First Aff Caselist

alabama
a. a large demand exist in kenya for family planning(prof okoth-ogendo
9/8/00 (public law @ u of nairobi, fmr head of cnt at family studies,
b. unmet need will only get higher in the future for two reasons. (issues
in the financing of family planning services 1999
(http://reservor.fhi.org/en/fp/fpother/economics/reports/chapter2.html)
adv 1
a. thousands of women die each year b/c of inadequate family planning. (the
nation 1999 ( "material death causes aithinod" aug 5)
b. hundreds of thousands have been effected by aids in kenya (gm baltazar 99
(arcc.or.ke/nascop/1999pubhtml#3rd
c. choices for women thru family planning key to stopping the spread of aids
and other stds (resources for population, health, and nutrition projects
10/8/99 (www.fhi.org/en/wsp/wspubs/thrugen.html)
d. family planning decreases high risk pregnancy, helps protect people from
stds and stops maternal death ( us dep of state and usaid in 2000 ( "saving
women's lives, protecting women's health,"
www.info.usaid.gov/pophealth/april2000
plan: in consultation with all relevant actors, the usfg should

substantially increase family planning and reproduction health assistance
including gov to gov assistance to kenya, specifically the united states
agency for international development shall integrate gender planning and
violence counseling into family planning programs, a shift from population
control to reproduction health shall be implemented in family planning
programs. aff reserves the right to clarify intent.
adv 2
a. violence against women is widespread in kenya. (akcinyi '98)
b. thousands of women assaulted in kenya ( inter press service 5/4/99)
c. must integrate violence counseling more in family planning ( blauccy 98)
d. only family planning can end women's economic, social, and call political
subordination ( johus 98)
adv 2 gender planning
a. current approach focus to heavily on population control and rob women of
the reproduction choices ( hentuenn 95)
b. gender planning is key in family planning (recourses for population,
health and nutrition 10/8/98)
c. gender analysis solves (recourses for population, health and nutrition
10/8/98)
d. men can be involved in foreign policy and change attitudes (
olcoth-ogenda 9/8/00)
e. empowering women breakdown stero typical gender norms ( dr. gupta 96 )
arizona state affirmative:
arizona state ft, mr:
plan:
the usfg will increase development assistance, including government to government assistance to somalia
& djibouti by proving funding for local government & ngo educational programs that
focus on fgm.
(previous plan versions also included sudan and used the phrase female circumcision instead of fgm)
observation one:
6000 womyn a day
dorkenoo '95 "cutting the rose" isbn # 1-873194-60-9
80-90% are in the greater horn
cardenas '99, syracuse j. of int'l l. & commerce, spring
health problems
africa news 8-3-00 "immediate physical problems of fgm"
gender hierarchies
talle '93, in carved flesh, cast selves, ed. vigdis broch-due
gvt. not acting
www.amnesty.org/intcam/femgen.htm
observation two:
must increase funding for fgm efforts

wellerstein '99, lo. l.a. int'l & comp/ l. rev., vol. 22:5, pp. 99-141
education solves
dorkenoo '95
us support is critical to stopping fgm in the us
sussman '98, cornell int'l l.j., vol. 31, pp. 194-250
us support for ngo is key
steele '95, georgetown immigration l.j., winter, pp. 105-135
underview:
narrative from waris dirie, www.fgmnetwork.org/articles/waris.htm
precedent is set for intervention
wellerstein, 1999
silence is complicity
steele '95
disad answers / tricks:

read callahan, gewirth, and hatfield as answers to disadvantages
consequentialism bad
arizona state lm: primates
plan:
the usfg will increase its development assistance to the greater horn of africa through implementation of the
great ape conservation act. congress will guarantee full funding for programs involving governments, local
communities and ngo's. implemented programs shall include, but not be limited
to: anti poaching, awareness, re-training, education, orphanages, park maintenance, research and programs
designed to eradicate the illegal bush meat trade in the greater horn. funding and enforcement through the
fish and wildlife service and usaid.
observation 1: status quo bad
bush meat trade is exploding. great apes are uniqueley at risk
africa news 2000 "result has been"
local governments lack resources
hemley 2000 (fns, june 20, "their critical habitats")
gorillas are key to local economies
wolf 2000 (fns, june 20, "with absolute certainty")
advantage one: species
must act now- next 10 years are key

verrengia 2000 (ap, july 22, "scientists fear")
on the brink of mass primate extinction
usa today sep 12, 2000
primates are a keystone species
redmond, 98 (www.psgb.org/meetings/spring1998.html; acc: 8/25/2000)
each species is key
new scientist 12/11/99 "damage it sufficiently"
advantage 2: disease
bush meat trade spreads diseases
msnbc '99 ("death lurks in the jungle"; www.msnbc.com/news/329973.asp; nov 4,
acc: 8/25/2000)
aids comes from primates. failure to act = new strains of aids
rose '99 ( "human health...", www.biosynergy.org, acc: 8/25/2000)
new epidemics will spread globally
msnbc '99 (same as above)
observation 2: solvency
rwanda and uganda prove: gaca solves best
vedder 2000 fns, june 20 "with dedicated funding"
gaca solves: promotes protection, increases awareness, spurs public support
and fosters international cooperation
hemley 2000 fns, june 20, "securing key habitat"
additional funding is key
clark 2000 fns, june 20 "would like to explore"
gaca is the best way to solve
patterson '99 www.koko.org, acc: 8/24/00
arkansas state mw
observation.one harms:
a. discrimination against womyn in kenya.
kenya is dominated by patriarchy mathangani 95 (39 how, lj 287)
the government failed to challenge patriarchy (same cite)

womyn excluded from the political sphere moraa 99
www3.undp.org/ww/women-power/msgoo195.html
violence against womyn high state department 97
www.state.gov/www/global/human_rights/1996_hrp_report/kenya.html
b. culture and reality
distinction between culture and social reality nyamu 2000 (41 harvard,
int'l l.j. 381)
law shapes culture (same cite)
observation two: solvency
plan key to support for womyn's rights in kenya. muigai 96
(csf.colorado.edu/mail/femisa/jul96/0045.html)
local efforts creates social reform (same cite)
cau challenge dichotomy b/t gender and culture (same cite)
cau evolve local custom and have change at the national level (same)
plan unifies struggles b/t rural and elite womyn mathangani 95
plan equals a new development relationship with kenya bender 93
(www.law.harvard.edu/programs/4rp/publications/foreign.html)
plan (version 1):
the usfg will. by adopting a critical pragmatist approach and the
policy recommendations of wanjiru muigai - including conditioning aid on
efforts to implement the bejing platform, creating accountability by
dispersing aid to a combination of government and civil society
organizations, earmarking assistance for legal reform and services, and
recognizing aid delivering assistance to rural womyn's informal and community
raised organizations. funding and enforcement through normal means.
plan (version 2):
the usfg will increase development assistance to kenya by distributing aid
to government and civil society organizations for the purpose of legal
reform and services. aid will delivered to community based womyn's
organizations.
baylor bc
plan: us will do develop assist with djbouti by upgrading their info and
communication tech inrastructure to necessary levels. telecenters ill
be establshed at the community level, utilizing participatory approaches
as per n.m. (?)
african voices will be heard (ensor 2000)
no more western imperialism (namibian 1998)
bottom ? up approach (mccrae 2000)
stratification (adf, 1999)
decrease rich/poor gap (stremlar 2000)
telecenters are used (hadar 9/1/00 and jensen in 1996)
internet access to djbouti (hadar 9/1/00 jensen in 1996)
they run disads against the japan c/p
foreign policy not key to the elections
baylor bl
> outline of 1ac plan and cites:
> observation one: the information technology apartheid
> scenario one: stratification
> a-not even bill gates can stop african ict development in africa, but it is currently uneven, ignoring the
rural areas that lack an infrastructure to gain access. only the political elites like oe's dad have access to
ebay.
> african development forum'99, www.un.org/depts/eca/adf/infrastructure.html
>
> this gap crowds out people from the political process, excluding the unwired from political
decisionmaking. adf again
>
> this political exclusion and widening gap massively increases the likelihood of war throughout africa.
djiboutians will revolt if they don't have access to fantasy basketball. stemlau'00 foreign affairs, july,
"institutional capacity to manage factional struggles"
>
> b-increased access solves for poor, rural political isolation, equitable decisionmaking, and allows
djiboutians to download music from napster. adf again
>
> additionally, african ict use will shift decionmaking back to local communities to solve their own
concerns-they can form chatrooms that mock corrupt governments.,
> www.acacia.or.ug
>
> scenario 2: aids
> icts are vital to solving the spread of aids
> roshila pillay, 8-4-00, africa news, "improving poor communications"
>
> that means millions of people don't die from aids
> aids and development in africa, 1999, ronald hope
>
> scenario 3: hunger
> icts are central to the process of agricultural improvements that reduce hunger. adf again
>
> millions are at risk of starvation.
> www.context.org/iclib/ic20/africapp.htm, atkisson 97
>
> now the plan
> the usfg will substantially increase development assistance to djibouti by upgrading their information and
communication technology infrastructure to necessary levels, in coordination with the djibouti government.
additionally,
telecenters will be established at the community level, utilizing participatory approaches as per normal
means. the san antonio spurs will win the nba finals this year. funding and enforcement through normal
means.
affirmative reserves the right to clarify. just ask if you have any questions.
>
> observation two: solvency
> upgrading djibouti's ict infrastructure will allow djibouti to serve as a regional hub for it connectivity
across the horn. yes, this evidence is that good.
> mike jensen, 8-31-96, www.irdc.ca/acacia/studies/ir-gaps.htm
>
> a regional hub is critical to facilitating regional collaboration and creating economies of scale. adf once
again
>
> increasing east africa's it infrastructure will create economies of scale, lowering costs to levels that allow
widespread access. yes, you guessed it the adf again.
>
> and, telecenters provide critical it training and integration into african society and provide a cool location
to build a starbucks around.
http://www.idrc.ca/acacida/5_e.htm
>
> sometimes we will read various preempts such as defenses of the usaid, the baylor football team, or how
the plan incorporates african voices. sic'em bears.
>
baylor st
plan: in response to these injustices we demand united states federal
government substantially increase development assistance threw provision
of an educational sector strategy (ess) with kenya ministry of
education. including but not limited to technical logistical and
project assistance.
advantage one: women's status
advantage two: female genital cutting
cites: van bueren and fottiell, religious fund and human rights of
women,
1999
atlantic economic journal 6/1/99
africa bureau guidaucesd (?) publication paper #84 1998
they run "political expediency" in answer to the disadvantages
kritik of political concepts as an answer to disempowerment
berkeley ch
plan: usfg should substantially increase its family planning assistance
including increasing government to government assistance to uganda,
kenya, tanzania, and ethiopia. assistance should include money, rs,
training, for program of fp and rep (?). health services, national

carrying capacity assessments will also be made available. funding and
enforcement through then existing means.
use "through then existing means" against counterplans
health
africa news, 1/14 "every minute"
population
tobias, wwiii, species
brown, garoner, halweil, 1999, beyond malthus
defo, aquifers, social services decline, disease
carrying capacity assessment: brown
hollinesworth, ending the explosion, 1998
family health international organization website
u.s. key
easterbrook, 10/11/99 new republic "international family planning"
berkeley ls most recent

berkeley 1ac
observation 1 inherency
[currently] there is massive and increasing unmet need for family planning services in the greater horn of
africa. only a substantial increase in assistance can halt this trend
janowitz, measham, and west of family health international explain in 99 [www.fhi.org]
this unmet need for reproductive health services is especially noticeable n tanzania where a lack of
resources from donors sentences 22[women] to death every day.
the xinhua news agency in 1999 [9/22]
additionally, status quo family planning programs suffer from a narrow fertility focus that neglects
[women's] reproductive health. the pervasive "population control" framework promote harmful
contraceptives and ignores counseling, young women, and male involvement. germain, vice president of
the international women's health coalition 1994 [adrienne, beyond the numbers, edited by mazur,
"population policy and women's health"]
the u.s. just increased worldwide family planning assistance this week. unfortunately, 40 million dollars
spread out to assist over 100 nations around the globe is too little. much more funding is needed kansas city
star 10/8/00
and despite the lifting of the gag-rule, the helms amendment ensures that all usaid family planning
assistance will deny access to safe abortion facilities- we are complicit in murder.
betsy hartman- the director of the pop. program @ hampshire in 95

plan:
thus, the federal government of the united states should, through usaid substantially increase its family
planning assistance, including increasing government-to-government assistance, to tanzania. assistance will
be provided to the tanzanian government's family planning association, umati, in the form of increased
funding, training of health workers, and the provision of a wide range of services outlined in the dixon-
mueller evidence. as part of the "health" focus, we advocate an expansion of usaid family planning
resources to barrier contraceptives, informed counseling and consent, adolescent health services, and male
involvement. the plan will (only) fund programs that focus on health- we demand a shift away from the
demographic focus of family planning practices. funding and enforcement through then existing means.
observation 2- the harms
a. the reproductive health[catastrophe]
the absence of effective reproductive health services in tanzania claims the lives of 20[women] every day.
this impact is more than just a statistic [maternal] complications such as unsafe abortion and excessive
bleeding cause untold pain and suffering.
africa news 2000 [7/10]
additionally, the lack of maternity care providers in tanzania turns minor childbearing complications into
fatalities. each and every tanzanian [woman] has a 1 in 15 chance of pregnancy related death- a negative
ballot sacrifices 1 woman every 3 minutes.
rosen and conly population action int'l 98 [james and shanti, www.populationaction.org]
also, denying [women] opportunities to obtain safe abortions causes health consequences who's
unimaginable severity outweigh any negative arguments.
macklin- a professor of bioethics @ einstein college writes in 94
lastly, our impact claims represent a human tragedy just as devastating as warfare. don't be fooled by their
scare tactics.
betsy hartman, the director of the population and development program @ hampshire college, explains in
1995
hartman, director of the population and development program at hampshire college, 1995 [betsy,
reproductive rights and wrongs; the global politics of population control, s.e. press]
b. medical murder
initially note, western colonialism is to blame for high fertility rates in the greater horn. westernization
emphasized pronatalist tendencies.
hartman again
today,[in a modern setting,] the united states uses high fertility rates in tanzania as a justification to wage an
imperial war against "population" usaid programs rob women of their reproductive freedoms by utilizing
sterilization without any consent.
the pr newswire 7/11/00
this destructive war on population uses a host of deadly hormonal contraceptive as weapons. it is tanzanians
[women] who bear the cost and pay dearly with their lives
hartman again
lastly, reproductive choice is an ethical value that supercedes all other considerations. the usaid's population
policies in tanzania violate the ethical doctrine of informed consent and sacrifice dignity. human beings can
never be treated as a means to serve the ends of others.
macklin, professor of bioethics @ the albert einstein college of medicine, 1994
[ruth, beyond the numbers, edited by mazur, "ethical issues in population
and reproductive health"]
observation 3 solvency
substantially increasing family planning assistance to umati is instrumental [in efforts to bolster
contraceptive use] and stop unwanted pregnancies throughout tanzania
international herald tribune 12/12/97
access to family planning services and child pacing is critical to facilitating reproductive health and
avoiding maternal mortality hollingsworth, a professor of law at the university of tulsa, articulates in 1996
also, offering an array of reproductive health services, such as prenatal care, infant health services, and safe
abortion services, is the only way to increase the scope and effectiveness of family planning
dixon-mueller-former prof sociology at uc davis/ research assoc in demography at berkeley 93 9ruth,

population policy and women's rights: transforming reproductive choice)
now is the key time to promote barrier contraceptives- they're safe effective, and allow a critical rethinking
of the coercive mentality inherent in s.q. population policies
hartman again
also, put away your family planning bad evidence. the plan facilitates a full range of reproductive health
services, which reformulate the current coercive family planning environment
hartman 95
other berkeley aff stuff:
berkeley ls
plan: usfg should substantially increase its family planning assistance
including increasing government to government assistance to uganda,
kenya, tanzania, and ethiopia. assistance should include money, rs,
training, for program of fp and rep (?). health services, national
carrying capacity assessments will also be made available. funding and
enforcement through then existing means.
use "through then existing means" against counterplans
health
africa news, 1/14 "every minute"
population
tobias, wwiii, species
brown, garoner, halweil, 1999, beyond malthus
defo, aquifers, social services decline, disease
carrying capacity assessment: brown
hollinesworth, ending the explosion, 1998
family health international organization website
u.s. key
easterbrook, 10/11/99 new republic "international family planning"
chicago bs
plan: the usfg will critically redefine development assistance as:
development is a step or stage in personal growth; assistance means a
lot of words, of which connote taking a backseat to the people you are
helping's opinion. then, the usfg will engage in increasing d/a to
kenya by increasing funding for family planning initiatives designed and
carried out by the kenya ministry of health and relevant ngo's in the
amount of 72.4 million dollars in ten years. at that point, the usfg
will phase out its funding of the then ? independent program. funding =
normal means. intent is purely support for rather than influence of
kenya initiatives.
observation one: language important
newspeak kritik
development asst. kritik
post-modernism good
imperialism kritik
feminism kritik
family planning key to feminism
observation two:
family planning solves patriarchy
from kentucy
berkley ls ? family planning

plan:
thus we (offer the following plan) demand that:
the us federal government should substantially increase its family planning assistance including increasing
government to government
assistance to uganda, kenya, and tanzania, (and ethiopia) assistance will include funding, research, and
training for the provision of a wide
range of reproductive health services outlined in the dixon-mueller evidence. national carrying capacity
assessments will also be made
available. funding and enforcement thru existing means.
(old plan:
the us federal government should substantially increase its family planning assistance including increasing
government to government
assistance to uganda, kenya, tanzania, and ethiopia. assistance should include funding, research, and
training for the provision of family
planning and reproductive health services. national carrying capacity assessments will also be made
available. funding and enforcement
through existing means.)
o1: current family planning efforts are leading to disaster in gha
currently there exist massive and increasing unmet need for family planning services in sub-saharan africa.
a serious effort is required to fill
the gap
janowitz 99; from the family health international web site
(3x unmet need; current studies underestimate need; 15 million need contraception; need substantial
resources)
additionally, the status quo narrow fertility focus in family planning excludes a broader focus on women?s
reproductive health which is
essential to social transformation
dixon-mueller 1993; ruth, population policy and women?s rights: transforming reproductive choice, p. 204-
5
(sq focuses on maternal morbidity)
scenario one: reproductive health
lack of appropriate maternal health care results in a woman?s death every minute. the horn of africa is a
crucial site for reproductive health
nightmares
africa news 1/14/00 "every minute, somewhere in the world a woman dies as a result of complications
arising during pregnancy
absence of safe and effective reproductive health services claims the lives of 20 women every day in
tanzania alone. this impact is more than
just a statistic ? these women face untold suffering and pain
africa news 7/10/00 an average of 20 women die everyday in tanzania because of maternal complications
(childre die; 700k/year)
the current gag rule on family planning assistance turns this reproductive health crisis into an african
catastrophe. the lack of resources
spurs back alley abortions and a deepening of the aids crisis
porter 6/4/00 portal press herald
(2% kenyan women die)
scenario two: population
high fertility rates in africa are resulting in unprecedented population growth. the survival of the
environment and people of east africa are
uniquely at risk
michael tobias 1998; world war iii: population and the biosphere at the end of the millennium
("and yet, in spite of aids, malaria, tb, hunger, and wars, the population will triple across africa by 2025")
the horn of africa is overwhelmed by population pressures. environmental, agricultural and political
instability are threatening the entire region
brown, gardner, halweil, 1999; beyond malthus; p. 115-121
(economic and social system breakdown; governments to weak to solve the impact)
technology can not solve scarcity; population growth is responsible for massive food gaps in africa. only a
reduction in fertility can solve.
technology and import strategies are hopeless.
george moffet 1995; critical masses; p. 65-68
tens of millions are on the brink of death
tobias, above, p. 188
(assumes ssa)
rapid population growth
o2 ? cal solves
the provision of national carrying capacity assessments and a serious commitment to family planning
services are critical to effective fertility
reduction efforts
brown, gardner, halweil; p. 127-131

(need information and research to calculate local carrying capacity)
family planning empirically made substantial contributions despite social, religious, economic obstacles
b/g/h, p. 133-4
access to family planning is critical to reproductive health
hollingsworth, ending the explosion: population policies and ethics for a humane future, 1996, p. 57
offering an array of reproductive services, such as prenatal care, infant health services, and abortion safety,
is the only way to increase the
effectiveness of family planning programs.
dixon-mueller
us family planning best
population action international, 1997
www.populationaction.org
american family planning empirically very successful
pai, 97
non-1ac
family planning cost-effective
moffet, critical masses, 1995, p. 161
family planning aid doesn?t tradeoff with other assistance
conly and de silva, population action international, 1998, paying their share, p. 12-13
african aid only drop in the bucket ? not tradeoff
newsweek, 4/6/98, "dollar figures"
free expression key
ayittey, corruption and development in africa, 2000, p. 110
kenyan government serious about reproductive health ? key to solve deaths and fertility
xinhua news, 7/10/00, "590 mothers"
us funding key to solve kenya?s aids and fp needs
fns, 4/6/00, "another one-third"
despite indigenous support for fp kenya?s population is skyrocketing due to fertility and unmet needs.
xinhua news agency, 8/19/00, "major challenge"
gore answers
plan popular:
congress and public support, fns, 4/6/00, "congress support family planning"
92% public likes the plan
curlin, fns, 4/6/00, "92 percent"
women vote ensures gore victory
cnn, 9/10/00, "next two months" "al gore will win"
american public loves family planning
greenwood, fns, 4/7/00, "those future generations"
berkeley ls (aff-family planning) vs wake al (neg)
uni round 7
judge: dunbar
affirmative plan:
thus we (offer the following plan) demand that:
the us fg should substantially increase its family planning assistance including increasing government to
government assistance
to uganda, kenya, tanzania (ethiopia). assistance will include funding, research, and training for the
provision of a wide range of
reproductive health services outlined in the dixon-mueller evidence. national carrying capacity assessments
will also be made
available. f/e thru then existing means.
outline of 1ac and affirmative cites:
scenario one ? maternal health (some tags and cites for this scenario are missing)
unmet need for family planning ? serious effort required
[janowitz, measham, west: www.familyhealthinternational.??? org/com]
sq narrow fertility focus in family planning excludes broader focus on women?s reproductive health ? key
to social transformation
[dixon-mueller, population policy and women?s rights: transforming reproductive choice, 1993, p. 294-5]
scenario two ? population
high fertility in africa causes population growth. survival of environment and east africa at risk.
[tobias, world war iii: population and the biosphere at the end of the millenium, 1998, p. 175-7]
horn of africa overwhelmed by population pressures, environmental agricultural and political instability
[brown, gardner, halweil, 1999, beyond malthus, 115-121]
rapid population growth and demographic fatigue unleashing multiple scenarios for conflict, regional
instability, spillover
[brown gardner halweil]
observation two ? solvency
provision of national carrying capacity and serious commitment to family planning key to effective fertility
reduction
[b/g/h, p 127-31]
family planning empirically made substantial contributions despite social, religious, economic obstacles
[b/g/h, p. 133-4]
access to family planning is critical to reproductive health
[hollingsworth, ending the explosion: population policies and ethics for a humane future, 1996, p. 57]
offering an array of reproductive services, such as prenatal care, infant health services, and abortion safety,
is the only way to
increase the effectiveness of family planning programs.
[dixon-mueller]
us family planning best
[population action international, 1997, www.populationaction.org]
american family planning empirically very successful
[pai, 97]
outline of 2ac answers and cites:
aid tradeoff answers:
family planning cost-effective [moffet, critical masses, 1995, p. 161]
family planning aid doesn?t tradeoff with other assistance [conly and de silva, population action
international, 1998, paying their
share, p. 12-13]
african aid only drop in the bucket ? not tradeoff [newsweek, 4/6/98, "dollar figures"]
case extensions:
free expression key [ayittey, corruption and development in africa, 2000, p. 110]
kenyan government serious about reproductive health ? key to solve deaths and fertility
[xinhua news, 7/10/00, "590 mothers"]
us funding key to solve kenya?s aids and fp needs [fns, 4/6/00, "another one-third"]
despite indigenous support for fp kenya?s population is skyrocketing due to fertility and unmet needs.
[xinhua news agency,
8/19/00, "major challenge"]
bush bad answers:
congress and public support the plan [fns, 4/6/00, "congress support family planning"]
92% public likes the plan [curlin, fns, 4/6/00, "92 percent"]
women vote ensures gore victory [cnn, 9/10/00, "next two months" "al gore will win"]
bipartisan support for increasing aid [van de walle, african affairs, v98, n392, 1999]
american public loves family planning [greenwood, fns, 4/7/00, "those future generations"]
boston college fs
ci: inherency
us programs promoting rural ag do not consult women. national policy plan of action for us africa
relaations, april 2000
www.africasummit.org
extension services and programs ignore women's needs. gender and technology, 1998
contention ii: harms
gender inequailty in rural ag is the cause of poverty and food insecurity in the horn. the importance of
gender in ag
policies, october 1999, www.wisc.edu/ltc/ltc/live/basiseem99__panel114b.pdf
excluding women causes economic disasters. janan, the elusive agenda: mainstreaming women in
development
over 20 million are threatened by famine in the gha fao, august 2000, www.fao.org/views august 2000 food
supply
situation and crop prospects in sub-sharan africa.
socioeconomic factors are more important than droughts. lori ann thrupp, critica links: food security and the
environment in the gha, 1999, p. 52
environmental decline leads to ecocide, thrupp
food inescurity and poverty cause wars, thrupp
plan: the u.s. will substantially increase da to governments in the gha who are presently receiving u.s.
agricultural
assitance by 1. all u.s. agriculture training and env. assistance programs will consult with rural african
women before
implementing da programs. in coord. with indigenous ngos, local womyn's organizations, and african
governmentss, the us will fund participatory action research programs involving rural womyn farmeers to
promoting cooking stoves and strategies for promoting the sustainable conservation of resources.
contention iii: solvency
the u.s> should exert leadership and incorporate gender into its womyn and ag dev. programs. the national
policy plan of
action for us-african relatiosn in 4/2000 www.africansummit.org
women must be involved in program planning in order to identify appropriate technologies and strategies.
gordon, 1996
transforming capitalism and patriarchy: gender and dev
participator action research involving women will promote sustainable ag. practices.
thrup, p. 56
greater resources to women will increase yields. gordon, p. 40.
rural women solve famines thomas-slayter, gender, environment, & development in kenya, p. 192
womewn are key to solving food securfity
slayter, pp. 38-9
u.s. aid policies will generate a paradigm shift
lancaster, aid to africa, 1999, pp. 98-9
u.s. aid is the technical leader
www.genderreach.org ececutive 5 year summary
boston college aids
contention i: inherency
the world bank has earmarked $50 million dollars to fight the aids fight in kenya.
unfortunately, the program will be implemented through unaids
world bank, september 2000 (14th,
http://www.worldbank.org/developmentnews/html/feature_story.htm)
the board of directors of the world bank tuesday night approved a multi-country hiv/aids program (map) for
africa,
absent u.s. action, unaids lacks the technical capacity to effectively utilize the resources.
the gao in 1998 (hiv/aids in the developing world, www.gao.gov)
despite being directed by its governing board to develop a framework for measuring the performance of the
u.n.'s hiv/aids programs within a
year of unaids' establishment, the unaids
moreover, the kenyan family program targets women with high-tech family planning methods. the
program emphasizes the female sterilization at the expense of health care and condom usage
betsy hartman, population scholar, 1995 (reproductive rights and wrongs: the global politics of population
control,
pp. 88-9)
and while the uptake of contraception is increasing,
though there may be other players in kenyan family planning, the u.s., being the largest donor,
calls the shots
betsy hartmann, population issues scholar, 1995 (reproductive rights and wrongs: the global politics of
population control)
the population establishment is by no means a monolith ?
aid has shaped the development of the kenyan family planning program
carol lancaster, masters program in foreign service at georgetown, 1999 (aid to africa, p. 96-7)
family-planning programs have mixed results, reflecting several
contention ii: aids catastrophe
kenya is facing an aids catastrophe that could collapse the country if not brought
under control
south african press association, august 13, 2000 (dow-jones news service)
although there are early signs that aids could ultimately be brought under control, it would be
suicidal for kenya and other african nations to continue with business as usual.
the interpress service continues on june 28 of this year (ips, dow-jones)
but hiv/aids infection rates in east africa are still well above
the spread of aids will destabilize the government, create instability, lead to
genocidal attacks and orphan many.
aids weekly plus, 2000 (august 10, dow jones)
the national security agency, which had never before waded into the area of infectious deases,
released the report warning
a full-scale civil war could result
european platform for conflict prevention and transformation, 1998 (kenya: smale scaleconflicts could have
major
repercussions, http://www.oneworld.org/euconflict/sfp/part2/146_.htm)
to date, kenya?s urban population has maintained substantial ties with and influence over
kinsmen in the countryside. consequently their strong preference for peaceful change over
ethnic warfare may have helped limit the expansion of rural conflict. yet even if this violence
is
orphaned children fuel civil wars throughout africa
international labor organization, 1999 (hiv/aids in africa, www.ilo.org/aids)
when a child is thrust into position or forced to become the
aids is destroying kenya?s agricultural sector
africa news, 2000 (july 15)
aids has devastated the agricultural sector. agriculture contributes significantly to kenya's gdp
lack of output and resource management means that people will move to shallower and
shallower areas to produce food, destroying the environment.
valerie percival, international peace research institute and homer dixon, director of peace and
conflict prevention studies, 1998 (ecoviolence, ed. homer-dixon)
environmental scarcity cause people to move to ecologically fragile upland and arid areas.
urban areas had few opportunities
these environmental pressures will destroy the carrying capacity, creating an ecological
catastrophe
dr. michael tobias, ecologist, 1994 (world war iii: population and the biosphere at the end of the millenium,
p. 184)
now, consider that the total amount of preserved land in all of kenya is a little more than
thirty-one thousand square kilometers. tanzania has about one hundred thousand square
kilometers, uganda a mere thirteen thousand square kilometers. tanzania?s serengti, which is
connected to kenya?s masai mara (for a total of thirty thousand square kilometers)
the failure of the united states to provide adequate and appropriate assistance to
fight aids in kenya is based on a racist assumption
wasington post, 2000 (july 5, p. a1)
in and out of africa, it is seldom possible to discuss the .
racism should always be rejected a priori because it dehumanizing
joseph brandt, co-director of crossroads, 1991 (dismantling racism, p. 32)
racism became a life-threatening reality that impacted on every facet of my life. it was like
an imprisoning cage destroying
plan: the us will provide necessary technical assistance to kenya that can be effectively
utilized to reduce the spread of hiv in kenya and emphasize barrier methods of family planning
at the expense of other methods in future aid allocations.
contention ii: solvency
the kenyan government is committed to fighting aids
bbc8/19/2000 (kbc radio, nairobi, in english 1300 gmt 19 aug 00)
the government has finalized the formulation of the national aids strat
the u.s. agency for international development (a.i.d.) has had success at reducing
hiv infection through building awareness, reducing risky behaviors, increasing std
prevention, and condom distribution. a.i.d. has had success in the countries that it
has operated in.
general accounting office, 1998 (hiv/aids: usaid and u.n. response to the epidemic in the
developing world, pp. 36-7)
usaid has made important contributions in the fight against hiv/aids by helping to support the
development and
usaid has experience and success in overcoming gender barriers to hiv prevention
usaid, 1999 (addressing gender concerns: the success of the usaid aid gender plan of action and
usaid country programs, january, www.genderresearch.com)
women in africa are far more vulnerable than men to the risk of std and hiv infection, and much
less able to negotiate the use of protective measures. they also shoulder the burden of
*ngos alone are not an adequate solvency mechanism. usaid conducts critical oversight
of projects to ensure effectiveness and it also provides critical training.
general accounting office, 1998 (hiv/aids: usaid and the u.n. response to the epidemic in the
developing world, p. 11)
usaid conducts financial oversight for its hiv/aids activities
a.i.d. support for programs that provide education, condom distribution, and
encourage communication between couples will reduce the risk of aids.
aids control and prevention project, 1998 (making prevention work: global lessons learned from
the aids control and prevention (aidscap) project, 1991-7, www.fhi.org, p. 7)
by far the most ambitious international hiv/aids prevention effort ever undertaken by the aids
control and prevention (aidscap) project worked with more than 5000 nongovernmental
studies prove that discussion groups encourage women to use female condoms. family
health international, 1999 (making prevention work: global lessons learned from the aids
control and prevention project, www.fhi.org)
aidscap?s research in kenya and brazil, as wall as
uganda proves that aids prevention programs are successful and the low literacy is
no barrier to solvency.
report of the presidential mission on children orphaned by aids, 1999
(http://www.whitehouse.gov/onap)
uganda has show that even a country with limited resources and a
public education and technical assistance are what enabled the ugandan program to
flourish. additional assistance needs to be provided.
dr. gary slutkin, epedimologist, 2000 (fns, march 8, p. lexis)
the only difference between what uganda and the rest of these
uganda also proves that support of the government is critical. the plan cannot be adopted with
the government?s support and assistance with its implementation.
representative houghton, 2000 (hearing, fns, march 8)
he kept talking about tuberculosis and diptheria and measles and things like this, i mean, as
if aids really wasn?t the problem.
catholic aff.
school: catholic
team(s): all
case: sudan/igad
outline of 1ac plan and cites:
plan: within igad framework, the usfg should support to offer to substantially increase its da to the gov of
sudan by providing technical, logistical asst to aid in achieving peace. the usfg should support political and
civil institution building in southern sudan. funding and implementation thru then available means. reserve
right to clarify.
obs 1
igad is a regional organization that consists of six of the topic countries, including sudan. igad is attempting
to resolve the north/south conflict but fails. absent u.s. leadership, the war will continue and igad will
collapse
- pendergast 6/28/99 (www.usip.org building peace in the greater horn)

all aides have agreed to parameters, but war rages
- winter 3/23/99 "agonizingly slow process" fns
a failure of the peace talks leads to a withdrawal of aid
- afp 7/23/99 "the igad contact group"
southern groups are fighting amongs themselves
- girma kebbede, 1999 (sudan's predicament, p. 132)
obs 2 famine and wars in sudan
war prevents international aid from reaching war-torn regions
- ips, 8-14-00 "a series of recent"
now is the worst time -- the famine season is coming
- winter 7/29/98 (fns "recent reports indicate")
three million are at risk
- arizona republic 8/11/00 "an estimated 3 million"
the sudan civil war is the most devastating in the world. it is equivalent to wmd use.
- plain dealer 8/21/00 "a crude but effective"
it is on par with nazi germany. failure to act demonstrates complicity and leads to war.
- chand 1995 (www.sas.upenn.edu/african-studies/articles-gen/de-chand.html)
obs 3 solvency
aid igad and restructure south sudan solves
- africa news 11/29/99 "maintain igad as the"
u.s. involvement in teh igad process will put pressure on the sudan government
- pendergast 98 www.usip.org "building for peace in the greater horn of africa"
increasing development assistance within sudan will bolster the un-led operation lifeline sudan that
alleviates the effects of future famine
- winter, 1998 again
the u.s. dominates development aid to sudan, we have the authority to act
- hall 98 fns 7/29/98 "the people of sudan"
development assistance to sudan improves igad
- pendergast 2/25/99 (www.usip.org/oc/sr/sr990225.html)
sudanese people support u.s. efforts to build institutions.
- africa news, 7/29/00 "our rule is to find ways"

focusing on civil society solves
pendergast 96 frontline diplomacy: humanitarian aid in africa, pp. 103-4
2ac answers:
add-on: international law
-war violates international humanitarian law (targets civilians)
-upholding international law necessary to prevent genocide
at: t: within
topicality?within
1.c/def?nation is a body of individuals and their government officials
2.wm: igad = government officials
3.wm: not limited to sovereign state
4.we are directly toward the governments of the horm
5.no abuse
6.best definition
7.their interp bad
a.bright line
b.no fair ground division
c.overlimiting
8.not a vi
9.reasonability = vote aff
at: t: government to government:
1. w/m. exclusively with 6 nations of the horn.
2. no abuse. core of topic.
3. c-interp. a) only giving assistance to governments of horn is topical.
b) best bright line
4. magnifies da and cp ground
5. fair limits
6. clash checks
7. reasonability
at: realism
1. no link. don't explicitly endorse realist framework.
2. cold war proves realism works.
3. turn. accepting realism only way to solve.
4. no link. assumes pre-cold war realism.
5. turn. status quo is worse, we solve for power projection in sudan.
6. kritik can't solve. nation-states firmly entrenched.
7. ballot isn't a tool.
8. no audience exists to be transformed by the k.
9. no link. something about morgenthau. (not an important arg.)
10. performative contradiction with cp.
11. aff solves best.
at: development
1.we don?t take a stance on development
2.they assume sudan is underdeveloped not us, we don?t introduce this language
3.individual rejection of slavery key to our humanity
4.turn: we?re not racist?they request stuff in the sq
5.if make new impacts, we get new answers
at: feminism
1. case is apriori
2. prostitution and sex trade outweigh
3. igad includes women in the peace process
at: multilateralism cp
1. perm. not textually competitive.
2. perm. do both. plan is the cp.
3. xtend prendergast. plan solves better than cp.
4. xtend winter. now is key. cp delays.
5. perform contradiction. links to k's.
6. dispositionality bad.
7. perms don't justify conditionality. they're just a test.
at: spending
aid already exists for southern groups
seeple, fdch testimony, 5/25/00 "the commission's report recommends we provide non-lethal aid to the
opposition..."
at: egypt
1. no link: egypt supports igad
egypt u.s. relations won't totally collapse
no link?no tradeoff
no link to igad
no lk tradeoff
no ev egyptian track will solve better
egypt won?t solve?bbc 2000
t/egypt won?t solve
turn: sudan export islam to egypt
this causes war!
at: usaid t/off
1.n/u tradeoff now-star
2.no specific link
3.no us biodiversity specific ev
4.no risk tradoff-mitchell
5.t/plan trades off with social security www.socialsecurity.org/pubs/ssps/ssp-19es.html
6.no impact?species die all time
7.each extinction = minimal impact
at: merger cp
1.no net benefit?never cooperate
2.perm do both
3.not textually competitive
4.egypt-libya in process now
5.no ev us opposes their involvement
6.conditional pics bad
a.trivialize debate
b.t/ vague planning

c.das check
d.justifies severence
e.voter
7.egypt has no reservations toward igad now
8.inevitable fails?egypt track will kill relations
9.timeframe?plan solves first
10.peace is fragile
11.now key time to negotiate
12.sudanese civil war violates international law?us must act
13.us neutrality solves?egypt not neutral?afp 2000
clarion bb
plan: remove small arms and give debt relief to rwanda and burundi.
advantages; rwanda, burundi, congo
concordia
team: nt
tanzanian ddt affirmative
plan:
the united states government should substantially increase government to government assistance by
ensuring that the government of tanzania receives 3.84 million dollars earmarked for the cleanup of
pesticides. funding and enforcement guaranteed. the contribution of other donors is not specifically
excluded. we?ll clarify.
1ac structure:
observation one: awaken the conscience
us responsible for pesticides-- la times, 03/30/00 "environmentalists estimate that?"
tanzania can not afford clean up pesticides
pesticides are from a legacy of imperialism
observation two: wages of sin
tanzania is poisoned 100--a year die
observation three: ecological disaster
biodiversity loss
extinction impact
solvency
us must ask for forgivness
key to world forgiveness
key to avoiding war
donald shriver, an ethic for enemies,1995.
outline of 2ac answers and cites:
topicality?substantial increase
cards don?t say what increase is substantial
definitions aren?t exclusive
they have bad definitions?from lexis
standards are arbitrary
no abuse?we specify the increase in devt. assistance
c/i of substantial
our interpretation is best, it allows clash and predictability
china sphere of influence disad
link is awful?no evidence tanzania is china?s sphere
link doesn?t assume the us
non-unique: foreign aid bill
china despises us role in north korea too
no impact: beijing wants to preserve relations with us at all costs
africa isn?t china?s sphere
diversion
no impact
our xinhua news 1ac evidence says the government will use for the removal of ddt
coercion
c/a the shriver evidence?must be perpetuate the policy of forgiveness
non-unique: foreign aid bill
we?re responsible if we don?t act
china cp
perm?split funding between china and us

no solvency?the cp is a denial of us responsibility?c/a the murray evidence (the evidence doesn?t say
the us has sole responsibility) and their la times 3/30/00 ev says china, japan, and us are
responsible
da ix outweighed by case
attempting to stop specific conflicts is fruitless
americans must act?politics of forgiveness
donald shriver 1995, an ethic for enemies
patrick glynn, current, march/april 1995 p. 17, 18
fgm affirmative plan text
the u.s. federal government should substancially increase its development assistance within the greater horn
of africa by sending financial, technical, and medical assistance to government hospitals and grassroots
organizations within the region. other international assistance not excluded. if you have questions we'll
clarify.
team tricks:
use dedev to answer economic impacts
common dedev 2ac arguments:
growth = deadly environmental harms
impacts of growth outweigh because of loss of key species
biodiversity loss is the highest risk of extinction
economic decline good?causes sustainable economic growth
csu bakersfield--somalia
aff:
1ac
oi inherency
the usfg has a contradictory policy in somalia
ken menkhaus, learning from somalia: the lessons of armed humanitarian
intervention, p56, 1997
us turned its back on somalia - future looks bleak
dr arnot, nbc news at sunrise transcript august 23 1999
"one quarter of all the children"
o2 harms
somalia in trouble
kofi anan http://www.somaliahttp://www.somaliawatch.org 1999
somalia is in a national emergency
apic 99
http://www.africapolicy.org/docs99/som99.htm
conflict will result in the horn
ken menkhaus 1999 current history may p 215
millions are starving
africal review of world of information august 30th 2000
"rainfall and pest infestation"
we need a somalian state - we must recognize it
mohamed aden sheikh, 1997
mending rips in the sky p. 15-6
the plan: the usfg should substantially increase its development
assistance,
including increasing government to government assistance, within the
greater
horn of africa by...
as per the recommendation of our solvency advocates, the usfg, acting
through
usaid, will provide sufficient and necessary development assistance to
the
transitional national authority of somalia, to identifiable and
responsible
regional governments within somalia, and to indeginous local groups.
the
development aid package will include government-government assistance in
the
form of civil society building and material infrastructure repair. the
purpose of our development assistance is to facilitate a reconstructionn
of
the somali society and reconciliation within somali society. funding
and
enforcement through minimiually sufficient means. we reserve the right
to
clarify.
us has a responsibility to aid somalia and coordinating development
assistance
john pendergrast, crisis response: humanitarian band-aids in sudan and
somalia, 1997
p.136
us key to getting other actors to engage
hussein and ford 1998 "removing barricades in somalia: options for peace
and
rehabilitation"
http://www.usip.org/pubs
development assistance will legitimate the tna
associated press august 17 2000 "relies on contribution from
international
donors"
tna represents all peoples of somalia
saudi gazette august 27, 2000
"effectively involve every major clan"
plan rebuilds somalia from ruins
james woods, 1997, learning from somalia: the lessons of armed
humanitarian
intervention, p 171
development assistance empowers somalies
ibrahim megag samater, mending rips in the sky, p 28-9 1997
topicality
it depends on the arg., obviously. we claim 1)that infrastructure aid
is
developments assistance 2)that the tna is the government of somalia and
3)that rebuiling thier society is a significant alteration.
disads
trade-off
1-us acting now
washington post, 8/27/00
2-fiat takes out the link
3-congress funds foreign policy moves
eiperin, 99 (the washington post, "foreign aid bill clears the house,")
4-no threshold
inflation
1-no link- the us has turned it's back on somalia
2-somalia set for a humanitarian collapse
3-no internal - greenspan would have to over-react
4-case outwieghs
5-ncreasing exports keeps inflation down
greenspan,'99 (alan, business times, july 24, 1999)
6-inflation increasing now
(updates)
china
1-no link - not within their sphere of influence
2-no internal - us/sino relations are cyclical
bbc summary of world broadcast, 8/5/99
3-multiple sources of disagreement in us/sino relations exist
wibowo, 4/30/99 (jakarta post, "is china a threat to the us?")
4-disagreements with china promote a peaceful 21st cnetury
pfaff, 99 (international heral tribune, la times, july 1)
5-no link
6-no threshold
shambaugh, 9/97 (david, current history, "the united states and china,")
c/plans
japan
1-solvency deficit (multiple cross aps from the 1ac)
2-perm - have us lead
morikawa, '97 (jun, japan and africa)
3-only the perm stabalizes alliance
warkentin, 2000 (ben, "reform japan's security and development policy"
www.ciao.org)
4-deficits
financial times, 9/21/00
afp, 9/20/00
funabashi, '98 (yoichi, foreign affairs, p 26)
5-perms only a test of comp
6-japanese aid fragmented
lancaster '99 (carol, aid to africa, p 174-75)
7-us policy making key (cross app from case)
other actors
1-solvency deficit (multiple cross aps from the 1ac)
2-solvency deficit
william minter, african policy info center, 1997
3-perm - us lead
(cited above)
4-us leadership solves best
menkhaus & prendergast
5-somalia is a test case
jama,'97 (mohamud, "in:mending rips in the sky" p 254)
6-us policy making key (cross ap from 1ac)
i left this in because it seemed additive

oi inherency
o2 harms
somalia in trouble
apic 99
http://www.africapolicy.org/docs99/som99.htm
mohamed aden sheikh, 1997
mending rips in the sky p. 15-6
the plan: the usfg should substantially increase its development assistance,
including increasing government to government assistance, within the greater
horn of africa by...
as per the recommendation of our solvency advocates, the usfg, acting through
usaid, will provide sufficient and necessary development assistance to the
transitional national authority of somalia, to identifiable and responsible
regional governments within somalia, and to indeginous local groups. the
development aid package will include government-government assistance in the
form of civil society building and material infrastructure repair. the

purpose of our development assistance is to facilitate a reconstructionn of
the somali society and reconciliation within somali society. funding and
enforcement through minimiually sufficient means. we reserve the right to
clarify.
us has a responsibility to aid somalia and coordinating development assistance
john pendergrast, crisis response: humanitarian band-aids in sudan and
somalia, 1997
p.136
hussein and ford 1998 "removing barricades in somalia: options for peace and
rehabilitation"
http://www.usip.org/pubs
associated press august 17 2000 "relies on contribution from international
donors"
james woods, 1997, learning from somalia: the lessons of armed humanitarian
intervention, p 171
development assistance empowers somalies
ibrahim megag samater, mending rips in the sky, p 28-9 1997
info from "top of the rockies"
bakersfield (all)-
lack of stable government in somalia causes poverty, hunger and war.
plan- provide sufficient and necessary development assistance to the
transitional national authority in somalia (same as the lrr, i think).
pendergast.
(from uni)
csu bakersfield--somalia
oi inherency
o2 harms
somalia in trouble
apic 99 http://www.africapolicy.org/docs99/som99.htm
mohamed aden sheikh, 1997 mending rips in the sky p. 15-6
the plan: the usfg should substantially increase its development
assistance, including increasing government to government assistance,
within the
greater horn of africa by...
as per the recommendation of our solvency advocates, the usfg, acting
through usaid, will provide sufficient and necessary development
assistance to the transitional national authority of somalia, to
identifiable and responsible regional governments within somalia, and to
indeginous local groups. the development aid package will include

government-government assistance in the form of civil society building
and material infrastructure repair. the purpose of our development
assistance is to facilitate a reconstructionn of the somali society and
reconciliation within somali society. funding and enforcement through
minimiually sufficient means. we reserve the right to clarify.
us has a responsibility to aid somalia and coordinating development
assistance john pendergrast, crisis response: humanitarian band-aids in
sudan andsomalia, 1997p.136
hussein and ford 1998 "removing barricades in somalia: options for peace
and rehabilitation" http://www.usip.org/pubs
associated press august 17 2000 "relies on contribution from
international donors"
james woods, 1997, learning from somalia: the lessons of armed
humanitarian intervention, p 171
development assistance empowers somalies, ibrahim megag samater, mending rips in the sky, p 28-9 1997
csu-fullerton
observation i: tanzania is in debt
debt crushing tanzania and killing reform; oxfam, 98
half the debt is bilateral, ips, 2000
ironically, the debts are based on failed loans in the 1970s to a prior
tyrannical regime, holmes, 95
plan: the united states will substantially increase its development
assistance to the horn of africa by cancelling 100% of tanzanian debt, as

per the recommendations of president mkapa and jeffrey sachs. we reserve
intent.
advantage one: save tanzania
debt has destroyed tanzania. poverty is systematic, death is ever present,
and health and education are non-existent. oxfam 98
debt creates a dollar-for-dollar tradeoff with human services. oxfam 98
the solution is advocated by president mbaka - only total debt cancellation
will solve. bbc, 1999
this african-centered solution also has friends in the west. professor
jeffrey sachs of harvard university advocates the plan. africa news 2000
although many will quibble about the types of development that are
appropriate, there is incontrovertible evidence that basic education and
health care eliminate poverty, smillie 99
unconditional debt cancellation is the last hope. dent and peters, 98
advantage two: international oppression
debt creates a system of international bondage where creditors dominate
debtors and creates dependency. pettifor, 2000
the system of debt operates within a paradigm of oppression that excludes
other possibilities. gelinas, 98
debt relief can solve aid dependency. williams, 99
debt relief is the key to humyn emancipation and decolonization. voting
affirmative is the same as voting to end slavery. gelinas, 98
must focus on political progress. rorty 98
advantage three: global debt
the g8 have promised massive global debt reduction under the h.i.p.c.
program, but it has proved to be a feeble sham. the independent, 2000
as a result of global debt, 3.5 million people die every year. davies, 2000
debt kills health and education, dent & peters, 98
plan solves health and education, oxfam 98
systematic impacts outweigh, brown 94

systematic impacts guarantee violent revolts, brown 94
without the plan the world faces apocalpse, dent & peters, 98
fortunately, we are on the brink of re-thinking debt the current debt relief
system, including the removal of the i.m.f. as its central agent, sachs 99
the world should adopt a system of debt relief with the w.h.o. as the
central agent rather than the i.m.f., sachs 99
u.s. bilateral debt cancellation is the key to global debt forgiveness,
sachs 99
every $1 contributed to development from the us leverages $40
internationally, summers, 99
tanzania is the litmus test for the entire h.i.p.c. structure, oxfam 98
u.s. action is key for two reasons - the u.s. has a special responsibility
and can play a unique leadership role, mccarrick, 99
grassroots african voices are calling for debt relief, boston globe, 2000
no global conflict for multiple reasons, mandelbaum 96
dartmouth affirmative:
dartmouth all teams (bg, cr, dv, ht, ls, tz): kenyan ag
"all teams have run one or both versions of ag and only bg have run corruption (one round)."
dartmouth biotech aff ? version 1:
"this is a different version of ag (emphasizing biotech, unlike the earlier version). it was
run by most of the teams at harvard."
plan:
the united states federal government* should substantially increase agricultural cooperation with kenya,
including necessary support for biotechnology research, farmer based genetic conservation, public/private
partnerships in biotechnology, and government to government cooperation on biosafety.
*--in a few rounds, we have changed "united states federal government" to "congress"
contention one: african ag unsustainable:
african ag will collapse?recent efforts at sustainable ag fail
(ips, 8/21/2k, kw: kari is the main institute)
african crops decimated by pests and diseases
(young, fns, 7/12/2k, kw: crops are being decimated)

only a massive increase in production can stop a famine
(christensen, 2k, food policy[25], p. 265-6)
african countries will inevitable embrace biotech?the only question is safety
(nairobi nation, 10/21/99, kw: africa is already in the biotechnology revolution)
contention two: extinction
current low yields force land expansion
(paarlberg, jan 2k, environment 42:1, kw: low-yielding, pest-vulnerable non-gm crops)
land expansion kills ag diversity
(knudson, 99, _global environmental change and agriculture_, p 45, p 68)
land expansion greatest threat to ag diversity
(goklany, knight ridder/tribune, 9/22/2k, kw: increased land development)
kenya key to genetic diversity
(juma, 89, _gene hunters_, p 179)
without biotech research, genetic diversity will collapse, killing millions
(raeburn, 95, _last harvest_, p. 237-9
collapse of genetic diversity causes extinction
(fowler and mooney, 90, shattering: food, politics, and the loss of genetic diversity, p ix, 89)
contention three: solvency
us assistance is key.
increased us assistance is key to promote successful biotech
(nairobi nation, 9/14/2k, kw: genetically modified maize)
research with kenya sustains us diversity
(rogers, 7/31/96, fdch, kw: applied to particular problems)
the us is the world leader
(johnson, fdch, 2/10/2k, "the united states is the world leader")
us assistance is key to tech training
(taskforce on research innovations for productivity and sustainability, global research on the environmental
and agricultural nexus for the 21st century, p 92-3)
us promotes public/private partnerships
(leisinger, summer 2k, foreign policy, kw: biotechnology research)
only a substantial increase in us assistance solves

(tayler, 9/2k, forum for applied research and public policy, v15n3, kw: successful application)
b. biotech increases yields
successful kenyan biotech will be disseminated throughout africa
(ips, 3/3/2k, kw: based on the experiences")
best evidence proves biotech increases yields
(wambugu, 7/1/99, nature, p 15-6)
increased maize production solves famine
(byerlee and heisey, 97, in _africa?s emerging maize revolution_, ed byerlee and eicher, p 21)
effective biosafety regulations solve risks
(conway, 1/2k, environment, kw: "closely monitored trials")
combining biotech with ecological approaches solves sustainable ag
(conway, 1/2k, previously cited)
on balance, the plan preserves diversity (leisinger, summer 2k, previously cited)
african biotech is the best alternative
(adamu, 9/12/2k, international herald tribune, kw: millions of africans will suffer and possibly die)
dartmouth agriculture aff - version 2
plan:
the usfg should substantially increase agricultural cooperation with kenya, including necessary support for
biotechnology research, farmer based genetic conservation, public/private partnerships in biotechnology,
and government to government cooperation on biosafety.
(alternate plan wording: the usfg should substantially increase its agricultural research assistance to kenya.
this assistance should include support for farmer-based genetic conservation and the kenyan agricultural
research institute.
advantage one: african hunger
subpoint a ?
agricultural research and extension have collapsed in sub-saharan africa, reversing previous advances.
ikpi 6/30/99; building african scientific and managerial capacity for transforming agriculture in sub sahara
africa; www.aec.msu.edu/agecon/fs2/ag_transformation/atw_ikpi.pdf
current underinvestment in research prevents improvements in yields. even small changes in funding have
substantial effects.
pinstrup-anderson and cohen; 5/31/2000, p. 18-19

www.ifpri.cgiar.org/checknames.cfm/cgiar.pdf?name=cgiar.pdf&direc=d:\webs\ifpri\themes\biotech
20 million people are at risk of starvation in the horn alone including 3.5 million in kenya
star tribune 8/20/00; "in the horn of africa alone this summer, 20 million people face severe hunger"
sub-saharan africa?s food demand requires a significant increase in production
christensen, 2000; food policy: 25; p. 265-266
improved agricultural productivity is key to raising yields and curtailing harmful farming practices
young; 7/12/2k fns "we are running out of new fertile lands to cultivate?the answer cannot be for farmers"
falling productivity substantially boosts world food prices
pinstrup-anderson; dec 1997; the world food situation: recent developments, emerging issues, and long
term prospects, www.ifpri.cgiar.org/index1.htm
food price increase kills 1.1 billion
tampa tribune 1/20/1996 "merely blips"
subpoint b ?
enhanced support for research in kenya can significantly increase yields
rashid hassan/daniel karanja, kari, 1997; africa?s emerging maize revolution; byerlee/eicher, eds.
kenyan advances in agricultre are modeled throughout africa
ips 3/3/00 "cimmyt says the new maize?is key to addressing the food insecurity"
a substantial commitment to the kari is necessary
hassan/karanja, above p. 91-2
kari has requested additional us support
kbc radio bbc 11/5/1998 "financial support had a positive impact"
us is uniquely suited to train ag. researchers and build indigenous capacity in developing countries
taskforce on research innovations for productivity and sustainability 95; global research on the
environmental and agricultural nexus for the 21st century: a proposal for collaborative research among us
universities; cgiar centers and developing country institutions; p. 92-3
us must take the lead due to its vast technical superiority
trips, above
advantage two ? agricultural diversity
subpoint a -
the agricultural gene pool is shrinking, guaranteeing a food supply catastrophe. we will cross the threshold
to starvation without knowing it.
raeburn, nas, 1995; the last harvast; p. 238-9
coming collapse of genetic diversity will cause extinction
fowler and mooney, rural advancement fund international 1990; shattering: food, politics, and the loss of
genetic diversity; p. ix, 89
subpoint b: solvency -
kenya?s farms are storehouses of untapped crop diversity and knowledge. kenya has also pioneered new
methods of preserving germplasm. external support can enhance this conservation.
nairobi nation 5/13/99; africa news; "germplasm experts"
us scientists currently have few ties to african research institutions.
sanders, 1996; economics of agricultural technology in semiarid sub-saharan africa, ed. ruttan; p. 228
increased assistance is critical to networking us scientists into international research agricultural research
projects
thompson, 3/20/97; fdch "actively networked"
us depends on international linkages to enhance its genetic diversity in agriculture
woteki, 5/14/1996; fdch; "contribution to reducing world hunger and malnutrition?germplasm"
cooperative training programs allow the us to harness knowledge, gather genetic material, and benefit from
innovations. together, we can feed the world.
trips, above, p. 32-3.
us leadership in global agricultural research expands the gene pool and preemptively combats threats to
domestic crops
john stovall, 1997, crucial role of international agricultural research. report of the working group on
international agricultural research. www.winrock.org/citdc/iar.htm
collaborative research provides the us with crucial expertise and germplasm stocks. this is necessary to
prevent the collapse of american agriculture.
agexporter 11/95 "projects range from short term exchange visists"
2ac case extensions:
kari key:
ips 8/21/00 "main institute of agricultural research and technology transfer"
current kari research will increase crop yields
africa news 4/12/00 "embarked on a major research project" focused on tgc resistance
kari can lead new green revolution
africa news 8/19/00 "verge of a tremendous revolution"
kari has beneficial research extension farmer links but needs more money
oluoch, 6/30/99; agricultural technology, economic viability, and poverty alleviation in kenya;
www.aec.msu.edu/agecon/fs2/ag_transformation/at_oluoch.pdf
kari promotes local ag. solutions

bissell 1994; wq winter; "icrae has taken the lead with other centers"
patents solvency:
ives and wambugu 6/30/1999 agricultural biogechnology;

www.aec.msu.edu/agecon/fs2/atw_wambaugu.pdf
chemical trials solve:
chemical week 10?11?2000 and if researches can not get the genes to work?the farmer acceptance will be
hard to come by, because farmers are rewarded for yield and nothing else, arntzen says.
biotech funding now:
sandalow and date is 7/12/2000 and federal news service and usda spends more
2ac answers:
japan cp answer:
a) japan won?t get a seat in the security council now [afp, 9/8/2000, "distant and few"]
b) assistance increases seat [jei report, 10/30/1998, "africa at a time"]
c) that contains china [star tribune, 3/10/2000, "neutralize china"]
d) containment = war [winter, 1998 pg 76 world policy journal]
borders kritik answers:
use the aff as a k of the sq
walker, 1997 critical security studies, pg 75, "modern politics, the political realist?.edge"
topicality ? including answers
development assistance means government key
govt-to-govt only locks in govt
xtra t not voter ? just sever
no unique abuse ? ngo key to innovation
including not a word of limitation [x]
agro-ecology cp answers
pics bad
cp not specify agent
no elections net benefit ? public not perceive difference
conditionality bad
no scientific backing for altieri?s claims [x]
must win small farmers

permute
agro-ecology insufficient ? biotech key [x]
agent specification answers
plan not conditional ? won?t change
agent not key
cx checks ? it?s binding
infinite regression ? who votes, what committee [lancaster]
normal means checks ? ask who
agent cps bad ? steal 1ac
no resolutional basis ? like specifying funding
aid diversion answers
can?t prove divert more than status quo
link assumes imf loans
ev not assume doa/kari
money goes to poor
nu ? aid now
sq anti-corruption aid solves [x]
aid tradeoff da answers
impact is 960 million in funding ? plan not that much
link concedes non-unique
nu ? 230 million to africa [x]
nu ? debt relief [x]
not cut existing programs wholesale [lancaster]
cuts from military aid [x]
budget caps busted now [x]
kritik answers
1ac not responsible for ideology ? just plan
need praxis ? alternative key
neg must defend status quo
turn ? our case justifies peaceful cooperation

rejection alone fails [x]
politics da answers
nu ? biosafety aid increasing [x]
no support for increased levels of aid [x]
not win that public perceives specifics
turn - lobbies support plan, gannet news service 4/17, "republicans have learned their lesson"
cgiar cp answers
cgiar resources insufficient [x]
conditionality illegitimate
pics bad
fiating cgiar illegitimate
permute ? do both ? double solvency
cp not solve genetic diversity [x]
kari key to solve [x]
kenyan government controls seed supply [x]
not solve africa agriculture [x]
turn ? ngo assistance causes government crackdown [x]
topicality - substantially increase
no resolutional basis ? not monetary
plan includes substantial funding as necessary
substantial has no meaningful function [x]
our interpretation best ? allows more than monetary
coercion answers
advantage outweighs ? should promote citizens interests
theory justifies extermination of mentally ill [x]
national security outweighs
nu and nl ? moral institution double bind [x]
turn ? objectivism leads to fascism [x]
dartmouth bg : kenyan anti-corruption
(they ran this case at harvard, round 4)

plan:
the usfg will increase anti-corruption assistance to the government of kenya.
death advantage
kenyan government corrupt now
[nairobi nation, 9/27/00, "corruption in kenya"]
kenya is a lootocracy
[afp, 5/10/00, "lootocracy"]
corruption undermines development and social success
[boswell, www.transparency-usa.org/publt.htm]
corruption causes economic and social collapse
[time, 8/14/00, "permanent stagnation"]
every dollar lost causes death
[panafrican news agency (africa news), 9/7/2000, "disease and ignorance"]
leadership advantage
anti-corruption initiatives key to us leadership
[gore, 10/11/00, evidence from presidential debates at wake forest, "big issues here?corruption"]
soft power key to leadership
[x]
loss of leadership causes nuclear war
[khalilizad, kagan]
genetic diversity advantage
corruption causes unsafe biotech
[paarlberg, international affairs, 1/2000, "political or private sector"]
unsafe biotech causes massive harms
[nairobi nation (africa news), 5/30/00, "check the threats"]
kenya key to biodiversity
[juma, gene hunters, 1989, p. 179]
loss of biodiversity risks extinction
[fowler and mooney, see their other 1ac]
democratic tensions advantage

corruption hurts democracy
[keita 99, www.state.gov/www/global/narcotics_law/global-forum/global-forum-report.pdf, p. 29]
causes political turmoil and violent conflicts
[boswell 98, "political turmoil" lowery-derryck, fns, 9/21/00, "violent conflict"]
leads to social collapse and rwanda style conflicts
[ayittey, africa in chaos, 98, p. 222, 224-5
causes wars across the region
[baltimore sun, 10/24/99, "once-promising transition"]
undermines kenyan regime
[boston globe, 6/17/00, "turn kenya into a failed state"]
causes ethnic warfare across the continent
[peterson, washington quarterly, 94, "manipulates and inflames differences"]
solvency
kenya is committed ? they just need help
[nairobi nation (africa news), 9/16/00, "government?s apparent determination"]
kenya is committed
[lloyd?s list, 3/24/00, "real commitment"]
kenya has requested increased assistance
[xinhua, 4/4/00, "more development assistance"]
increased technical assistance necessary
[nairobi nation, 6/18/00, "build its capacity"]
kaca can solve
[nairobi nation, 5/14/00, "strengthen kacas"
empirically, solves the problem
[global coalition for africa, http://www.gca-cma.org/epfdoc97.htm, "anti-corruption strategies"]
more evidence for empirical solvency
[johnston, corruption and dist. dev., 97, p 45-6]
donor support by usaid allows institution-building
[global coalition for africa, 11/97, http://www.gca-cma.org/epfdoc97.htm, "anti-corruption strategies"]
usaid uniquely suited to solve

[anderson, usaid, 9/21/00, www.usaid.gov/democracy/anticorruption/aaspeech.doc]
usaid solves best
[rossen, 2000, www.usaid.gov/democracy/anticorruption/acbrief.pdf]
us is the only country with influence, best solves bribery
[trade compliance center, 7/2000, http://www.mac.doc.gov/tcc/bribery/oecd_report_2000/index.html, p. 54-

5]
usaid key to solve corruption
[loy, 2/25/99, www.state.gov/www/global/narcotics_law/global-forum/f330focr.pdf]
emory aff: bg, lr
plan text: the usfg will increase its assistance to the government of sudan by providing monetary assistance
for the rebuilding of the el shifa pharmaceutical factory. we'll clarify intent.
observation i: inherency
- the us bombed the plant and we refuse to admit to it - post & courier
8-20-99 'innocnt producer .. lifesaving medicines'
observation ii: terrorism is bad
scenario a: bioweapons
- its happening - seth carus, 9/97, www.ndu.edu/inss/strforum/forum127.htm
?mass casualties? ?anthrax?
- 3 factors make bioterror now worse - carus 97 terrorists want mass murder, tech sophistication, resources
increasing
- linear impact- risks millions - newsday 2/3/99 'anthrax ... sarin gas'
scenario b: us isolationism
- sparks us isolationism - arizona republic 4/23/98 'powerful disincentive...isolationist shell'
- causes world war iii ? khalizad 95
- global nuclear exchange ? khalizad 95
scenario c: south asian terrorism
- terrorism risks nuclear war in south asia that will crush global non-proliferation regimes ? jerusalem post
4/11/00 ?nuclear war in south asia?
- nuclear proliferation causes war - david deudney, the proliferation puzzle, 1993, p. 33-34
scenrario d: sudanese terrorism
- sudan is a hotbed of terrorism and is key to the globe - emerson 5/15/97 - senate hearing
y4f.7612:s.hrg.105-223
observation iii: sudan civil war
- civil war in sudan has claimed the lives of more than 2 million people -
africa news 10/10/99 ?scorched earth policies?
- us must take action to end conflict - winter 3/23/99, fns, ?spla rebels?
- millions more will die - reeves, human rights review, apr-june ?00, p. 82
observation iv: solvency
- compensation for bombing necessary for meaningful dialogue - bbc summary 8/24/99 ?restore diplomatic
ties?
- only way to solve terrorist threat its through dialogue and engagement - bearden y4.f 76/2: s. hrg. 106-
297, pp. 26-27 ?sudan is another case? 11/2/99
- compensation necessary to begin us sudanese dialogue - bbc summary 1/11/99 ?pay compensation?
- dialogue is key to improved us-sudanese relations which solves the current us bias against the north -
associated press 8/20/00 ?serious dialogue? ?khartoum factory?
- solving the us bias against sudan is key to effective mediation of the civil war. the plan allows mediation
to solve the conflict - reuters 9/2/00 ?mustafa osman ismail?
- dialogue solves sudanese terrorism - dan bjarnason, cbctv, 7/7/99 ?image washington has? ?carlos the
jackal?
- us action critical - roger winter ?00, cong. testimony, www.refugees.org/news/testimony/1198.htm ?

change produced by sudanese themselves? ?realistic potential?
- compensation is key to international support for us efforts to combat global terrorism. - lewis 8/8/98 post
and courier, p. l/n ?preserve the credibility? ?fight against terrorism?
- intl coop key to solve global threat of wmd terrorism -romano, georgetown law j, 4/99, p. l/n ?
international cooperation? ?modern-day terrorists?
- unilateralism is a bankrupt strategy. coop is key to solving the terrorist threat - bjarnason and beardon,
7/7/99, cbctv, p. l/n, ?islamic states? ?clear cut victories?
2ac answers:
topicality development assistance:
1. definition is not exclusive
2. we meet ? plan is infrastructure development
3. unlimits ? any case is topical by writing development assistance in plan
4. counter interpretation ? any monetary transfer to the government of a topic country is topical
5. we meet it ? we give money
6. best limit
divides ground
predictable
eliminates diplomacy and education cases
aid trade off (latin american biodiversity):
1. no link ? plan not expensive
2. empirically denied ? foreign aid bill
3. no link ? always new spending initiatives
4. no impact ? congress won?t slash important spending
5. not unique ? education spending
6. not unique ? sub saharan african aid is increasing
7. not unique ? central african aid is increasing
8. no internal link ? usaid spending doesn?t trade off
9. not unique ? debt relief
10. impact empirically denied ? we?ve cut biodiversity spending in the past and we?re still alive
11. no internal link ? biodiversity is self sufficient now
international counterplans:
1. doesn?t solve the case ? the lewis evidence says that us compensation is key to international coop
2. doesn?t solve us-sudanese cooperation which is key to sudanese terrorism and key to the globe
3. permute ? do both, double solvency
4. only the us can solve ? winter evidence
5. international counterplans illegitimate
6. no solvency evidence
7. conditionality illegitimate ? timeskew, infinite regression, permutations don?t check
rebuttal strategies / tricks:
-they?ll always argue that the case outweighs all the disads and that its linear
-they won five aff rounds at harvard on counterplan theory ? watch out for it.
-often don't go for the sudan peace adv.
emory mt
the usfg should substantially increase cooperative research and technology development of agricultural
biotechnology to the kenyan
agricultural research institute as per our sandalow solvency evidence. we will clarify.
o1
biotech r & d has shifted from public to private companies. unfortunately the high cost of new technologies
make new technologies
unavailable to small farmers
economist 3/25/00 "there is a big gulf between" "foreign aid for agriculture"
donors help african nations script regulations, but fail to assist in building scientific and institutional
capacities to implement effective
regulations
paarlberg; environment 1/1/00 "biosafety regulations"
as biotech regulations increase in the west, mncs will carry out dangerous, exploitative research in africa
madava 6/1/00; ans "very often exploited without the agreement of the local population" "strong measures
to counter biotechnology"
despite this, kenya is charging ahead with plans to harness biotechnology
ips 3/1/00 "promote sustainable development throughout the continent" "large population of poor people"
unfortunately, kenya hasn?t fully developed its scientific capacity to deal with increased development of
biotechnology
africa news 9/16/99 "florence wambugu" "the anti-biotech lobby cites the recombinant dna"
o2 ? food security
private development of biotechnology squeezes out small farmers and fails to promote food security
paarlberg ? above
due to the high cost of private produced biotechnology, small farmers will not have access to technologies
that are appropriate for them
toler; knight ridder/tribune 7/25/00 "alleviate hunger. but don?t be fooled" "corporate control of the food
industry contributes to global
hunger"
these inappropriate forms of biotech will devastate food supplies and cause mass famine
miguel altieri 7/1/00 "patented by biotech corporations" "loss of biodiversity has serious implications"
missing page 7
food security impacts are large ? risks 20 million dead in the current famine
houston chronicle 8/20/00 "most widespread famine in a generation" "there is no way for kenya to pull
itself out of this crisis"
o3 ? ecosystems
continued encroachment by private businesses on biotechnology development will destroy the environment
miguel altieri 6/22/00; foreign policy "biotechnology threatens to exacerbate environmental problems"
this risks extinction
captain watson 1994; politics of ?extinction? www.wizard.net/~ethan/extinction.htm
without government intervention the biotech industry will be paralyzed
paarlberg; 5/00; foreign affairs "leading players in this global gm food fight ? u.s. based industry"
finally unsafe biotechnology dooms industry
saigo 2000 georgetown international environmental law review vol. 12; p. 779 "agribusiness and to
international food security as a whole"
o4 ? solvency
kenya wants us public and private cooperation to develop specifically tailored biotech development
programs
africa news 9/14/00 "despite growing opposition worldwide" "growing population and environmental
challenges"
usaid cooperation with universities and companies foster technological independence for kenya
david b. sandalow 7/12/00 lexis; fns or fdch"usaid?s work emphasizes two aspects ? cooperative research
and technology development,
and the promotion of science-based regulatory systems"
[monsanto?kenya?usaid project proves that public-private cooperation can counteract the profit motives of
biotech firms
public sector funds are short, us monetary commitment to indigenous biotech development is key to a
meaningful to a meaningful solution
beachy 00 7/12/00; fns; "recognize the issues, to chart the way to collaboration, and to be the world leader
to implement meaningful
solutions."
kenya can provide a model, the trickle down impact of kari will guarantee access for all of africa
ips 3/3/00 "lives of millions hang in the balance and should we fail.
us policy is dominant in biotech safety and development
acharya 199
emory ww
plan: comprehensive gender initiative in uganda
ob. i: us dev ass. toward uganda flawed:
nation 9/23/99 "in development assistance"
u.s policy doesn't recognize gender division of labor

global gender issues, p. 134 spike peterson
--gender division of labor is a legacy of colonial rule
the feminization of development process in africa, p. 22 j valentine
--women are ignored and there is a focus on cash/subsistance crops
rural women and food security, 1997 "impatient macro-economic"
--women are majority of farmers
different places, different voices, p. 49
--uganda gov. needs data on women's activities
same source, p. 49
ob. ii: harms
failure to recognize women kills development policies
a. poverty
failure to recognize women increase poverty
? p. 175
need to include
valentine, p. 3
2/3 of those in poverty are women
ibid, p. 6-7
poverty in uganda is the worst in the region
ans 3/24/99 "worst in eastern"
b. food security
uganda women farmers are critical to food security
oppony, 1994 gender,work, and problems in sub-saharan africa, p. 58
must incorporate gender labor
james, 1995, p. 19
the situation is true in uganda where women are ignored
different places, different voices, p. 48
agricultural statistics are flawed until women are incorporated
gender, work, and population issues in s-s africa, p. 51
c. ugandan women
rural women and food security, 1997 "must take into"
ugandan women gain power
developing uganda, p. 35
fundamentally altering our conception of "development" by looking at gender labor characteristics will
ensure a pattern of
colonialism.
sisterhood, feminiism, and power miles, p. 165
poverty subjugates african women
ottowa citizen, 1997 "25 percent of")
plan: the usfg will substantially increase development assistance by supporting the
efforts of uganda's ministry of gender and bureau of statistics. usaid aid will sponser a
comprhensive gender-dissagragated initiative evaluating international and domestic
financial inputs.
contention iii: gender-disaggragated data solves
ans 3/10/97 "engines that drive"
gender dissag. data is essential to gender-based indigenous knowledge
james, 1995, p. 95
us aid has fundinded in other ocuntries,
usaid 1998 gender and environment: planning for a better future, 1998
usaid is excellent
james, p. 73
aid is the leader
usaid, 1998
emory goldstein: sudan existential version
plan:
usfg should substantially increase development assistance to the gha by providing monetary assistance to
the government of sudan for the
rebuilding of the el shifa pharmaceutical factory and collateral damage sustained by the strikes. funding and
enforcement, etc.
plan notes: sometimes they have compensation in the plan, other times they do not.
new advantage:
they read the old existentialism advantage authored many years ago by george kouros. cites include:
existentialism is a humanism, sartre
being and nothing, sartre
emporia state mas and mos
public dialogue 1ac
o1: studies prove - us assistance is geared toward donor interests
therlen&lloyd 2000, 3w quarterly
these practices undermine assitance, exacerbating problems and shortchanginf
local peoples
walle&johnston '96 "improving aid to africa" odc report
it reduces aid to corporate leverage over the process
johnston&scheafer '96 (www.heritage.org/mandate/1996/ch19/chapt19.html
plan: the usfg will substantially increase its development assistance
through the greater horn of africa initiative by giving technical and
logistical assistance for public forums, dialogues and debates within the
greater horn f africa including all relevant parties, including but not
limited to determiniation of project priorities and increased dissemination
of information about u.s. assistance. we claim normal fiscal means, we'll
clarify if challenged.
o2 top down aid otherizes the recipient - annihalates cultures and intrinsic
goods
tucker 99 "the myth of development: a critique of eurocentric discourse"
critical development theory, p 20-21
without local challenges - millions will die in africa
tucker 99
development policies can't escape ethical considerations - the plan is
ethical
carmen '94 raff, development #4 p. 17
people will accept the plan - their inclusion will reverse the knowledge
flow
taylor, 1992 development fro within, survival in rural africa

development issues should be defined by african peoples - plan shifts us
policy
walle and johnston
mutually corrective dialogue breaks down barriers and causes further change
tucker 99
two way dialogue causes donors to change their policies
riddell 99 african affairs, v 98, pp309-335
us should particiate in a braod based dialogue to extend assistance to solve
walle and johnston 96
only by empowerment can we enhance local participation
mammo 99, the paradox of africa's poverty
burundi demob 1ac
the usfg will substantially increase its developoment assistance within the
gha by offering a package of financial and logistical assistance, through
usaid and other relevant agencies, to all parties participating in the
arusha peace process and any related agreement for the putposes of
demobilizing combatants in the burundian conflict and reintegrating them
into civilian society. intent of the package is to support the process
throughout its implementation. we will calrify intent, we support normal
means.
a1 peace
sc1 burundi
peace process has critical mass wolpe 2000 ln "we would certainly have a
critical mass"
public supports the process international crises group 2000, web source,
"the mandela effect: prospects for peace in burundi"
combatants are weary of the war - same cite
168 people die every hour - reyhan 97, alb l rev 771 "equivalent of the
oklahoma city bombing"
sc2 congo
us efforts will make arusha a model for diplomacy in congo - icg again
now is the key tim e for congo peace - vick 2000, washington post, 5-25,
"first time since fighting erupted"
success in arusha will spread - icg again
congo will escalate - squiteri, usa today, 12-31-98
a2 never again
us must pay attention to burundi - we let rwanda slip from our radar
screen - soneshine 96, st louis post-dispatch, june 28, "barrage of cnn
pictures"
us action in burundi demonstrates our dedication - nichols, usa today
8-28-00
only by supporting the process can we absolve our guilt and do more than
just send relief international herald trib, 10/28/96 "relative western
detachment"
regardless of definition, mass slaughter awaits burundi smith and wolpe,
us newswire, press briefing, 2-22-2000 "look at the past of burundi"
us has a moral obligation to be a part of the process, icg again
c1 solvency
usaid has unique expertise to demob, mahling-clark, africa today, winter
spring
us internvention = catalyst to the process, smith and wolpe again
us key to preventing an adhoc process, marley 96, lt col us army,
www.usip.org/grants/burundi/burmarley.html
usaid successful in demob, clark again
us should offer assistance quickly, smith 2000
plan changes aid to peace aid, gives incentives for peace, only the us
can leverage the process, lancaster, foreign affairs, sept/oct 2000
plan = us engagement to africa turning symbols into action, hackett
8/30/2000, boston globe "there have been signs that the united states"
plan: usfg will substantially increase its development assistance within

the greater horn of africa by offering of financial and logistical
assistance , through usaid and other relevant agencies, to all parties
participating in the arusha peace process and any related agreements for
the purpose of demobilizing combatants in the burundian conflict and
reintegrating them into civil society . intent of the packages is to
support the process throughout its implementation. aff gets intent.
advantage one: peace
now key in burundi
war is killing 100 a day
b) congo
now is key time
arusha can serve as model for other conflicts a
arusha solves in congo
congo war draws in the west = regional escalation
advantage two: never again
u.s. ignored rwanda, must focus attention on burundi
show dedication to prevent another rwanda
only way to solve western detachment
solvency cites: hackett 8/30/00 "africa's struggles"
clark (africa today, winter / spring 1995
smith (us newswire, 2/22/00
"burundi.extreme insular country"
marley, 1996
www.usip.org/grants/burundi/burmarly.html
smith 3/17/00
www.dawn.com/2000/03/17/int6.htm "burundi
needs support"
lancaster sept/oct 2000 "reflected historic enmities"
florida state st
plan: for the purpose of development assistance and thorough the

economic support fund, the u.s. government shall provide the entity of
the rwandan government, the greater horn survivor fund, and the victims
of the slaughter a total monetary restitution, the amount to be
determined by the 2000 un report to the economic and social council
titled "the right for resolution."
observation one: genocide
u.s sat by and allowed genocide
washington knowingly blocked
peterson 2000
solvency cites: brittain the gaurdian 2000
"african's say un must pay for genocide"
destexhe, 1994, "the third genocide: rwanda" (lexis)
prunier, 1995. the rwanda crisis pg 354-355
solartz, washington post "refusing to learn from rwanda"
2000
the perspective, july 10, 2000
pope, 1999 "the politics of apology: the slaughter in rwanda"
school: fort hayes

team: ramsey and regnier
case: african voices
1ac:
autobiographies:
section 1: statement/explanation of project
our project is called african autobiographies. it?s an exploration of the stories of individuals affected by the
debate topic.
it?s important to realize that there are many different types of people in the greater horn. the story that we
tell is not meant to essentialize or to argue that this is somehow meant to represent all of the people in the
region.
our project attempts to tell parts of autobiographies in order to identify, at least in a small part, with
individuals involved in the topic.
section 2: criticism of traditional debate
too often in debate we tend to try to speak for or represent large groups of people, treating them as figures
on a chessboard that we manipulate for our own purposes. our project is a direct refutation of those
practices. our project provides an alternative of directly involving the stories of individual lives in our
discourse. debate serves to marginalize these voices by relying on the opinions of "experts" or those who
are seen as intellectual leaders to determine what?s best for individuals that they can?t hope to understand
or identify with. the concerns of our project are directly applicable to the topic.
section 3: acceptance of other alternatives
there may be other methods that are essential to appropriate critical examination of the topic. we embrace
these projects and encourage the development of multiple different critical discourses.
section 4: the story
the story basically is about this young girl that witnesses her sister being born while they are traveling.
people tell her that she was born while traveling, as well. she also speaks of the problem of hunger and
poverty in the greater horn. the second section that they read involves her at a party, seeing the older people
laughing and drinking, and hoping that someday she?ll get to enjoy the privileges of both wealth and
adulthood.
we are bound by the location of our texts and self-representation.
(leigh gilmore; autobiographies: a feminist theory of women?s self representation; 1994)
writing has discursive obligations.
we must explore the i, the multiple markers in discourse, and the variety of discourses. we need to explore
the identities of participants in the development project. we must find a way to discover these identities and
pathways to development assistance before we understand their function. we should take provisional action
to understand these identities.
development assistance assumes the identity and action of its recipients; identities vary dramatically. we
must adjust our policy tools. cells are constructed ? we necessarily essentialize, we recognize our
shortcomings and that this is not an exhaustion of all politics; we hint at change.
endorse these ideas, failure to expose these identities means we can never escape these traps. our project
alters the text; the text and humans intermingle to form identity.
narrative of western pop culture is read including discussions of tribal birth and dancing.
(virginia lee barnes; 1994; aman: the story of a somali girl)
section 5: why the judge should vote for them
space within debate should be opened to discuss stories like this one.
the ballot is a critical tool that can be used in many ways.
our project is to clear space to recognize autobiographies. we must respect the self and create room in
policy debate. vote aff. to hear these marginalized voices. we do not essentialize complex actions ? to do so
creates discursive violence to those in the gha.
a. it can be used as acceptance of an argument or, in this case, a project. the judge can endorse this project
as being a good one by signing the ballot in favor of the project. the ballot is destructive ? express solidarity
and use the productive power of the ballot to change this violence.
b. acceptance within the debate community is often symbolized by wins and losses. characterizing the
affirmative presentation as a win is necessary for the effectiveness of the project in changing the minds of
individuals. competition is about positives and negative forces that shape values. our project is
worthwhile ? you can endorse our ideology.
*note from rr regarding dixie
we are retooling the affirmative. the aff will be largely the same. we will heed perspectives in
order to rupture the reliance
on experts. we believe our project is not based on performance and that it is an advocacy just like
any other traditional plan.
2ac:
2ac: reads narrative of fgm. they read more of the story, which talks about when the girl was coerced into
being circumcised.
at: development can be good:
1. not apply to our narratives
2. presumes we know africans opinions
3. proves only some good forms of development, not that development is good
at: stories ineffectual/ambiguity kills value/stories increase prejudice:
1. c/a kritik
2. they assume we use these stories to act.
3. they assume a static truth
4. we do not advance any stereotypes ? listening solves the impact
5. this is intellectual blackmail ? they are trying to force us into a box
6. they label us ? reject their categorization.
7. the affirmative is a testimonial ? not a narrative; narratives are bad; they assume truth with a capital t.
assumptions of
truth marginalize and objectify the subaltern.
at: debate does not question/intellectualism recreates privilege:
1. we do not claim to be academics
2. this is intellectual blackmail
3. we must listen to solve this homogeneity xx
at: identity kritik (recognition of the other freezes them in time and essentializes them; morality should be
being for the other)
1. no link ? we do not assume to imprint african identity
2. they presume to know ? we must listen first
3. assumes we are using the listening for action ? we should just listen
4. alternative is worse ? ignorance is bad
5. we examine identity ? this solves the kritik
6. this argument just feeds the 1ac
7. we need to examine the subaltern
(gayari spivak; in other worlds; 1988; p. 42)
8. disallowing voice increases hegemony. x
at: topicality ? increase development assistance to the greater horn of africa
1. strategic essentialism ? they assume meaning, not the function of words. words are local and contextual.
2. we are topical ? we are the us federal government; listening is development assistance.
(lynee phillips 1996; work and gender relations in developing countries; no page number; card begins,
"perhaps..." and
ends with "?development with women?for them."
3. topicality is ideological and political; not just an interpretation of rules.
4. affirmative is germane ? we speak of narratives from the greater horn of africa.
5. their limiting interpretation of topicality reinscribes hegemony; reject this marginalization.
6. our interpretation allows a fair division of ground ? international relations theory is all about excluding
voices.
7. must reject fixed definitions of language. x
8. negative is prepared ? they can defend their affirmative.
9. their interpretation reinscribes politics of exclusion ? they require statist action.
10. ground flawed ? no right to run your arguments ? they are dumb.
11. autobiographies transforms debate.
12. no potential abuse ? germaneness and preparedness check.
13. not vague ? we constantly advocate listening to voices ? we never change our advocacy.
14. in round abuse not a voting issue
in the 1ar they read more of the story which talks about how the girl was beat up for wearing a short skirt
and then was arrested for causing
trouble.
(note: the girl in the story is somalian, in case it matters.)
george mason
for gmu bb, the case will be either the one below or the same soccer aff
as harvard.
for gmu hw, we will either run the same abortion case as at liberty, or
the rwanda aff (like liberty, but subject to slight change) as below.
thanks,
bary
observation 1: the failings of teh sq
a) the gacaca court system will inevitably come to rwanda, despite its
potential flaws.
pittsburgh post-gazette, sept 24, 2000
"the government is considering returning to a tribal form of judgement"
b) the us can act to help develop the gacaca system after similar us
dispute-resolution mechanisms
1) rwanda is eager to model gacaca after the alternative dispute
resolution system.
star tribune, oct 5, 99
"rwanda's ancient gacaca tribunal system"
2)us assistance will be catalytic for the adaption of gacaca and the rest
of the rwandan judiciary with regard to international norms
prendergast and smock 9-15-99
www.usip.org/oc/sr/sr990915.htm
c) while the ictr offers some hope for change, it is no panacea -- other
mechanisms must supplement its work.
peskin 99
www.jha.ac/greatlakes/b003.htm
observation 2: the aftermath of 1994
initially note that the atrocities of 94, were, by defniition, acts of
genocide
prunier, gerard, _the rwanda crisis: history of a genocide_ 1995
p. 237-238
a) the social fabric of rwanda was and is being torn apart by the events
of 94. families in all of rwandan society are being devastated having
particularly adverse effects on womyn.
the irish times, 4/7/2000
"genocide had a devastating impact on women"
b) collecgtive amnesia
1) a strong signal is necessary to ensure international memory and prevent
rwanda part wo, and the resulting "spiral of violence"
alan destexhe, _rwanda and genocide in the twentieth century" 1995, pg
64-65
2) collective memory within rwanda is essential to prevent bloody
reprisals and escalation into regional wars
drumtra, feb 98
www.africapolicy.org/docs98/rwan9802,1.htm
3) accountabi,lity will prevent further conflict based on notions of
ethnicity
ward, the christian century, 8-30-2000
"rwanda has become embroiled"
c) the us has a unique role to play in reconciliation -- our failures
during and after the atrocities of 94 necessitate action
klinghoffer, arthur jay. _the international dimension of genocide in
rwanda_ 1998, p 91-93
plan:
the usfg will substantially increase development assistance in rwanda
through legal assistance transfers to the rwandan government. these
transfers will include training, information exchanges, monitoring, and
personnel and logistic support through usaid.
funding and enforcement guaranteed. we'll clarify.
03: solvency
initially note that the rwandan judiciary will be able to make large gains
through an increase in aid.

ward (above)
also note that we must not let political issues distract ferom our
complicity --- aid will be able to solve
destexhe, above
military justice will eb critical to establishing effective reconciliation
-- only the us can help in this area
prendergrast and smock, above
us culpability necessitates plan
the economist, may 23, 98
"this bloodstained corner of africa"
the gacaca courts will be able to streamline the rwandan judiciary,
minimizing case load and bring communities together
new republic, 4/10/2000
"genocide's masterminds would still go before regular courts"
gacaca is necessary to open up teh proceedings to all rwandans, supporting
genuine reconciliation
gallimore, csm, june 7, 2000
"decimated rwanda's judical system"
adversarial justice models empower all voices regardless of gender,
ethnicity, and prevents the avoidance of uncomfortable issues such as sex
crimes
drumbl 2000 (canadian woman's studies, jan.)
"hegemony of a retributive justice model"
george washington
aff 1
plan: the usfg will substantially increase its development assistance regarding sustainable forestry
management to the government of kenya, including financial and logistical assistance, to the appropriate
agencies of the kenyan government, along with the promotion of community empowerment initiatives. also
the us will maintain this stance throughout its entire foreign policy concerning kenyan forests. funding and
enforcement ensured. affirmative speeches will clarify intent.
2. observation 1: inherency
the kenyan government recently switched control over the forests of kenya to the kws but the forests face
danger of uncontrolled illicit logging due to legal ambiguities, interbranch conflict, rampant corruption, and
a general lack of will to protect forests. also, the kws lacks funding, equipment, guards, and institutional
shortfalls ? making regulation impossible.
the nation (nairobi)
africa news 8-17-00 pg ln "switch in managing the mount kenya forest"
specifically, the mount elgon and kakamega forests face a serious crisis of destruction due to a lack of
logistical and infrastructure capacities, threatening the survival of the forests
africa news 7-6-00 pg ln "mt. elgon and kakamega forests are in serious management crisis"
lack of focus on sustainable forestry management in development assistance ensures massive deforestation
business times 8-8-00 pg ln "trade and environmental restrictions will not reduce deforestation"
despite having the institutional structures necessary to promote effective forest management, kenya lacks
funding and expertis
calestrous juma forests to fight poverty: creating national strategies 1999 pg 35
furthermore, kenya?s local communities have been excluded from forestry management
africa news 8-3-00 pg ln "communities bordering forests have always been excluded"
observation 2: harms
lake victoria
kenyan forests are experiencing dramatic deforestation without any replating
financial times 10-14-00 pg ln "kenya?s forests have and continue to be raped"
deforestation causes eutrophication and sedimentation of lake victoria
pan african news agency 8-28-00 pg ln "the lake could likely dry up by 2050"
deforestation causes an increased risk of flooding, soil erosion, and siltation of lakes and rivers.
high levels of forestation stop all nutrient runoff
ayalew, lulseged
the monitor (addis ababa)
africa news 7-25-00 pg ln "siltation is closely related with deforestation and soil erosion"
nutrient runoff from deforestation has massively destructed fish, spread toxic algae, and spread the
water hyacinth, choking the lake and creating a breeding ground for malaria-spreading
mosquitoes. destruction of the lake has ruined the fishing economy, causing severe poverty.
inter press service 11-5-99 pg ln "deforestation of the swampy areas along the banks of the lake"
destruction of lake victoria will create an environmental catastrophe and jeopardize the lives of 25
million
canberra times 10-23-99 pg ln ""an environmental and human catastrophe in the making"
biodiversity
kenya?s forests have many species of birds, reptiles, plants, and insects that are found nowhere else in the
world.
all africa news agency
africa news 1-18-99 pg ln "forest has 330 species of birds"
many species of trees in kenya?s forests are at risk of extinction
africa news 7-6-00 "elgon teak?may soon be extinct"
loss of biodiversity is devastating: risks total ecosystem collapse and survival
david diner winter 1994 military law review pg 172-173
species loss equivalent to nuclear war
bryan norton 1987 why preserve natural variety? pg 70
observation 3: solvency
providing reforestation will create nutrient sinks, which will be the solution to the spread of algae and
decrease the spread of malaria
inter press service 11-5-99 pg ln "riparian areas around the lake"
plan resolves the shortage of guards which is key to stop illegal deforestation
africa news 9-21-00 pg ln "there was a large number of illegal timber operators in the forest"
development assistance has empirically reversed environmental threats
frances seymour
fns 4-5-95 pg ln "development assistance programs are well-positioned"
public sector needs to play a facilitating role in community participation which is essential to the
effectiveness of forestry protections and reversal of destruction of kenyan ecosystems
juma page 74
3. at: topicality args
--we?re topical: we do government to government action and community stuff, our plan is towards kenya,
and we read evidence that we?re development assistance.
--in response to people who say we can only be gov to gov, we say that you?re misinterpreting the
resolution
--in response to people who say we need to have an existing increase of a program, we say that we?re an
infinite increase and that sets a better limit and that your interpretation is unfounded
4. off-case answers
diversion?we claim to have the us earmark and ensure the funding will be used for what it?s
supposed to
tradeoff/spending?we claim that the argument is really not-unique and that we don?t spend
out of the usaid budget
kenyan food aid?afp 9/6/00 "additional 10,000 tonnes"
nigerian aids?us newswire 8/28/00 "new assistance programs"
israel?atlanta journal and constitution 9/10/00 "israel is growing wealthy"
russian reforestation?interfax russian news 10/4/00 "improve the ecological situation"
spending orgy?sf chronicle 10/24/00 "spending orgy going on"
politics?we?re still waiting for our new president, and once we find out who it is, we?ll
probably claim we turn it
other generic da?s?i dunno what to say except that case outweighs (??)
5. at: criticisms
fem ir?we don?t link btw
speaking for others bad?alcoff 1995 (linda, racism and sexism, ed. by linda a. bell)
trivializes liberalism and women?s autonomy?teson spring 1993 (fernando, virginia

journal of int?l law)
whole bunch of other teson args?.
development/colonialism/imperialism
dev?t assistance good?thieren and lloyd, third world quarterly, feb 2000
current kenyan forest mgmt is colonialist?juma 1999 (forests to fight poverty: creating
national strategies, pg. 84)
critique is authoritarian and affirms the power structures?dirlik 1997 (the postcolonial
aura, pg. 66-7)
critiques of dev?t ignore agency༯font> self-fulfilling prophecy?everett 1997

(margaret, anthropological quarterly, july)
perm?criticize and do plan?albert paolini 1999 (navigating modernity,

pg. 59)
cultural relativism bad?hernandez-truyol 1996 (brooklyn journal of intl

law)
spanos/statism
negative causes binarist ontology?spanos 1993, g. 203-4
perm?reject problem solution and vote aff?booth 1997 (critical security

studies, ed. by kramer and williams, pg. 114)
spanos interp of foucault and heidegger flawed?lewandowski 1994
(philosophy and social criticism, vol. 20 #3, pg. 115-6)
critique causes othering?dirlik 1997 (the postcolonial aura, pg. 5)
dialectical contradictions solve (perm)?neufeld 1997 (millenium pg.

450-2)
perm?criticize realism and vote aff?guzzini 1998 (stefano, realism in

international relations and international political economy, pg. xii)
at: case turns?haven?t really heard any yet that are specific to the case
add-ons: we haven?t run any in a round yet
tricks: turn every argument in some way, even if it has to be done in the
2ar
at: cp?s?us solves best, reasons are in the 1ac as to why the us has the
best expertise and contacts
aff 2:
aff #2:
un/oav peace observers have stabilized the eritrea-ethiopia
ips 8-11-00 "like to assure"
cease-fire will last
africa news, 7-6-00 "only a few"
landmines at the border kill peacekeeping
xinhua news 7-13-00 "referring to"
the u.n. relies on countries themselves to demine
africa news 9-16-00 "the council requested"
need to go beyond the status quo
amae tenkle, 1994
a1: landmines bad
africa news 9/19/00 "damaging aftermath"
and landmines are the real weapons of mass destruction
nyt 1-23-94 "killing civilians indiscriminately"
a2: war bad
10,000 will die economist 3-13-99 "defenses on the bandan"
further, the egyption government mandates rape

africa news 7-17-00 "wanton destruction"
big impact restraint
africa news 4-16-00 "small by comparrison"
b. famine
war prevents aid distrubtion
ncr '00 "real drag on this"
one million ethiopians could die
christian century, may 3, 2000 "ethiopia is one"
contention iii: solvency
we need to demine
m2 8-15-00 "emphasized the need"
the u.s. has helped the with demining in the region before
department of state office of humanitarian assistance the walk the earth safely
the u.s. is the world leader
seatte times '1999 (november 25 "u.s. military specialists")
the establishment of economic cbms is critical
eritrea& ethiopia from conflict to cooperation, p. 16
economic cooperation solves
ibid., p. 68
their answers:
t: (not really sure - didn't flow, but they make a lot of answers)
court:
1. ev. doesn't say reform would take place - court would be empowered to take all
sorts of crazy action.
2. noone would follow actions of court once delegitimized - no solvency.
3. perm - have the supreme court rule crazily on something else and congress do the
plan
4. still links to elections - congress would be seen as stupid
5. agent cp's bad
-moot 1ac
-time skew
- vague plans
6. perm - do both
malthus
1. morality
2. war isn't a death check - women not killed
3. war kills lots of people, not the type of death check the evidence assumes. 4. no
t/h
5. environment = self-regulates population
6. ppl. in hospitals use lots of resources
foucault (not paying a lot of attention, but this is what i remember
1. argument is circular - power is fluid
2. no implication - only one articulated is solvency takeout, and specific evidence is

better.
3. empiricism
4. not unique
5. turn: we empower individuals along the border
6. perm - do the plan and rethink
(pretty sure that was it - we could beat them on this argument)
elections
1. not unique - bush will win
2. africa has no effect on elections
3. turn - fopo popular
4. turn - fopo popular
5. ridiculous to think demining would cause this
no internal link saying that clinton effects gore.
georgetown ? affirmative
georgetown diseases 1ac
who ranks gha low in for health rating
us research collaboration efforts are pathetic in africa
beattie 1999 strengthening health research in the developing world malaria research
capacity in africa
www.wellcome.ac.uk/en/1/biosfginttrpmimrep.html
(no funding)
recent events prove kenya?s disease surveillance system is inadequate
east african an 7/7/99 disease surveillance
we suggest two impacts
scenario 1: epidemics:
17 million people die every year from infectious diseases
brandling ?bennet 1998; global health: us response to infectious diseases; 3/3/1998;

yr.l11/4:s.hrg 105-501.
(ww ? not gha)
malaria kills 5000 africans a day and is increasing exponentially
price-smith international journal june 1999 "malaria also continues its relentless
expansion
africa hardest hit
don noah 1/2000 www.africa2000.com/indx/hivcia.html
(ssa ? not gha)
unfortunately, we have a small window of opportunity in which to act
bruntland 2000 www.who.int/infectious-disease-report/pages/textonly.html
(delayed action risks drug resistance and new mutations)
case outweighs das
price smith above
(historically, disease has killed the most people on the planet)
scenario 2: pandemics
an emerging pandemic could kill 99.8 % of the human population
ryan 1997; virus x; p. 377
(humans are the same as rabbits and risk total death)
pandemics outweign nuclear war
ryan; p. ??
(rhetorical ? no warrents ? it could happen)
climate instability makes the horn uniquely vulnerable to outbreaks
guardian 2/26/998 "el nino is bringing a humanitarian disaster"

scenario 3:
disease risks war and genocide
noah
(ssa)
o2 ? solvency
i. d. deaths preventable
bruntland
(low cost)
many diseases could be eliminated
heymann; fdch congressional testimony 5/20/1998 "guinea worm"
(not specific to superdieseases)
empirical examples prove solvency
bruntland 2000; www.who.int/infectious-disease-report/2000/other_versions/index-

rpt2000_text.html
vaccine distribution saves 3 million lives
fauci 1999 new and reemerging diseases; www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol4no3/fauci.htm
usaid has unique expertise in surveillance
colby 1997; fns 7/30/1997 "ability to detect disease"
surveillance solves
heymann and rodier 1998 global surveillance of communicable diseases organization

www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol4no3/heymann.htm
surveillance could have stopped aids
shalala 1998; www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol4no3/shalala.htm
training programs have a huge impact
beattie
local capacities allow linkages to real health problems
beattie
research solves disease ? multiple reasons
heymann
research allows policy adoption
satcher 1995; global microbial threats in the 1990s

www.whitehouse.gov/wh/eop/ostp/ciset/html
(assumes action post plan)
us key
clay 1996 saving lives today and tomorrow: a decade report on usaid?s child survival
program 1985-1995; www.dec.org
us research solves
frist 1998; global health: us response to infestious diseases; 3/3/1998; p. 3;

y4.l11/4:s.hrg.105-501
(us has nih, cdc)
kenyan medical research institute allows diffusion through africa of plan?s benefits
who 2000 www.who.int/tdr/profiles/institution/kenya.htm
regional collaboration increases post the plan
beattie
polio efforts proves us gets others on board
pigman 1998; global health
plan modelled elsewhere
heymann
benefits diffuse into the us
clay; -- applied to poor communities
linear impact
pitts wt 7/6/00 "potential of such an influx of funds"
biotech add-on:
a ? significant threat of biological attack now
national council for international heatlh, fdch 4/24/2000 "committed to delivering

pathogens to us citizens"
(prevention of bioterrorism is impossible)
b ? plan solves bioterrorism
satcher 1995; global microbial threats in the 1990s;

www.whitehouse.gov/wh/eop/ostp/ciset/html/
(global surveillance boosts us capacity in the event of a crisis)
older georgetown aff info
(cap cities update)

new plan:
in consultation with all relevant actors, the usfg will expand programs providing
assistance to civilians in war torn areas of sudan.
rehabilitation and conflict management projects on the west bank will be expanded
to other areas in sudan as per d?silva. these programs will
be granted long term flexible funding. locally run government programs will be
included as actors. where deemed appropriate on a
humanitarian basis. us will expand support for the igad, including technical
assistance for reforms to achieve permanent negotiations and
consultations between parties, broader inclusion of relevant parties, and other

technical assistance requested. the plan does not directly
provide assistance to the spla or any other military group.
georgetown aff. cites:
prendergast, http://www.usip.org/sr/sr990628/sr990628.html
deng (splm) http://www.usip.org/oc/sr/sr990225/sr990225.html
hall http://www.linder.house.gov/tonyhall/ext1.htm
catholic agency for overseas development, http://www.cafod.org/uk/sudan.htm
d?silva, 1999 ? www.dec.org usaid funded activities in the west bank of southern
sudan.
wondu http://members.aol.com/casmasalc/hellin.htm
africa news december 21, 1999
caroline cox http://www.csworldwide.org/news1.html
anne o?toole salinas www.dec.org the famine in sudan: lessons learned.
hearn, http://www.ids.ac.uk/ids/publicat/dp/dp368.pdf
frist, 145 cong rec s 9529
connell, 2000, (dan, the progressive, june1)
de waal, http://www.usip.org prosepects for pluralism in northern sudan
kebbede, prof. ir, 1999 sudan?s predicament
georgetown fg
plan: the usfg should substantially increase assistance to civilians in
the war-torn areas in darfur. cordofan, bahrelghazal, jongle, ad other
areas controlled by the nda. this assistance will be modeled on the
present star program including flexible dispersal for rehabilitation and

conflict management efforts. selection of projects will be
competitive. the us will expand support for the inter-government
authority on development, including integration of us high level
diplomat, full us technical assistance. this plan does not provide
assistance to the spla or any rebel fighters. we will clarify.
contention one: harms: life is hell in sudan ? famine and conflict
contention two: solvency: igad is critical
o1
the war in sudan has led to widespread misery and suffering; a southern sudanese
observer literally described it as hell
wondu; march 28 1998; members.aol.com/casmascalc/hellin.htm
level of material deprivation in s. sudan is overwhelming
wondu, above
results of military attacks on civilian populations are nearly indescribable
cox 5/1998; www.csworldwide.org/news1.html
to say sudan faces the greatest tragedy of our time is no exaggeration
uscr africa news 12/21/99 "entire culture is being snuffed out in the nuba mountains
government interference with food transportation has doomed thousands; 100k have
died in 1999
baptist press 9/1/00; www.mcjonline.com/news/00/20000209b.htm
almost every person in the south has been displaced, which is 4 million people. we
can begin to understand this only by looking at specific
examples
katz 00; dmn 8/13/ "their plight is repeated in dozens of sweltering"
with the war raging on, there is no end to the cycle of famine and imissenation
hall 6/99; www.linder.house.gov/tonyhall/ext1.htm
continuation o f the cycle could result in a regional war
human rights watch 1998; www.hrw.org/hrw/reports98/sudan
plan:
[in consultation with all relevant actors], the usfg should substantially increase
assistance to civilians in the war torn areas in darfur,
cordofar, bahrelghazal, jonglei, and other areas controlled by the nda.

this assistance will be modeled on the present star program including flexible
dispersal for rehabilitation and conflict management programs.
selection of projects will be competitive and include local government actors. the us
will expand support for the inter-government authority
on development including integration of us high level diplomats, full us diplomatic

support for a regional peace solution, assistance for a
permanent secretariats office and technical assistance. this plan does not directly
provide assistance to the spla or any other rebel fighters.
o2 ? solvency
solvency is multifaceted; the igad is the intergovernmental authority on

development, which is an association of regional governments. the
igad is the critical forum to solve the war.
prendergast 1999; www.usip.org/oc/sr/sr990628/sr990628.html
external upport for the igad, including the reforms of the plan, are critical to
reinvigorating this effort
ambassador deng (splm) 1999; www.usip.org/oc/sr/sr990225/sr990225.html
only the us can fill the current leadership void on sudan
hall, above
local capacity building through development assistance is crucial for long-term peace
prendergast, above
without a realignment of us policy, any effort to resolve the sudanese conflict is

doomed
catholic agency for overseas development 1996; www.cafod.org.uk/sudan.htm

http://www.cafod.org.uk/sudan.htm (unclear which web site ?
both are listed)
"cafod argues that britain, as a key member?.would do great damage to the

prospects for rehabilitation and enduring peace."
specifically, we need to double assistance to the sudan transitional assistance for

rehabilitation program, also known as star
prendergast 1999, above
empirical experience with usaid in sudan shows the plan can increase conflict
management, reduce misery, and points to the unique
qualifications and experience of the usaid
d?silva 1999, above
the bottom line is that the usaid has proven lives can be saved in sudan
usaid 3/21/00; usaid/sudan results review and resource request (r4); www.dec.org
a specific example of solvency is food monetization programs
brian c. d?silva 1999; evolution of a transition strategy and lessons learned: usaid
funded activities in the west bank of southern sudan;
1993?1999; www.dec.org
building roads proves
d?silva, above
focusing on local production can solve quickly
anne o?toole salinas 9/98; www.dec.org; why is this happening again? the famine in
sudan: lessons learned
usaid can build on grassroots reconciliation with which it has had success in the sq
usaid 3/21/00 above
low level conflict resolution leads to high level conflict resolution
usaid 3/21/00 above
such grassroots capacity building creates an incentive for the north to come to the
table
frist (cong) 6/28/00; 145 cong rec s 9529 "move away from providing only disaster
assistance toward"
your dependency arguments are hopelessly outweighed
brian d?silva 1999; above
peace itself undermines the motivation for atrocities
alex de waal 1999; www.usip.org; road to peace in sudan: prospects for pluralism in
northern sudan
clinton 2ac:
1. no perception ? pub(investor?s business daily) and date is 7/11/00 and all its
suffering, sudan hasn?t much made the headlines; lat 6/1/00
"little impact; policy.com/news/dbrief/dbriefarc455.asp
2. plan popular ? humanitarian crisis/religious groups
aid tradeoff
watch out for the aid tradeoff... they turn it by saying that it
wouldn't
come out of usaid, that it would come out of some military budget,
which
decreases military spending, thus hege bad.
wake's version
gtown sw aff ? sudan rebels
o1
the war in sudan has led to widespread misery and suffering; a southern sudanese
observer literally described it as hell
wondu; march 28 1998; members.aol.com/casmascalc/hellin.htm
level of material deprivation in s. sudan is overwhelming
wondu, above
results of military attacks on civilian populations are nearly indescribable
cox 5/1998; www.csworldwide.org/news1.html
to say sudan faces the greatest tragedy of our time is no exaggeration
uscr africa news 12/21/99 "entire culture is being snuffed out in the nuba mountains
government interference with food transportation has doomed thousands; 100k have
died in 1999
baptist press 9/1/00; www.mcjonline.com/news/00/20000209b.htm
almost every person in the south has been displaced, which is 4 million people. we
can begin to understand this only by looking at specific
examples
katz 00; dmn 8/13/ "their plight is repeated in dozens of sweltering"
with the war raging on, there is no end to the cycle of famine and imissenation
hall 6/99; www.linder.house.gov/tonyhall/ext1.htm
continuation o f the cycle could result in a regional war
human rights watch 1998; www.hrw.org/hrw/reports98/sudan
plan:
[in consultation with all relevant actors], the usfg should substantially increase
assistance to civilians in the war torn areas in darfur,
cordofar, bahrelghazal, jonglei, and other areas controlled by the nda.
this assistance will be modeled on the present star program including flexible
dispersal for rehabilitation and conflict management programs.
selection of projects will be competitive and include local government actors. the us
will expand support for the inter-government authority
on development including integration of us high level diplomats, full us diplomatic

support for a regional peace solution, assistance for a
permanent secretariats office and technical assistance. this plan does not directly
provide assistance to the spla or any other rebel fighters.
o2 ? solvency
solvency is multifaceted; the igad is the intergovernmental authority on

development, which is an association of regional governments. the
igad is the critical forum to solve the war.
prendergast 1999; www.usip.org/oc/sr/sr990628/sr990628.html
external upport for the igad, including the reforms of the plan, are critical to
reinvigorating this effort
ambassador deng (splm) 1999; www.usip.org/oc/sr/sr990225/sr990225.html
only the us can fill the current leadership void on sudan
hall, above
local capacity building through development assistance is crucial for long-term peace
prendergast, above
without a realignment of us policy, any effort to resolve the sudanese conflict is

doomed
catholic agency for overseas development 1996; www.cafod.org.uk/sudan.htm

http://www.cafod.org.uk/sudan.htm (unclear which web site ?
both are listed)
"cafod argues that britain, as a key member?.would do great damage to the

prospects for rehabilitation and enduring peace."
specifically, we need to double assistance to the sudan transitional assistance for

rehabilitation program, also known as star
prendergast 1999, above
empirical experience with usaid in sudan shows the plan can increase conflict
management, reduce misery, and points to the unique
qualifications and experience of the usaid
d?silva 1999, above
the bottom line is that the usaid has proven lives can be saved in sudan
usaid 3/21/00; usaid/sudan results review and resource request (r4); www.dec.org
a specific example of solvency is food monetization programs
brian c. d?silva 1999; evolution of a transition strategy and lessons learned: usaid
funded activities in the west bank of southern sudan;
1993?1999; www.dec.org
building roads proves
d?silva, above
focusing on local production can solve quickly
anne o?toole salinas 9/98; www.dec.org; why is this happening again? the famine in
sudan: lessons learned
usaid can build on grassroots reconciliation with which it has had success in the sq
usaid 3/21/00 above
low level conflict resolution leads to high level conflict resolution
usaid 3/21/00 above
such grassroots capacity building creates an incentive for the north to come to the
table
frist (cong) 6/28/00; 145 cong rec s 9529 "move away from providing only disaster
assistance toward"
your dependency arguments are hopelessly outweighed
brian d?silva 1999; above
peace itself undermines the motivation for atrocities
alex de waal 1999; www.usip.org; road to peace in sudan: prospects for pluralism in
northern sudan
clinton 2ac:
1. no perception ? pub(investor?s business daily) and date is 7/11/00 and all its
suffering, sudan hasn?t much made the headlines; lat 6/1/00
"little impact; policy.com/news/dbrief/dbriefarc455.asp
2. plan popular ? humanitarian crisis/religious groups
georgia pq - refugees
plan: usg, resolution, by lending greater support of development assistance
to refugee related concerns.
observation 1 -- sq forgets about refugees
lots die, not enough aid
jim lobe, inter press service, 6-13-00
"the 1990's proved a dismal decade for refugees"
sq is de-linking refugee aid from development assistance, enhancing the problem

tony waters, 1999, human organization, vol. 58, p. 142 (proquest)
"until the 1994 refugee crisis....social geography of central africa"
this delinking locks refugees into camps that control their fate
jennifer hyndman, 2000, managing displacement: refugees and the politics of
humanitarianism, p. 189-190
"borders are being renegotiated....noncommunities of the excluded."
current movements fail to counter traditional development projects
escobar, 92, futures, vol. 24, no. 5, june, p. 48
"the account of the new movements....global levels."
advantage 1, sub pt a -- coercive rapatriation
lots of refugees, countries don;t know what to do with them, they force them either
back home or into camps
migration world magazine, 2000, vol. 28 "in a continuing trend....could not be
guaranteed."
20 million at risk in the horn
amnesty international, 6-20-97,
www.amnesty.org/ailib/aipub/1997/afr/10100597.htm
"more than 20 million africans....communities and populations
as targets"
every displaced person is at risk of rape and murder
bonaventure rutinwa, 5-99, unhcr working papers, no. 5, "the
end of asylum? the changing nature of refugee policies in
africa" www.unhcr.ch/refworld/pub/wpapers/wpno.htm
"the 1990's have also witnessed marked decline...eastern
zaire."
sub pt b -- world wide asylum
increased funds and linking are key for a global model
francis carlin, 3-30-00, fns, "reassert u.s. leadership in this
area and signal to other nations"
us leadership is critical for other to follow

phyllis oakley, 3-28-95,
dosfan.lib.uic.edu/erc/population/press_releases/950328.html
"as the number of refugees abd conflict victims in africa have
grown....conflict victims."
world wide refugee crisis worse than ww2
gil loescher, 93, beyond charity: international cooperation and
the global refugeee crisis, p. 9-10
"the consequences of such attitudes....resulting chaos."
advantage 2: cycle of conflict
lots of small conflict brewing in africa
stephen metz, 2-00, "refining american strategy in africa, p.
12-13,
carlisle-www.army.mnil/usassi/ssipubs/pubs2000/refining/reing.com
"while traditional, cross border, state-on-state....pawns in
the conflict"
division in aid (development and relief) is a key detriment to peace
building in africa
dpcsd, 10-95, "problems of conflicts in africa",
www.synapse.net/~acdi20/reports/untokyo.htm
"the role of the international community....in the longer
term."
conflict in the horn is more destructive than anywhere else
john pendergrast, 6-28-99, "building peace in the horn of africa"
www.usip.org//oc/sr/sr990628/sr990628.html
"in terms of sheer human life....anywhere else in the world."
o 3 baby, solvency
linkage and increased funds are key for solving coercive repatriation
loescher cite, p. 173
"the provision of greater resources....return home."
linkage and additionality of resources is key for host support

robert gorman, refugee aid and development: theory and practice
p. 70-1
"before reviewing the record...keen of additionality."
combo of aid policies opens up for new modes of development
hal kane, 6-95, worldwatch paper #125, "the hour of departure:
the forces that create refugees and migrants," p. 44-45
"without actions that enhance....support their families."
sq locks refugees as the object of aid, combo lets them be the subject
john sorenson, 1994, african refugees: development aid and
repatriation, ed. adelman and sorenson, p. 186-7
" while the need to take the wishes of refugees...greatly reduce
the utility of any development program."
georgia (other teams): rwandan debt relief
prologue: we knew, we did nothing
the rwandan genocide was a horrible tragedy - between 500,000 and 800,000 people
were killed
(international panel of eminent personalities, 2000)
the us was fully aware - but took measures to block un measures
(brittain, the guardian, 7/7/00)
the us is the most culpable nation
chapter 1: the silence
the clinton administration failed to use the word genocide in response to the crisis-
this inaction is an insult to those killed
(winter, la times, 4/5/99)
clinton's excuse was domestic political considerations
silence in face of genocide is tacit complicity
(ketels, annals of the american academy of political scientists, november
1996, p. 50)
each individual has a stake in the human struggle against oppression

(ketels, p. 52-3)
chapter 2: the aftermath
the aftermath of the rwandan genocide has left rwanda in ruins
rwandan debt is producing a country wide crisis
(oxfam international position paper, 1999

www.oxfam.org/advocacypapers/rwanda.htm)
continued poverty risks conflicts in the region
most of the debt burden comes from the previous regime who bought weapons to kill
the tutsi's
plan: the usfg should cancel all of rwanda's debt. the us should use its
influence in the world bank and imf to attempt to get all of rwanda's debt
cancelled. the plan should be viewed as reparations for us complicity and
involvement in the rwandan genocide of 1994.
chapter 3: the epilogue - the living monument
debt relief is a key part of the reparations process
the international community has a moral obligation to give rwanda reparations for its
failure to respond to the genocide in 1994
debt relief is critical to allow for economic reconstruction
(oxfam international position paper, 1999)
the us is key to multilateral debt relief success
(evans, development policy review, 1999, vol. 17, p. 275-6)
there is a moral obligation to give aid despite international actions
(burnell, foreign aid in a changing world, 1997, p. 48)
even a spark can light a fire - one individual can make a difference in challenging
oppression
(ketels, 1996, p. 53)
a new moral consciousness is key to survival

(ketels, 1996, p. 51)
the current us stance makes the idea of "never again" a joke ? must reverse the
legacy of apathy
it is in the world's hands to prevent future genocide
georgia state
affirmative plan:
(this is not the exact plan text)- give development assistance to tanzania, uganda,
and kenya for assistance on helping aids
outline of 1ac and affirmative cites:
all cards discuss the aids problem in africa- no cards specific to any country.
gonzaga
teams: ck, ml
kenyan deforestation
plan:
the congress and usaid will [through normal means] substantially increase its development assistance funds
regarding sustainable forest management to the government of kenya ? this involves technical assistance
and technology transfer to appropriate agencies in keny?a government and relevant local [of/or]
non?governmental organizations. funding and enforcement thru normal means.
1ac outline and cites:
o1 ? kenya?s forest management is in shambles:
resignation of mt. kenya national forest shows the frantic effort to save kenya?s wildlife from over-
exploitation, but institutional shortfalls make that impossible
africa news 8?17?00 "switch in managing the mount kenya forest"
kenya?s forest bill 2000 was the worst case of fraudulent advertising since the never ending story: it failed
to allocate resources or responsibility, and only accelerated illegal logging
an 8?17?00 (above)
despite strong institutional structures, kenya lacks funds and expertise to prevent deforestation
ralph schmidt 1999; forest to fight poverty; p. 84-5
lack of sustainable forest management programs in official development assistance ensures accelerated
deforestation
awang 8?8?2000; business times "sustainable forest management"
o2 ? lake victoria
rapid deforestation in kenya?s eastern rift valley will result in massive regional climate changes: shifting
water tables, species extinctions, & the drying up of lake victoria
africa news 7?17?00
"quarter or more of lake victoria
forests provide critical moisture traps ? prevent crop destroying temperature fluctuations
an 4?12?00 "acute temperature fluctuations"
forest root structures are critical to preventing massive floods and soil erosion
avalev 7?25?00; an "risk of flooding"
soil erosion leads to over-abundant nutrients. too much chewy goodness for algae destroys the lake?s
ecosystems: creates an unparalleled humanitarian crisis
knight 11---99 ips "would pose a greater humanitarian threat
algae cover will crush lake victoria?s aquatic life by preventing nutrient and sunlight absorption
canberra times 10?23?99 "increasing nutrient levels"
theresulting drought conditions place 16 million people in the path of an unstoppable famine
bertini 5?18?00; fns; "crisis in the horn of africa"
o3 ? species
numerous tree species are at risk of extinction due to deforestation. this will accelerate destruction of insect
& animal species
forestry & british timber 1998; october; "over a million species could be lost"
siltation due to soil erosion will suffocate marine ecosystems from the bottom up. numerous species are at
risk of extinction
avalew 7?25?00; an; "habitat and suffocates fish eggs
species loss is a roulette wheel of survival ? interdependence means each loss risk everything
santos 1999; environmental crisis, ct: greenwood, p. 35-36 " in view of their ecology role in
ecosystem?.human ind . an predict which species will provide valuable maerials in the future
o4 ? solvency
reforestation programs recreate nutrient sinks, which represents the spread of algae
**knight 11-5?99; ips "when forested and healthy"
establishment of community ownership ensures long-lasting protection by bridging economic and

environmental interests
**wily; aug. 28?30, 1996 world bank forestry forump. 17-18
development assistance is necessary to build local institutions & effective forest management programs
**schmidt 1999 forests to fight poverty; creating national strategies; p. 168-168

external expertise & funding are key to capacity building efforts in forest management
**schmidt; p. xii-xiv
empirically, direct us assistance and leadership is key to policy reform and effective conservation efforts
**seymour 1995; fns "root causes of these environmental threats"
us has expertise and resources due to forest serce contacts and monitoring programs
**eucamp 5?17?00; east usambara conservation area management practices;

bugwood.caes.ug.edu/easternarc/html/projects.html
as the world largest consumer, the us plays a key role in conservation efforts: strong forest management
program would spark international change
**brooks 2000; us forests in global context; www.fs.fed.us/global
gonzaga
rwandan reparations
plan:
the usfg will substantially increase its development assistance to
rwanda through payments of reparations for us inaction in the 1994 genocide.
funds will be coordinated between rwandan government agencies and local
non-governmental organizations, targeted at infrastructure development,
social service improvement, and assistance to the survivors of the 1994
genocide.
1ac outline and cites:
observation one:
rwanda is a wasteland today--the people in rwanda are the walking dead
**masire, '00 ("infrastructure had been destroyed")
us has failed to rebuild rwanda
**masire '00
observation two: us is responsible
deliberate us action prevented action in rwanda
omaar and de waal '94 (rwanda: death despair and defiance, september;
pg. xv)
we're complicit and we failed to give reparations
marano, 7/12/00, "certain actors external to rwanda"

need for us to take action is paramount [intervening actors card]
gewirth, univ. of chicago, '84 (theories of rights; pg. 100)
observation three: the consequences
a) health
lots of people die
**greenfeld, time, "rwandan sorrow" pg. 62, 2000."stops flowing"
des forges, leave none to tell the story, 1999; pg. 26-27
b) future genocides
responsibility key to stop future genocides
**staub, the roots of evil, 1989; pg. 171-172
solves another genocide/future genocides
**akhavan, harvard human rights journal, 1995; pg. 73
"another holocaust"
never again: solvency
must take responsibility
**washington times, 8/3/2000; aggressively blocked
reponsibility key to solve future genocides and save rwanda
**lewis, international herald tribune, 7/10/2000; morally incomprehensible
infrastructure and social service development key
**masire '00 (ipep report)
government coordination solve
**drumtra, www.africapolicy.org/docs98/rwan9802.2htm
"short-changed"
ngo's can't solve in rwanda
**kumar and tardif-douglin, 1996, journal of humanitarian assistance, march 1996
us leadership key to solvency
**loescher, beyond charity; pg. 196
each action key to stopping future genocide
**des forges, leave none to tell the story, 1999; pg. 271
econ. assistance key to solve future conflicts in rwanda

**prunier, the rwanda crisis: 1959-1994: history of a genocide, 354-355
2ac answers:
agent specification
1. cx checks abuse
2. unpredictability good in 1st debate: increases education
3. no cp in the round
4. only relevant on domestic topic
5. usfg better--unique link/ you should have ev. for normal means
6. pic's bad
7. not voting issue
8. no arguments were run that are relevant to it
9. not relevant to the resolution
borders answers
1. no link: plan gives $$ to subregional groups
2. link ev. doesn't assume plan/countries involved/whether social constructed
3. irrelevant
4. give relevant evidence to the survivors
5. don't claim to have objective knowledge socially constructed
6. empowering--use own identity to help them/better for them/use borders as
anti-colonial
7. must recognize countries exist for responsibility
8. no alternative--unable to act/case o/ws--genocide throughout the world
9. morally repugnanat
10. aid not a link
11. plan is act of subversion
12. only a description/not a legitimation
13. attacks legacy of colonialism--recognize geneaological perspective
14. takes responsibility for the action
15. 1ac inh. ev.--recognize survivors
16. plan is alternative

17. can lead to solutions
18. doesn't turn the case
--based with empirical knowledge
--local approach/tailored solutions k way
--k is an action--voting for the project/doesn't = alternative
19. borders crucial to challenging identity/good
20. plan takes responsibility for past colonialism/peacock
21. abandoning military containment challenges militarism
22. critical geopolitics doesn't change anything/dalby '80
23. we integrate alternative notions of security/dalby '80
24. can use statism and non-statism to attack borders/falk '92
25. must embrace both statism and non-statism/falk '92
26. attempts to change without action fails/wend '92
27. state can be progressive/can transform social knowledge/went '95
28. must use all possible evidence vs. borders/falk '92
29. plan is a genealogical approach/blaker '92
30. genealogical ev. answers on point
31. post-modernism fails--prevents understanding of humanity/morrison '97
32. turn: we critize capitalist history of rwanda
33. combining ir and realism best view (george '97)
34. k of agency is simplifying--romanticizes subjected people (britain '97)
35. no alternative--resistance is a buzz-word by k authors (everett '97)
36. permutation: recognize borders--give aid to survivors while deconstructing borders
37. divert away from pragmatism
harvard aff.
school: harvard
team(s): all
case: nih/cdc testing ? informed consent
i. inh us conducting genocidal medical experiments in the greater horn of

africa. women alive, www.thebody.com/wa/falwin97/placebo.html 쐬acebos,
ethics, and women p>
죯ntroversial durg study is leaving pregnant women at risk and stirring
outrage p>
two specific things about these clinical trials bum us out.
first, informed consent is not obtained. in 1998, nyt reported on clinical
trials in uganda. specter, 10/1/98, nyt, p. a1 쥶ery participant always
deserves to understand the risks and possibilities of trials p>
problem of informed consent will not go away. robert crouch and john
arras, hastings center report, 11/98, vol. 28, p. 26 쐬acebo-controlled
trials p>
ethical guidelines necessary for future aids esearch in uganda afr news
6/19/00 졮ything can happenignorance, desperation p>
one especially egregious abuse has been failure to disclose that placebos
are given to control groups. in 9/98, cleveland plain dealer exposed
trials on tuberculosis drugs in uganda.
9/9/98 p. ia 싡taliwa 쎤ibarekera p>
the nih and cdc have been incredibly lax about assuring that consent is
fully informed.
public citizen, 3/18/98 www.citizen.org/press/pr-sid-4.htm
쩮formed consent forms p>
clearly unethical. www.citizen.org/hrg/publications/1430.htm, dr. peter
lurie, 10/23/97
unethical studies on hiv-positive pregnant women, doc no. 1430
violating informed consent violates autonoy, treating persons as means to
an end. emanuel, jama, 5/24-31/00, vol. 283, no. 20, p. 2701 죬inical
researchinformed consent p>
second, we are doing research on a bunch of therapies the africans will
never be able to use. this amounts to using them as guinea pigs to improve
our medical care. this was clearly the case with the studies in tanzania,
kenya, and uganda on azt and vertical spread of aids
s. rebecca holmes-farley, american journal of law & medicine, vol. 24,
쳰onsored hiv research in developing countries p>
such an ostensible use was, at $50 per treatment, clearly unaffordable to
the citizens of the horn of africa from whose populatio the subjects were
drawn, as americapremier bioethicist and harvard debate alum george
annas, hastings center report, 11-12/98 p. 40
줥finition of exploitation p>
each personautonomy demands respect no matter the possible disadvantages
-- human dignity requires it. kant 1785, foundations for the metaphysics
of morals, in baird, modern philosophy, p. 614-15 쉮 the realm of ends. .
. every rational nature p>
we do not condone the use of sexist language; we do, however, believe that
the argument is legitimate if extended to all humans.
the use of people in medical experiments, without their consent, and to
develop therapies not available to them or their families or neighbors,
rather obviously violates the categorical imperative. kant, 1785, same as
above, in ellington, 1983 ed., pp. 35-36.
furthermore, these unethical experiments donchoose subjects at random
and abrogate their autonomy. quite to the contrary, just as the nazis
confined their horrors to the jews, so we only do the research on africans,
a clearly racist policy, as dr. wolfe explains in 4/27/97,
www.citizen.org/hrg/publications/14315.htm
the parallel to the nazis donstop there. jay katz, yale law prof,
medicine, ethics, and the third reich, 1994, pp. 79-80 씨e concentration
camp experiments. . . such a fate p>
p. 80 씨e holocaust was different. . . doing to them p>
plan: cdc and nih, in coordination with usaid, shall form an independent
working group to provide a package of development assistance to any area
within the greater horn of africa where clinical research is to be

conducted by the us government or us firms or nations. prior to the
beginning of clinical trials, the working group shall assist in delivering
sufficient information to insure informed consent. local health
information providers will be recruited and trained to explain medical
concepts in the local language. the working group shall evaluate local
needs for the therapies being tested and put in place plans to make such
therapies reasonably available to subject populations. should the latter
require drug company price concessions, those will be negotiated prior to
the start of the trials. should they request it, the working group will
provide technical assistance to governments, universities, ngos and others
in building the capacity to evaluate research proposals for use of human
subjects.
ii. solvency
working packages of information can be designed and delivered to insure
that consent is fully informed.
www.unaids.org/publications/documents/vaccines/vaccines/ethicsresearch.pdf
unaids, 5/00 ethical consids in hiv preventive vaccine research, p. 32
쁠process of consultation between community reps, researchers, sponsors
and regulatory bodies should be used to design an effective informed
consent strategy and process. . .
furthermore, realistic plans to make new therapies available to research
populations will be forthcoming. george annas, hastings center report,
11-12/98 p. 41 줥velop realistic plans to make their interventions
available p>
both goals, informed consent and therapeutic availability, can be promoted
by assisting the people and govts of africa to better evaluate research
proposals.
www.unaids.org/publications/documents/vaccines/vaccines/ethicsresearch.pdf
unaids, 5/00 ethical consids in hiv preventive vaccine research, p. 2
쳯me countries do not currently have the capacity to conduct independent,

competent and meaningful scientific and ethical reivew. . .
capacity-building for scientific and ethical review may also be developed
in collaboration with international agencies. . .
a law and a resulting medical ethics which always respect informed consent
is key to guarding against abuses, george annas, jama, 1996, 쎡zi medicine p>
jay katz, yale law prof, medicine, ethics, and the third reich, 1994, pp.
85 썥dicine can learn. . . invites abuse of research subjects. p>
finally, and most vitally, plan evidences a new understanding of the
lessons of nuremburg, threat of racist abuse is ever present and must be
resisted at every juncture.
annas and grodin, hofstra law and policy symposium, lexis, 차ysical
participationjustice jackson p>
only through a new understanding of auschwitz and nuremburg can we avoid
repetition of genocide atz, the nazi doctors and the nuremburg code,
1992, pp. 236-37
쓩nce the concentration camp. . . what transpired in the concentration camps p>
2ac answers to negative arguments and cites:
at: substantial t
1. definition arbitrary--refusal to admit silences
2. we meet--multimillion dollar drug transfer
3. aids‫ݩ‬s a fundamental development issue
4. only one case--bad for aff ground, plan inevit decreases gnp
5. we increase the cdc budget
6. other words check--g/g is enough neg gd
7. no bright line
8. we meet increase. national development assistance increases as a
result of plan
9. o툡nlon ev bad. 50% not enough
10. we increase ground
at: biodiversity aid t/off

1. no link--drug companies wonsubsidize drug purchases
2. no dollar to dollar threshold
3. no link--normal means is fy 2001 budget
4. no forced choice
5. earmarks create constituencies carter 00
6. no link--change within nih/cdc budget
7. no support extinction crisis 95
8. empirically denied in foreign affairs--sierra leone
9. morality claims outweigh
10. no specific internal link
at: politics
1. morally repugnant. hyperinstrumentalization. 쎥ver againazi-like
medical experiments
2. internal change in ethical standards has no perceptual effects
3. bottom of docket
4. shift to right wing support means no loss of israeli aid
5. not unique--debt relief dispute
6. no link--no controversy, few million spent
7. no one will bash plan. the ethical arguments would make it political
suicide
8. not unique--clinton$1 billion aid program
9. no evidence that peace process will collapse
10. too much invested in peace process for it to be affected
11. no evidence it will pass in sq
12. other issues divert attention
at: aid diversion
1. no link--aids ed spending, no specific to us funding its own studies
2. independent ethical review boards
3. no require money of other nations
4. recognize ngos and world health orgs

5. immoral--doesnjustfiy kiling afr babies; cando studies in us
6. no evidence that countries will give money for drugs
7. no scenario---uganda ex
at: ban testing cp
1. cp violates informed consent. we need to give them medicine.
a. hyperinstrumentalization
b. indifferent to afr women; drug cos get out; nazi-like concept
c. future ethical studies
2. no solve physical harm
3. no neg fiat
a. negation theory not real world
b. not ontologically relevant
4. resrouce rich countries have an ethical obligation joint ethical
committee 98
5. banning research bad. stifles innovation dominguez 97
6. americans must forcuse resources on disease centra 99
7 any interruption in testing leads to decreased access to effective
drugs med industry today
8. silencing argument bad--no explain how it happens
9. conditionality bad
a. moving target
b. fairness
at: solvency attacks
1. shift. likely to solve. drug companies want to do tests for viable drugs
2. donsolve poverty as constraint on choice.
3. no enforcement. courts wonimpose criminal sentences on drug co
defendants and africans cansue for civil damages in us courts due to
lack of resources and ed. we fund suits
4. mutations spread turn new republic 7/24/00 assumes sq; moral oblig to try
5. drugs canbe administered properly in africa 배? reforming aid solves

at: morality takeouts
1. utilitarianism. kantepistemology denies. hyperinstrumentalism ev
on case (cox)
2. incremental increases in choice require weighing mechs. we must do the
best we
can.
3. obligation to avoid nuc war. kateb. justifies holocaust; nation-state
infinitely self-justifying, must take stance against racism
4. morality must be weighed. sallis 70 kantian good will is an
unconditional value
5. survival is a biological imperative. fletcher 86. ridiculous. leads
to tyranny
at: usaid tradeoff
1.no link?plan would tradeoff within budget
2.no link?fy2001 budget
3.no internal link?tradeoff within own budget
4.empirically denied?congress spends all the time, increases budget
5.morality claims outweigh
6.t/mobilize support among public to increase the overall budget
7.extinction emp denied?lose species all the time
more at: cp?just end tests
1.cp won?t solve?we?ve promised and are obligated to provide treatment too
2.cp doesn?t ban future tests
3.cp can?t solve the global signal
4.links to development
5.links to aid tradeoff
6.won?t send the signal of neuremberg
7.banning tests will create more harm than good
8.interrupting aids treatment = resistance
9.mutations more lethal

10.need research to get cure?prenatal aids can be stopped with azt
11.save millions of lives with knowledge of research
**no 2ac answer to the womyn and science net benefit. 1ar says that we are assuming the womyn are too
stupid to make their own choices.
at: topicality?foreign aid not development assistance
1.wm: grassroots involved
2.wm: guarantee aid
3.wm: clinical trials = capacity building
4.development assistance = hiv research
5.c/i : aid = huge
6.counterinterp good and increases education
7.neg interp bad?bad for ground
8.extra t not a voter
9.only to greater horn of africa?this checks abuse
more at: diversion
1.assumes we just give money not what the plan does which is capacity building
2.non-unique get aid in sq
3.doesn?t take out the moral obligation
at: mutated drugs
1.assumes we stop treatment for those in the test group
2.non-unique?have drugs in sq
3.doesn?t take out moral obligation
at: development
1.no link-we don?t use word development
2.doesn?t take out our discourse
3.perf contradiction
4.we solve
5.perm
at: vagueness
1.no link?we say we use a working group
2.no impact?not a voter

3.we?re not vague
4.cx checks
things they go for:
morality claim?they say that the cp won?t solve by just banning tests because we need to send a global
signal to prevent future neurembergs?however their cards don?t say that us must give drugs etc, just that it
is good if we ban tests.
illinois state
-preamble: a segment of the sds port huron statement of '62
-15m abducted from afr b/w 1540-1850: spartacus internet encyclopedia
-slavery and legacy = foundation of white priv: mutua '99 (53 u miami l rev
1177)
-=spirit murder: williams '96 (42 u miami l rev 127)
-text of project:1) alex and i recog. and atone for the horros of slavery
perpetuated by amer. thru the slave system. we ask that all who hear our
apolo. join us in atoning. 2) alex and i demand that the usfg apolo. for
slavery and the cont'ing
benefits we as a nation, partic. "white" amers. gain from it. we demand the
usfg apolo. to the people of the gha and engage them in a dialogue to determ.
what kinds of restit. would be appropriate, including dev. asst. to further
clarify this
part of the proj., we offer the thoughts of dennis okungu '00.
-apolo. for us and "white responsibility for slavery and cont'd "white"
benefit is first step tow. restit: barkan 'oo (the guilt of nations)
-public db8 over apolo. forces engagement: barkan '00
-performance of guilt key as symbol of restit: barkan '00
thuoght/deed disparity = spiritual suicide: murphy '99 (transforming ourselves
transforming the world)
-we can conspire to make change thru kritik: murphy '99
one john brown = enuff to make change: ignatiev and garvey '96 (race traitor)
>we need a outline of what you say versus topicality? development assistance?
]
we're fx t. we'll defend we do dev asst, but the proj isn't spec.
>increase?
we obviously meet that one, or, at least, we'll never claim not to.
>what are your answers to extra-t all of africa?]
we conceed. xtra t is legit. zero i.r. abuse.
>
>if you don't answer disads, what do you say when people run them? an outline
>of this would be helpful as well...]
turn it with 1ac args--polit calcs caused this prob, in part, in the first
place.
>
>if you turn all the kritiks please explain how...]
feminism--straight turns thru conflation.
>spivak--straight link turns (we can claim spivak pretty self-evidently...this
team just messed up and didn't know what else to say)
>what args to you hear most often and what do you say to them?]
"apolo. = hollow" :1) do you have a better idea?
2) <card that says you're wrong, we're for real"
"no slaves from gha":1) are you kidding?
2) <card that says there were>
3) priv fx all people of afr decent
"afr elite were complicit": 1) not a justif to do nothing
2)doesn't answer priv args
3) <card on why this shouldn't matter>
"we can't arg slavery was good!": 1) we never said you had to, there are other
args to make
"no impx to spirit murder": 1) are you kidding?
2) <more ev.>
>with somehting like this, do you have a standard 2ac block or overview or
>anything? ]
not really.
>should debate policy?]
-we do debate policy
-should debate implix of a policy
-policy d/n exclude our subject
-gateway args.
-this is what caused the prob to begin with
language means nothing?
-liar liar
-lang creates reality
-<nihilism cards>
>what exactly do you do on the neg? just saying see aff isn't very helpful as
>your neg and aff sheets will be separated in the casebooks and online. how
is
>the critique/kritik/position structured?]
it is structured exactly the same.
hope that's more helpful for you. though, any team reading this should note
that the above project bears virtually no resemblance to the argumentation we
will be providing at wake. (other than the fact that our new discussion can
still basically
be categorized as "slavery bad"). :-)
iowa pr
rwanda aff
c1 ? description of the 1994 genocide
peterson 00 ? me against my brother pg. 252-3
more ghastly descriptions
oau report 2000
the genocide was not inevitable
peterson again
us abandoned rwanda, forcd others

peterson again
plan ? the usfg should pay rwanda reparations to compensate for the 1994 genocide.
c2 ? rwanda wants reparations, apology insufficient
africa news 7/12 "apologies alone"
reparations acknowledge our role and the inherent connectedness of otherness
alvarez in ?99 yale j. of international law summer
we actively endorse critical approaches to the plan
campbell ?96 in millenium 25
c3 ? our morality
our concept is one of being for the other ? it eschews strict rules in favor of solidarity
campbell ?94 moral spaces pg. 32-3
the morality is not steadfast, it is a plethora of alternatives
campbell pg. ix-x
utility and deontology lead to the same thinking as holocaust
campbell pg. viii
=springboard for rethinking
pg. 50-1
failure to recognize the other =?s genocides worldwide
destexhe ?95 rwanda and genocide in the 20th century

iowa pr
uganda-aids
observation 1 aids bad in uganda
kills 5500 daily- sandra thurman, fdch, 3/8/00 "africa buries 5500 men, women"
each infection key- elizabeth reid, aids in africa and the carribean, p. 44-45
1.44 million infections in uganda- xinhua general news service, 7/13/00, "the countries hailed"
uganda?s aids programs get modeled- business line 4/27/00 "every centre the team visited"
uganda?s programs include usaid to consult on hiv testing- tim dondero fdch 7/22/99 "behavioral studies have shown"
will run out of condoms at the end of this year- ap online february 18 2000 "ugandan government could run out of condoms"
uganda suplies condoms for free- japan economic newswire 9/16/99 "ugandan government has imported"
acute shortage in rural areas- kenzie cameron, power in the blood, 1999 ed. by elwood
plan: the us will ensure that uganda has an adequate supply of condoms to meet their needs. funding and enforcement guaranteed. we reserve the right to clarify intent
observation 2:
condoms save 5000 yearly- xinhua general news agency 7/26/00, "over a half million ugandans"
uganda asked for help- xinhua general news agency 5/23/00 "uganda is seeking 300 billion"
adequate supply key to family planning- james rosen, african population challenge: accelerating progress in reproductive health, 1998, p. 37
others donors follow the us- dellums, federal news service, 3/8/00 "we?re a lightning rod"
nations will only model us- richard holbrooke, federal news service, 7/12/00,
others model uganda- ap worldstream 2/13/97
uganda?s system can be replicated elsewhere-garry slutkin, fdch, 3/8/00 "sex habits are about the same"
condoms 98% effective- knight ridder/tribune 12/24/99 "offer good protection"
usaid solves best- rosen, (see above) p. 63
usaid best- carol peasley, fdch, 8/4/94
2ac answers:
vagueness-
-not a voting issue, just fore us to advocate an actor
-agent c/p justifies by hurting aff ground
-won?t shift plan
-conditional c/p?s check
japan c/p-
japan can?t solve:
-takes 2 years to procure/ ca 1ac cards
-giving $ in sq, no soft power link
-perm, do both, 2x solvency
no sinlge donor can solve- peasley, fdch 8/4/94 "population and family planning"
-international fiat bad
-perm?if japan has shortfall, us fills. not intrinsic, plan guaranteed condoms.
-conditionality bad
aid tradeoff biodiversity
-?
-?
-usaid doesn?t solve biodiversity
-no link, other discretionary spending
-non unique aid increasing- economist 2000
-extinction good for evolution
spanos
-no link to 1ac cards
-plan exposes flaws in aid
-sq = neglect
-kritik doesn?t solve and devalues aids
-perm juxtaposes flaws of development berg 54
-turn ?
rebuttal strategies and tricks:
2ar goes for international fiat bad
iowa cr
aff
plan: the usaid will increase development assistance for reconciliation
workshops as advocated by bronwyn lance. the workshops will seek to
establish localized slave agreements similar to the 1991 peace
agreements between the dinka, rizeiq and misiryah. fund, enforce,
implement, via normal means. aff reserves the right to specify and
clarify.
plan = aid to the splm, not the mf (government of sudan)
observation one: slavery continues
a) slavery is rampant in sudan: human rights watch 1999
brutal enslavement of victims of war: boston globe 1999
no prohibition on slavery 1997
horror stories of slavery widespread 1999
moral obligation to reject slavery
b)inaction = slavery: jacobs 1999
unicef and others ignore slavery to appease sudan: all african

news 2000
government efforts to end slavery fail now, 2000
sudan uses slavery as weapon of war, the record, 2000
us silence on slavery = genocide
observation two: solvency
reconciliation workshops, strengthening local peace making efforts
solves
2ac
note: the plan is popular
redemption add-on (against the oau counterplan)
american action to end slavery stops slave redemtion by ngo's (denver
post 8-22-99)
slave redemption promotes more raids = more slaves taken
atlantic monthly, july 1999
ir kritik turn
recognizing us role in sudanese slavery key to reconnecting us/african
interests
clinton turn: ending slavery in the sudan has bipartisan support "even
helms was moved to tears"
cites: bronwyn lance, of human bondage: an investigation into slavery
in present day sudan, april 1999
www.adti.net/html_files/africa/sudan-book.pdf
john prendergrast sudanese rebels at the crossroads: opportunities for
building peace in a shattered land, 1994 pg37-38
dayton daily news, 2-11-98 "khautovin arab tribesmen"
francis deng, war of visions: conflict of identities in the sudan
1995, pg 341-42
vs. international counterplans
best answer, ngo?s ngo's are buying back slaves which in turn is increasing the incentive for slavery and they won't stop until the us takes action because they percieve the us as the only
actor that can alleviate the problem.
iowa fv
plan: through appropriate and all necessary measures the usfg will enact
mine action development assistance within ethiopia, eritrea, somolia,
somaliland, uganda, djibouti, and burundi. mine actions needs will be
assessed and coordinated thru any and all relevant parties, including
government to government assistance for surveying, mapping, deming and
tech assistance, mine awareness, and victim support. funding and
enforcement through normal means.
ethiopia / eritrea border war scenario
james madison lm aff
school: james madison
team(s): lancaster and morrison
plan: thus jmu advocates that the united states should increase funds for hiv/aids prevention in the gh of a. usaid will be charged with offering and distributing these funds to government
and ngo actors within the gh of a for the dispersal of microloans designed to facilitate the empowerment of womyn and community-based organizations which are committed to
community empowerment, aids prevention, home-based care and/or orphan support. usaid will also offer funds, training and other relevant asst to gov and ngo actors which are
committed to community based, cultural sensitivity and gender oriented aids prevention programs including workshops which utilize a "political, economic and cultural" approach,
youth-based aids education. funding from existing aids/hiv prevention efforts and a subs. increase in new spending. nothing should be or will be construed so as to contradict state dept
policy. we?ll clarify.
inherency: aids bad
contention 2: status quo won't solve
biomedical discourse
doesn't address poverty / social issues
oppression blocks
solvency: need empowerment ? economic and social
schdepe, 98, 97, 91
john carroll
uganda ebola/desaease aff
inherency:
10-18: ebola time bomb
stratfor 10-18: new problems, spread virus
af. news 10-18: cordoned off, downplayed
harms:
calgary sun 10-18: so much to be done
kills all it infects
10-27: 200 cases in camps w/ 100thousand people living in camps
nyt 10-28: health oficials said today
simmons, 10-18: kenya not have equipment to test
xxx:; inevitable recurrance, socio/bio factors
hughes 98: travels country to country could go to whole world
gordon 2000: catastrophe, biowar, trade restrictions, etc.
plan: no text here. they set up a cdc style center w/ containment facilities. it's a regional center but located in kenya. they train, integrate, and do surveillance. plan has usaid involved,
too, but they say this can be done without congress
solvency:
garrett 2000: need surveillance will have multiple repetitions, part of global ecology
hughes 98: us has expertise tracking molecular fingerprint
hughes 98: something about a fellowship program for researchers
hughes 98: congo, e.g., need to consider in forgn aid decisions
sasher 2000: expensive intervention in future if do nothing now, could hurt us leadership
add-on: biowarfare: they say the knowledge we get in process also helps us prevent harm of biowar or bioterror, which outweighs nuclear war
vs. who c-plan: bunch of theory plus: 1) who is corrupt, 2) cdc more expert, 3) cdc best for bioterror add-on, 4) perm, normal means is cdc coops w/ who
vs. politics disads: cdc does plan, not congress, aid is popular, bipart support for aid to africa, af-am voters support
vs. aid trade-off: not unique b/c debt relief, other health programs, we are cdc, approps will be approved anyway, no link, we fund from discretionary account
cites: garrett, betrayal of trust, 2000, p. 103
hughes, 4/23/98, fns "uniques expertise" and "surveillance"
satcher, david, fns 6/29/2000 "investment in global health may therefore yield"
bioterror add-on cite: www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/bioterr.htm
john carroll old aff: pesticide remediation
obs one we're all gonna die
too many pesticide stockpiles from past inside tanzania, threaten
environmental nightmare
anne simmons, la times, 5-30, in the mid 1970s to 1980s we had a power
need to improve
agrictultural production
lack of assistance/tech stops disposal
perea, 10-24-97, inter press service, "the main causes of the
accumulating stocks include
replacement of outdated formulations by new and more effective ones"
scenario one - poison
stockpiles a timebomb
simmons, 2000
ddt exposure risks severe health effects, cancer/physical defects wwf
1999, hazards and
exposures associated with ddt and synthetic pyrethoids used for vector
control, january,
www.worldwildife.org/news/pubs/toxic/tox.html
exposure causes death
wwf, 1999, successful, safe and sustainable alternatives to persistent
organic pollutants
scenario two - ecocide
leaking stockpiles risk environmental catastrophe
simmons, 00
concentrated exposure causes extinction
wwf 1999, successful, safe?
threatens eco-collapse
chivian 1994, critical condition, p. 195
destruction of individual ecosystems risk human extinction
wilson, the diversity of life, 1992
scenario 3 - disruption
ddt is an endocrine disruptor, wwf 1998, "resolving the ddt dilemma:
protecting biodiversity
and human health, june" www.worldwildlife.org/news/pubs/toxics/tox.htm
maims and mutilates animal and human pops
colborn, 96, p. 165-66

exposure worse than extinction
colborn, 96
scenario 4 - disease
pesticides erode the immune system
wwf 98, resolving the ddt dilemma
certain death - weakened will die of disease
american health line, 4-27-00, "hoping to stop an outbreak of the west
nile virus"
plan usfg should substantially increase its da, including increasing g2g
asst., within the gha though a joint effort with appt. us agencies and the national
environmental management
council of tanzania to ensure the clean up and bioremediation of
chemical compounds identified by the nemd for disposal. f & e thourgh normal means. reserve right to clarify
solvency
tanzania is looking for increased financial and technical support
simmons, 00
besides not having bioremediation, ngos can colve b/c the stockpiles are
govt. owned
pana 00, feb 2, "the wastes, banned and highly toxic substances, include
200 tonnes"
us bioremediation efforts solve
green, 3-9-00, tampa tribune, "though $3.5 million to $4 million will be
spent on bacteria-based cleanup"
bioremedation breaks down stockpiles
renner, 8-1-98, environmental science and technology, p. 361a
bioremedation restores natural habitats
walker 5-11-99, the news, "in a year long test at an old pesticide
factory in tampa, fla.,astrazeneca's"
only the epa has perfected process
green, 3-9-00
competitiveness add-on
bioremedation companies pushed out of us market
chemical week, 1-13-99, p. ln "these trends are encouraging innovation
in the industry's growth sectors - but not in the cleanup"
plan gives them a new market, solves for cbw proliferation
famine add-on - perception of ddt stops food exports from tanzania,
crushes economy and causes famine
lake victoria add-on - basically internal links to ecocide they should
read in the 1ac.

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alabama

a. a large demand exist in kenya for family planning(prof okoth-ogendo

9/8/00 (public law @ u of nairobi, fmr head of cnt at family studies,

in the financing of family planning services 1999

nation 1999 ( "material death causes aithinod" aug 5)

b. hundreds of thousands have been effected by aids in kenya (gm baltazar 99

women's lives, protecting women's health,"

plan: in consultation with all relevant actors, the usfg should

including gov to gov assistance to kenya, specifically the united states

agency for international development shall integrate gender planning and

violence counseling into family planning programs, a shift from population

control to reproduction health shall be implemented in family planning

programs. aff reserves the right to clarify intent.

a. violence against women is widespread in kenya. (akcinyi '98)

b. thousands of women assaulted in kenya ( inter press service 5/4/99)

c. must integrate violence counseling more in family planning ( blauccy 98)

adv 2 gender planning

a. current approach focus to heavily on population control and rob women of

the reproduction choices ( hentuenn 95)

b. gender planning is key in family planning (recourses for population,

health and nutrition 10/8/98)

c. gender analysis solves (recourses for population, health and nutrition

d. men can be involved in foreign policy and change attitudes (

e. empowering women breakdown stero typical gender norms ( dr. gupta 96 )

arizona state affirmative:

arizona state ft, mr:

6000 womyn a day

dorkenoo '95 "cutting the rose" isbn # 1-873194-60-9

80-90% are in the greater horn

cardenas '99, syracuse j. of int'l l. & commerce, spring

africa news 8-3-00 "immediate physical problems of fgm"

talle '93, in carved flesh, cast selves, ed. vigdis broch-due

gvt. not acting

must increase funding for fgm efforts

us support is critical to stopping fgm in the us

sussman '98, cornell int'l l.j., vol. 31, pp. 194-250

us support for ngo is key

steele '95, georgetown immigration l.j., winter, pp. 105-135

narrative from waris dirie, www.fgmnetwork.org/articles/waris.htm

precedent is set for intervention

disad answers / tricks:

arizona state lm: primates

observation 1: status quo bad

bush meat trade is exploding. great apes are uniqueley at risk

africa news 2000 "result has been"

local governments lack resources

hemley 2000 (fns, june 20, "their critical habitats")

gorillas are key to local economies

wolf 2000 (fns, june 20, "with absolute certainty")

advantage one: species

must act now- next 10 years are key

on the brink of mass primate extinction

usa today sep 12, 2000

primates are a keystone species

redmond, 98 (www.psgb.org/meetings/spring1998.html; acc: 8/25/2000)

each species is key

new scientist 12/11/99 "damage it sufficiently"

bush meat trade spreads diseases

msnbc '99 ("death lurks in the jungle"; www.msnbc.com/news/329973.asp; nov 4,

aids comes from primates. failure to act = new strains of aids

rose '99 ( "human health...", www.biosynergy.org, acc: 8/25/2000)

new epidemics will spread globally

msnbc '99 (same as above)