CHAPTER 14: REFORM AND RENEWAL IN THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH

Directions: Identify and explain the significance of the following people and terms.

1. The German Peasants Revolt of 1525: Inspired by Luthers Admonition to Peace Peasants revolted, but were crushed by the nobility. 75000 were killed. 2. Pluralism: The practice of presiding over multiple churches at one time; often led to absenteeism. 3. Brethren of the Common Life: A Catholic society rooted in asceticism. 4. John Knox: The founder of the Presbyterian Church of Scotland. 5. Pope Paul III: Resided over the council of Trent; reformed the church. 6. Ulrich Zwingli: A contemporary of Martin Luther, said that Christian life rested on scriptures. 7. Archbishop Cranmer: Leader of English Reformation and helped Henry VII with his divorce case. 8. John Tetzel: A man hired by the church to sell indulgences. 9. Martin Luther: The man who wrote the 95 Theses; thought of as the man who sparked the Protestant Reformation. 10. Transubstantiation/Consubstantiation: The Catholic practice of drinking wine and eating bread; believing that it turns into the body and blood of Christ. 11. Henry VIII: Made the Anglican Church the official church of England, as well as threw Catholics out of the country. Also was apparently lacking in the male department. 12. Charles V: Was the head of the Holy Roman Empire; and was forced to sign the Peace of Augsburg to recognize Lutherans. 13. Mary Tudor: Returned England to Catholicism, persecuted hundreds of Protestants, but suffered an early death. 14. Pope Alexander VI: Called France into Italy, messed up the power balance in Italy. Then switched to Spain. Council of Trent: Met to secure relations with Protestants, Gave equal validity to the scriptures and traditions, reduced pluralism and simony, and prohibited indulgences. 1

Promoted education, and required marriages to have a witness present. 15. Counter-Reformation: A response to the rising Protestant reformation; was a wave of reformation in the Catholic church. 16. 17. Holy Office: Oversees Catholic church doctrine. Elizabethan Settlement: Required outward conformity in all ceremonies.

18. Peace of Augsburg: Officially recognized Lutheranism and each prince could determine his religion. 19. Ninety-Five Theses: A list of issues that Martin Luther had with the Church at the time. EXPLAIN
Directions: Explain the subject matter and historical significance of the following works.

1. Imitation of Christ: By Kempsis, it instructed Christians on how to emulate Christ. 2. Appeal to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation: A book by Martin Luther that described the Churchs failures, and advocated putting Rome in her place. 3. The Institutes of the Christian Religion: John Calvins critique of religion. Considered an introduction to Protestantism.
Directions: Define the basic beliefs of the following Christian religions and churches.

4. Roman Catholicism: Believed in the Seven Sacraments, headed by the Pope, believed very strongly in papal authority, and believed in Jesus. 5. Lutheranism: Started by Martin Luther, believed that Salvation comes through faith alone, believed in the bible alone, Church is made up of entire community of Christians, and freedom of vocation. 6. Calvinism: Started by John Calvin. A strong belief in predestination was present in Calvinism, a utopian society was desired by all Calvinists, and believed in doing good deeds (With the assumption that they were saved). Established a utopia in Geneva Switzerland. 7. Anabaptism: Believed in baptism as adults as opposed to the baptism in infancy, separation of church and state, religious toleration, pacifism, and women were 2

allowed to serve in church ministry. 8. Church of England: Services were in English, no monasteries, and clergyman could marry. Established and headed by Henry VII 9. Presbyterian Church of Scotland: Established by John Knox. Believed that Ministers, not bishops governed the church, it was a nation, placed emphasis on preaching, and closely resembled Calvinism.

MAJOR POLITICAL IDEAS Was Protestantism a political idea? Protestantism at its origin was not a political idea, it was the idea of religious reform sparked by Martin Luther. Even though it was used frequently for political purposes, it was religious at heart. Did it help or hinder the development of the nation-state? Protestantism helped the development of the nation-state by breaking up the Holy Roman Empire, and making the seven electors sovereign states. It also helped remove church influence and helped nation-states develop on their own. Why was Protestantism on the one hand a source of national strength and on the other a source of national weakness? Protestantism was a tool used by political leaders to unify their countries (like the Netherlands) and raise nationalistic feelings. Whereas oftentimes it resulted in large conflicts within countries, and split up some places (like the Holy Roman Empire.)