Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
CONTENTS
Preface xviii
Nomenclature xxvi
CHAPTER TWO
HEAT CONDUCTION EQUATION 61
2-1 Introduction 62
CHAPTER ONE Steady versus Transient Heat Transfer 63
Multidimensional Heat Transfer 64
BASICS OF HEAT TRANSFER 1 Heat Generation 66
2-2 One-Dimensional
1-1 Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 2
Heat Conduction Equation 68
Application Areas of Heat Transfer 3
Heat Conduction Equation in a Large Plane Wall 68
Historical Background 3
Heat Conduction Equation in a Long Cylinder 69
1-2 Engineering Heat Transfer 4 Heat Conduction Equation in a Sphere 71
Combined One-Dimensional
Modeling in Heat Transfer 5 Heat Conduction Equation 72
1-3 Heat and Other Forms of Energy 6 2-3 General Heat Conduction Equation 74
Specific Heats of Gases, Liquids, and Solids 7 Rectangular Coordinates 74
Energy Transfer 9 Cylindrical Coordinates 75
Spherical Coordinates 76
1-4 The First Law of Thermodynamics 11
2-4 Boundary and Initial Conditions 77
Energy Balance for Closed Systems (Fixed Mass) 12
Energy Balance for Steady-Flow Systems 12 1 Specified Temperature Boundary Condition 78
Surface Energy Balance 13 2 Specified Heat Flux Boundary Condition 79
3 Convection Boundary Condition 81
1-5 Heat Transfer Mechanisms 17 4 Radiation Boundary Condition 82
5 Interface Boundary Conditions 83
1-6 Conduction 17 6 Generalized Boundary Conditions 84
Thermal Conductivity 19 2-5 Solution of Steady One-Dimensional
Thermal Diffusivity 23
Heat Conduction Problems 86
1-7 Convection 25 2-6 Heat Generation in a Solid 97
1-8 Radiation 27 2-7 Variable Thermal Conductivity, k(T) 104
1-9 Simultaneous Heat Transfer Mechanisms 30 Topic of Special Interest:
A Brief Review of Differential Equations 107
1-10 Problem-Solving Technique 35 Summary 111
References and Suggested Reading 112
A Remark on Significant Digits 37 Problems 113
Engineering Software Packages 38
Engineering Equation Solver (EES) 39
Heat Transfer Tools (HTT) 39 CHAPTER THREE
Topic of Special Interest:
Thermal Comfort 40 STEADY HEAT CONDUCTION 127
Summary 46
References and Suggested Reading 47
3-1 Steady Heat Conduction in Plane Walls 128
Problems 47 The Thermal Resistance Concept 129
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Thermal Resistance Network 131 4 Complications 268
Multilayer Plane Walls 133 5 Human Nature 268
3-2 Thermal Contact Resistance 138 5-2 Finite Difference Formulation of
3-3 Generalized Thermal Resistance Networks 143 Differential Equations 269
3-4 Heat Conduction in Cylinders and Spheres 146 5-3 One-Dimensional Steady Heat Conduction 272
Multilayered Cylinders and Spheres 148 Boundary Conditions 274
CHAPTER FOUR
TRANSIENT HEAT CONDUCTION 209 CHAPTER SIX
FUNDAMENTALS OF CONVECTION 333
4-1 Lumped System Analysis 210
Criteria for Lumped System Analysis 211 6-1 Physical Mechanism on Convection 334
Some Remarks on Heat Transfer in Lumped Systems 213
Nusselt Number 336
4-2 Transient Heat Conduction in 6-2 Classification of Fluid Flows 337
Large Plane Walls, Long Cylinders,
Viscous versus Inviscid Flow 337
and Spheres with Spatial Effects 216
Internal versus External Flow 337
4-3 Transient Heat Conduction in Compressible versus Incompressible Flow 337
Semi-Infinite Solids 228 Laminar versus Turbulent Flow 338
Natural (or Unforced) versus Forced Flow 338
4-4 Transient Heat Conduction in Steady versus Unsteady (Transient) Flow 338
Multidimensional Systems 231 One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Flows 338
Topic of Special Interest: 6-3 Velocity Boundary Layer 339
Refrigeration and Freezing of Foods 239
Summary 250 Surface Shear Stress 340
References and Suggested Reading 251 6-4 Thermal Boundary Layer 341
Problems 252
Prandtl Number 341
6-5 Laminar and Turbulent Flows 342
CHAPTER FIVE Reynolds Number 343
NUMERICAL METHODS 6-6 Heat and Momentum Transfer
IN HEAT CONDUCTION 265 in Turbulent Flow 343
6-7 Derivation of Differential
5-1 Why Numerical Methods? 266 Convection Equations 345
1 Limitations 267 Conservation of Mass Equation 345
2 Better Modeling 267 Conservation of Momentum Equations 346
3 Flexibility 268 Conservation of Energy Equation 348
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Effect of Surface Roughness 382 9-3 Natural Convection over Surfaces 466
Heat Transfer Coefficient 384 Vertical Plates (Ts constant) 467
7-4 Flow across Tube Banks 389 Vertical Plates (q·s constant) 467
Vertical Cylinders 467
Pressure Drop 392 Inclined Plates 467
Topic of Special Interest: Horizontal Plates 469
Reducing Heat Transfer through Surfaces 395 Horizontal Cylinders and Spheres 469
Summary 406
References and Suggested Reading 407 9-4 Natural Convection from
Problems 408 Finned Surfaces and PCBs 473
Natural Convection Cooling of Finned Surfaces
(Ts constant) 473
Natural Convection Cooling of Vertical PCBs
CHAPTER EIGHT (q·s constant) 474
Mass Flow Rate through the Space between Plates 475
INTERNAL FORCED CONVECTION 419
9-5 Natural Convection inside Enclosures 477
8-1 Introduction 420 Effective Thermal Conductivity 478
Horizontal Rectangular Enclosures 479
8-2 Mean Velocity and Mean Temperature 420 Inclined Rectangular Enclosures 479
Laminar and Turbulent Flow in Tubes 422 Vertical Rectangular Enclosures 480
Concentric Cylinders 480
8-3 The Entrance Region 423 Concentric Spheres 481
Entry Lengths 425 Combined Natural Convection and Radiation 481
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9-6 Combined Natural and Forced Convection 486 11-6 Atmospheric and Solar Radiation 586
Topic of Special Interest: Topic of Special Interest:
Heat Transfer through Windows 489 Solar Heat Gain through Windows 590
Summary 499 Summary 597
References and Suggested Reading 500 References and Suggested Reading 599
Problems 501 Problems 599
CHAPTER TEN C H A P T E R T W E LV E
BOILING AND CONDENSATION 515 RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER 605
10-1 Boiling Heat Transfer 516 12-1 The View Factor 606
10-2 Pool Boiling 518 12-2 View Factor Relations 609
Boiling Regimes and the Boiling Curve 518 1 The Reciprocity Relation 610
Heat Transfer Correlations in Pool Boiling 522 2 The Summation Rule 613
Enhancement of Heat Transfer in Pool Boiling 526 3 The Superposition Rule 615
10-3 Flow Boiling 530 4 The Symmetry Rule 616
View Factors between Infinitely Long Surfaces:
10-4 Condensation Heat Transfer 532 The Crossed-Strings Method 618
10-5 Film Condensation 532 12-3 Radiation Heat Transfer: Black Surfaces 620
Flow Regimes 534 12-4 Radiation Heat Transfer:
Heat Transfer Correlations for Film Condensation 535 Diffuse, Gray Surfaces 623
10-6 Film Condensation Inside Radiosity 623
Horizontal Tubes 545 Net Radiation Heat Transfer to or from a Surface 623
10-7 Dropwise Condensation 545 Net Radiation Heat Transfer between Any
Two Surfaces 625
Topic of Special Interest: Methods of Solving Radiation Problems 626
Heat Pipes 546 Radiation Heat Transfer in Two-Surface Enclosures 627
Summary 551 Radiation Heat Transfer in Three-Surface Enclosures 629
References and Suggested Reading 553
Problems 553 12-5 Radiation Shields and the Radiation Effect 635
Radiation Effect on Temperature Measurements 637
12-6 Radiation Exchange with Emitting and
CHAPTER ELEVEN Absorbing Gases 639
FUNDAMENTALS OF THERMAL RADIATION 561 Radiation Properties of a Participating Medium 640
Emissivity and Absorptivity of Gases and Gas Mixtures 642
Topic of Special Interest:
11-1 Introduction 562 Heat Transfer from the Human Body 649
11-2 Thermal Radiation 563 Summary 653
References and Suggested Reading 655
11-3 Blackbody Radiation 565 Problems 655
11-4 Radiation Intensity 571
Solid Angle 572
Intensity of Emitted Radiation 573
Incident Radiation 574 CHAPTER THIRTEEN
Radiosity 575 HEAT EXCHANGERS 667
Spectral Quantities 575
11-5 Radiative Properties 577 13-1 Types of Heat Exchangers 668
Emissivity 578 13-2 The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient 671
Absorptivity, Reflectivity, and Transmissivity 582
Fouling Factor 674
Kirchhoff’s Law 584
The Greenhouse Effect 585 13-3 Analysis of Heat Exchangers 678
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13-4 The Log Mean Temperature 14-10 Simultaneous Heat and Mass Transfer 763
Difference Method 680 Summary 769
Counter-Flow Heat Exchangers 682 References and Suggested Reading 771
Multipass and Cross-Flow Heat Exchangers: Problems 772
Use of a Correction Factor 683
13-5 The Effectiveness–NTU Method 690
13-6 Selection of Heat Exchangers 700 CHAPTER FIFTEEN
Heat Transfer Rate 700 COOLING OF ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT 785
Cost 700
Pumping Power 701 15-1 Introduction and History 786
Size and Weight 701
Type 701
15-2 Manufacturing of Electronic Equipment 787
Materials 701 The Chip Carrier 787
Other Considerations 702 Printed Circuit Boards 789
Summary 703 The Enclosure 791
References and Suggested Reading 704
Problems 705
15-3 Cooling Load of Electronic Equipment 793
15-4 Thermal Environment 794
15-5 Electronics Cooling in
Different Applications 795
CHAPTER FOURTEEN 15-6 Conduction Cooling 797
MASS TRANSFER 717 Conduction in Chip Carriers 798
Conduction in Printed Circuit Boards 803
14-1 Introduction 718 Heat Frames 805
14-2 Analogy between Heat and Mass Transfer 719 The Thermal Conduction Module (TCM) 810
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Table A-6 Properties of Insulating Materials 864 Table A-2E Boiling- and Freezing-Point
Table A-7 Properties of Common Foods 865 Properties 885
Table A-8 Properties of Miscellaneous Table A-3E Properties of Solid Metals 886
Materials 867 Table A-4E Properties of Solid Nonmetals 889
Table A-9 Properties of Saturated Water 868 Table A-5E Properties of Building Materials 890
Table A-10 Properties of Saturated Table A-6E Properties of Insulating Materials 892
Refrigerant-134a 869 Table A-7E Properties of Common Foods 893
Table A-11 Properties of Saturated Ammonia 870 Table A-8E Properties of Miscellaneous
Table A-12 Properties of Saturated Propane 871 Materials 895
Table A-13 Properties of Liquids 872 Table A-9E Properties of Saturated Water 896
Table A-14 Properties of Liquid Metals 873 Table A-10E Properties of Saturated
Table A-15 Properties of Air at 1 atm Pressure 874 Refrigerant-134a 897
Table A-16 Properties of Gases at 1 atm Table A-11E Properties of Saturated Ammonia 898
Pressure 875 Table A-12E Properties of Saturated Propane 899
Table A-17 Properties of the Atmosphere at Table A-13E Properties of Liquids 900
High Altitude 877 Table A-14E Properties of Liquid Metals 901
Table A-18 Emissivities of Surfaces 878 Table A-15E Properties of Air at 1 atm Pressure 902
Table A-19 Solar Radiative Properties of Table A-16E Properties of Gases at 1 atm
Materials 880 Pressure 903
Figure A-20 The Moody Chart for the Friction Table A-17E Properties of the Atmosphere at
Factor for Fully Developed Flow High Altitude 905
in Circular Tubes 881
APPENDIX 3
APPENDIX 2 INTRODUCTION TO EES 907
PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS INDEX 921
(ENGLISH UNITS) 883
TA B L E O F E X A M P L E S
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Example 10-8 Replacing a Heat Pipe by a Example 12-12 Radiation Effect on Temperature
Copper Rod 550 Measurements 639
Example 12-13 Effective Emissivity of
Combustion Gases 646
CHAPTER ELEVEN Example 12-14 Radiation Heat Transfer in a
FUNDAMENTALS OF THERMAL RADIATION 561 Cylindrical Furnace 647
Example 12-15 Effect of Clothing on Thermal
Example 11-1 Radiation Emission from a Comfort 652
Black Ball 568
Example 11-2 Emission of Radiation from
a Lightbulb 571 CHAPTER THIRTEEN
Example 11-3 Radiation Incident on a HEAT EXCHANGERS 667
Small Surface 576
Example 13-1 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient of
Example 11-4 Emissivity of a Surface
a Heat Exchanger 675
and Emissive Power 581
Example 13-2 Effect of Fouling on the Overall Heat
Example 11-5 Selective Absorber and
Transfer Coefficient 677
Reflective Surfaces 589
Example 13-3 The Condensation of Steam in
Example 11-6 Installing Reflective Films
a Condenser 685
on Windows 596
Example 13-4 Heating Water in a Counter-Flow
Heat Exchanger 686
C H A P T E R T W E LV E Example 13-5 Heating of Glycerin in a Multipass
Heat Exchanger 687
RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER 605
Example 13-6 Cooling of an
Example 12-1 View Factors Associated with Automotive Radiator 688
Two Concentric Spheres 614 Example 13-7 Upper Limit for Heat Transfer
Example 12-2 Fraction of Radiation Leaving in a Heat Exchanger 691
through an Opening 615 Example 13-8 Using the Effectiveness–
Example 12-3 View Factors Associated with NTU Method 697
a Tetragon 617 Example 13-9 Cooling Hot Oil by Water in a
Example 12-4 View Factors Associated with a Multipass Heat Exchanger 698
Triangular Duct 617 Example 13-10 Installing a Heat Exchanger to Save
Example 12-5 The Crossed-Strings Method for Energy and Money 702
View Factors 619
Example 12-6 Radiation Heat Transfer in a CHAPTER FOURTEEN
Black Furnace 621
MASS TRANSFER 717
Example 12-7 Radiation Heat Transfer between
Parallel Plates 627 Example 14-1 Determining Mass Fractions from
Example 12-8 Radiation Heat Transfer in a Mole Fractions 727
Cylindrical Furnace 630 Example 14-2 Mole Fraction of Water Vapor at
Example 12-9 Radiation Heat Transfer in a the Surface of a Lake 728
Triangular Furnace 631 Example 14-3 Mole Fraction of Dissolved Air
Example 12-10 Heat Transfer through a Tubular in Water 730
Solar Collector 632 Example 14-4 Diffusion of Hydrogen Gas into
Example 12-11 Radiation Shields 638 a Nickel Plate 732
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Example 14-5 Diffusion of Hydrogen through a Example 15-5 Heat Conduction along a PCB with
Spherical Container 735 Copper Cladding 804
Example 14-6 Condensation and Freezing of Example 15-6 Thermal Resistance of an Epoxy
Moisture in the Walls 738 Glass Board 805
Example 14-7 Hardening of Steel by the Diffusion Example 15-7 Planting Cylindrical Copper Fillings
of Carbon 742 in an Epoxy Board 806
Example 14-8 Venting of Helium in the Atmosphere Example 15-8 Conduction Cooling of PCBs by a
by Diffusion 751 Heat Frame 807
Example 14-9 Measuring Diffusion Coefficient by Example 15-9 Cooling of Chips by the Thermal
the Stefan Tube 752 Conduction Module 812
Example 14-10 Mass Convection inside a Example 15-10 Cooling of a Sealed
Circular Pipe 761 Electronic Box 816
Example 14-11 Analogy between Heat and Example 15-11 Cooling of a Component by
Mass Transfer 762 Natural Convection 817
Example 14-12 Evaporative Cooling of a Example 15-12 Cooling of a PCB in a Box by
Canned Drink 765 Natural Convection 818
Example 14-13 Heat Loss from Uncovered Hot Example 15-13 Forced-Air Cooling of a
Water Baths 766 Hollow-Core PCB 826
Example 15-14 Forced-Air Cooling of a Transistor
Mounted on a PCB 828
CHAPTER FIFTEEN Example 15-15 Choosing a Fan to Cool
COOLING OF ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT 785 a Computer 830
Example 15-16 Cooling of a Computer
Example 15-1 Predicting the Junction Temperature
by a Fan 831
of a Transistor 788
Example 15-17 Cooling of Power Transistors on
Example 15-2 Determining the Junction-to-Case
a Cold Plate by Water 835
Thermal Resistance 789
Example 15-18 Immersion Cooling of
Example 15-3 Analysis of Heat Conduction in
a Logic Chip 840
a Chip 799
Example 15-19 Cooling of a Chip by Boiling 840
Example 15-4 Predicting the Junction Temperature
of a Device 802