a new product development eIIort to provide cloud computing to external customers, and
launched Amazon Web Service (AWS) on a utility computing basis in 2006.
In early 2008, Eucalyptus became the Iirst open-source, AWS API-compatible platIorm Ior
deploying private clouds. In early 2008, OpenNebula, enhanced in the RESERVOIR European
Commission-Iunded project, became the Iirst open-source soItware Ior deploying private and
hybrid clouds, and Ior the Iederation oI clouds.|28| In the same year, eIIorts were Iocused on
providing QoS guarantees (as required by real-time interactive applications) to cloud-based
inIrastructures, in the Iramework oI the IRMOS European Commission-Iunded project, resulting
to a real-time cloud environment. By mid-2008, Gartner saw an opportunity Ior cloud computing
"to shape the relationship among consumers oI IT services, those who use IT services and those
who sell them" and observed that rganisations are switching Irom company-owned hardware and
soItware assets to per-use service-based models" so that the "projected shiIt to cloud computing
... will result in dramatic growth in IT products in some areas and signiIicant reductions in other
areas."
In July 2010, OpenStack was announced,| attracting nearly 100 partner companies and over a
thousand code contributions in its Iirst year, making it the Iastest-growing Iree and open source
soItware project in history


Character|st|cs




Cloud computing exhibits the Iollowing key characteristics:
Agility improves with users' ability to re-provision technological inIrastructure resources.
Application programming interIace (API) accessibility to soItware that enables machines
to interact with cloud soItware in the same way the user interIace Iacilitates interaction
between humans and computers. Cloud computing systems typically use REST-based
APIs.
Cost is claimed to be reduced and in a public cloud delivery model capital expenditure is
converted to operational expenditure.|14| This is purported to lower barriers to entry, as
inIrastructure is typically provided by a third-party and does not need to be purchased Ior
one-time or inIrequent intensive computing tasks. Pricing on a utility computing basis is
Iine-grained with usage-based options and Iewer IT skills are required Ior
implementation (in-house).|15|
Device and location independence |16| enable users to access systems using a web
browser regardless oI their location or what device they are using (e.g., PC, mobile
phone). As inIrastructure is oII-site (typically provided by a third-party) and accessed via
the Internet, users can connect Irom anywhere.|15|
Multi-tenancy enables sharing oI resources and costs across a large pool oI users thus
allowing Ior: Centralization oI inIrastructure in locations with lower costs (such as real
estate, electricity, etc.)
Peak-load capacity increases (users need not engineer Ior highest possible load-levels)
Utilization and eIIiciency improvements Ior systems that are oIten only 1020
utilized.|17|
Reliability is improved iI multiple redundant sites are used, which makes well-designed
cloud computing suitable Ior business continuity and disaster recovery.|18|
Scalability and Elasticity via dynamic ("on-demand") provisioning oI resources on a Iine-
grained, selI-service basis near real-time, without users having to engineer Ior peak
loads.|19|
PerIormance is monitored, and consistent and loosely coupled architectures are
constructed using web services as the system interIace.|15|
Maintenance oI cloud computing applications is easier, because they do not need to be
installed on each user's computer.


ayers
C||ent
pp||cat|on
9|atform
9|atform
erver
Client
See also: Category:Cloud clients
A cloud client consists oI computer hardware and/or computer soItware that relies on cloud
computing Ior application delivery and that is in essence useless without it. Examples include
some computers, phones and other devices, operating systems, and browsers.|35||36||37|


55lication
See also: Category:Cloud applications
Cloud application services or "SoItware as a Service (SaaS)" deliver soItware as a service over
the Internet, eliminating the need to install and run the application on the customer's own
computers and simpliIying maintenance and support.
Platform
See also: Category:Cloud platIorms
Cloud platIorm services, also known as platIorm as a service (PaaS), deliver a computing
platIorm and/or solution stack as a service, oIten consuming cloud inIrastructure and sustaining
cloud applications.|38| It Iacilitates deployment oI applications without the cost and complexity
oI buying and managing the underlying hardware and soItware layers.|39||40|
Infrastructure
See also: Category:Cloud inIrastructure
Cloud inIrastructure services, also known as "inIrastructure as a service" (IaaS), deliver
computer inIrastructure typically a platIorm virtualisation environment as a service, along
with raw (block) storage and networking. Rather than purchasing servers, soItware, data-center
space or network equipment, clients instead buy those resources as a Iully outsourced service.
Suppliers typically bill such services on a utility computing basis; the amount oI resources
consumed (and thereIore the cost) will typically reIlect the level oI activity.|41|
Server
The servers layer consists oI computer hardware and/or computer soItware products that are
speciIically designed Ior the delivery oI cloud services, including multi-core processors, cloud-
speciIic operating systems and combined oIIerings







Dep|oyment mode|s
Cloud compuLlng Lypes




Public cloud
Public cloud describes cloud computing in the traditional mainstream sense, whereby resources
are dynamically provisioned to the general public on a Iine-grained, selI-service basis over the
Internet, via web applications/web services Irom an oII-site third-party provider who bills on a
Iine-grained utility computing basis.
Community cloud
Community cloud shares inIrastructure between several organisations Irom a speciIic community
with common concerns (security, compliance, jurisdiction, etc.), whether managed internally or
by a third-party and hosted internally or externally. The costs are spread over Iewer users than a
public cloud (but more than a private cloud), so only some oI the beneIits oI cloud computing are
realised.
Hybrid cloud
Hybrid cloud is a composition oI two or more clouds (private, community, or public) that remain
unique entities but are bound together, oIIering the beneIits oI multiple deployment models. It
can also be deIined as a multiple cloud systems that are connected in a way that allows programs
and data to be moved easily Irom one deployment system to another.
Private cloud
Private cloud is inIrastructure operated solely Ior a single organisation, whether managed
internally or by a third-party and hosted internally or externally.
|

They have attracted criticism because users "still have to buy, build, and manage them" and thus
do not beneIit Irom lower up-Iront capital costs and less hands-on management, essentially
"|lacking| the economic model that makes cloud computing such an intriguing concept".
rchitecture
Cloud compuLlng sample archlLecLure
Cloud architecture, the systems architecture oI the soItware systems involved in the delivery oI
cloud computing, typically involves multiple cloud components communicating with each other
over a loose coupling mechanism such as a messaging queue.
%he Intercloud
,aln arLlcle lnLercloud
The Intercloudis an interconnected global "cloud oI clouds"and an extension oI the Internet
'network oI networks" on which it is based
Cloud engineering
Cloud engineering is the application oI engineering disciplines to cloud computing. It brings a
systematic approach to the high level concerns oI commercialisation, standardisation, and
governance in conceiving, developing, operating and maintaining cloud computing systems. It is
a multidisciplinary method encompassing contributions Irom diverse areas such as systems
soItware, web, perIormance, inIormation, security, platIorm, risk, and quality engineering
Issues
Privacy
The cloud model has been criticised by privacy advocates Ior the greater ease in which the
companies hosting the cloud services control, thus, can monitor at will, lawIully or unlawIully,
the communication and data stored between the user and the host company. Instances such as the
secret NSA program, working with AT&T, and Verizon, which recorded over 10 million phone
calls between American citizens, causes uncertainty among privacy advocates, and the greater
powers it gives to telecommunication companies to monitor user activity.|57| While there have
been eIIorts (such as US-EU SaIe Harbor) to "harmonise" the legal environment, providers such
as Amazon still cater to major markets (typically the United States and the European Union) by
deploying local inIrastructure and allowing customers to select "availability zones."|58|
Com5liance
In order to obtain compliance with regulations including FISMA, HIPAA, and SOX in the
United States, the Data Protection Directive in the EU and the credit card industry's PCI DSS,
users may have to adopt community or hybrid deployment modes that are typically more
expensive and may oIIer restricted beneIits. This is how Google is able to "manage and meet
additional government policy requirements beyond FISMA" and Rackspace Cloud or QubeSpace
are able to claim PCI compliance.
Many providers also obtain SAS 70 Type II certiIication, but this has been criticised on the
grounds that the hand-picked set oI goals and standards determined by the auditor and the
auditee are oIten not disclosed and can vary widely. Providers typically make this inIormation
available on request, under non-disclosure agreement
Customers in the EU contracting with cloud providers established outside the EU/EEA have to
adhere to the EU regulations on export oI personal data.
Research
Many universities, vendors and government organisations are investing in research around the
topic oI cloud computing:
O ln CcLober 2007 Lhe Academlc Cloud CompuLlng lnlLlaLlve (ACCl) was announced as a mulLl
unlverslLy pro[ecL deslgned Lo enhance sLudenLs Lechnlcal knowledge Lo address Lhe challenges
of cloud compuLlng
O ln !uly 2011 Lhe Plgh erformance CompuLlng Cloud (PCCLoud) pro[ecL was klckedoff almlng
aL flndlng ouL Lhe posslblllLles of enhanclng performance on cloud envlronmenLs whlle runnlng
Lhe sclenLlflc appllcaLlons developmenL of PCCLoud erformance Analysls 1oolklL whlch was
funded by Cl,8eLurnlng LxperLs rogramme under Lhe coordlnaLlon of rof ur Sha[ulln
8enedlcL

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