IMMUNCLCG extracted from Iawetz

Adhes|on mo|ecu|es lor example Lhe lnLegrlns and selecLlns 1hese are molecules LhaL medlaLe Lhe blndlng of cells Lo oLher cells or Lo
exLracellular maLrlx molecules such as flbronecLln
Anaphy|atox|ns lragmenLs of complemenL proLelns released durlng acLlvaLlon 8esulL ln lncreased vascular permeablllLy and aLLracL
leukocyLes
Ant|body (Ab) A proLeln produced as a resulL of lnLeracLlon wlLh an anLlgen 1he proLeln has Lhe ablllLy Lo comblne wlLh Lhe anLlgen LhaL
sLlmulaLed lLs producLlon
Ant|gen (Ag) A subsLance LhaL can reacL wlLh an anLlbody noL all anLlgens can lnduce anLlbody producLlon Lhose LhaL can are also called
lmmunogens
8 ce|| (a|so 8 |ymphocyte) 8 cells are Lhe precursors of plasma cells LhaL produce anLlbody
Ce||med|ated (ce||u|ar) |mmun|ty lmmunlLy ln whlch Lhe parLlclpaLlon of lymphocyLes and macrophages ls predomlnanL CellmedlaLed
lmmunlLy ls a Lerm generally applled Lo Lhe Lype lv hypersenslLlvlLy reacLlon
Chemok|nes LowmolecularwelghL proLelns LhaL sLlmulaLe leukocyLe movemenL
Chemotax|s A process whereby phagocyLlc cells are aLLracLed Lo Lhe vlclnlLy of lnvadlng paLhogens
Comp|ement A seL of plasma proLelns LhaL ls Lhe prlmary medlaLor of anLlgenanLlbody reacLlons
Cyto|ys|s 1he lysls of bacLerla or of cells such as Lumor or red blood cells by lnserLlon of Lhe membrane aLLack complex derlved from
complemenL acLlvaLlon
Cytotox|c 1 ce|| 1 cells LhaL can klll oLher cells eg cells lnfecLed wlLh lnLracellular paLhogens
Lndotox|ns 8acLerlal Loxlns released from damaged cells
Lp|tope SlLe on an anLlgen recognlzed by an anLlbody Also known as an anLlgenlc deLermlnanL
napten A molecule LhaL ls noL lmmunogenlc by lLself buL can reacL wlLh speclflc anLlbody
n|stocompat|b|e Sharlng LransplanLaLlon anLlgens
numora| |mmun|ty erLalnlng Lo lmmunlLy ln a body fluld and used Lo denoLe lmmunlLy medlaLed by anLlbody and complemenL
2) Ce||med|ated hypersens|t|v|ty
1ype IV De|ayed 1 lymphocyLes senslLlzed by an anLlgen release cyLoklnes upon second conLacL wlLh Lhe same anLlgen 1he cyLoklnes
lnduce lnflammaLlon and acLlvaLe macrophages
Immune response uevelopmenL of reslsLance (lmmunlLy) Lo a forelgn subsLance (eg lnfecLlous agenL) lL can be anLlbodymedlaLed
(humoral) cellmedlaLed (cellular) or boLh
Immun|ty
(1) Innate |mmun|ty nonspeclflc reslsLance noL acqulred Lhrough conLacL wlLh an anLlgen lL lncludes skln and mucous membrane barrlers
Lo lnfecLlous agenLs and a varleLy of nonspeclflc lmmunologlc facLors and lL may vary wlLh age and hormonal or meLabollc acLlvlLy
(2) Adapt|ve |mmun|ty roLecLlon acqulred by dellberaLe lnLroducLlon of an anLlgen lnLo a responslve hosL AcLlve lmmunlLy ls speclflc
and ls medlaLed by elLher anLlbody or lymphold cells (or boLh)
Immunog|obu||n A glycoproLeln composed of P and L chalns LhaL funcLlons as anLlbody All anLlbodles are lmmunoglobullns buL noL all
lmmunoglobullns have anLlbody funcLlon
Immunog|obu||n c|ass A subdlvlslon of lmmunoglobulln molecules based on sLrucLural (amlno acld sequence) dlfferences ln humans
Lhere are flve lmmunoglobulln classes lgC lgM lgA lgL and lgu
Immunog|obu||n subc|ass A subdlvlslon of Lhe classes of lmmunoglobullns based on sLrucLural dlfferences ln Lhe P chalns lor human lgC
Lhere are four subclasses lgC1 lgC2 lgC3 and lgC4
Inf|ammat|on Local accumulaLlon of fluld and cells afLer ln[ury or lnfecLlon
Interferon Cne of a heLerogeneous group of lowmolecularwelghL proLelns elaboraLed by lnfecLed hosL cells LhaL proLecL nonlnfecLed
cells from vlral lnfecLlon lnLerferons whlch are cyLoklnes also have lmmunomodulaLlng funcLlons
Leukocyte Ceneral Lerm for a whlLe cell
Lymphocyte A mononuclear cell 712 mlcromeLer ln dlameLer conLalnlng a nucleus wlLh densely packed chromaLln and a small rlm of
cyLoplasm LymphocyLes lnclude Lhe 1 cells and 8 cells whlch have prlmary roles ln lmmunlLy
Macrophage A phagocyLlc mononuclear cell derlved from bone marrow monocyLes and found ln Llssues and aL Lhe slLe of lnflammaLlon
Macrophages serve accessory roles ln lmmunlLy parLlcularly as anLlgenpresenLlng cells (ACs)
Ma[or h|stocompat|b|||ty comp|ex (MnC) A clusLer of genes locaLed ln close proxlmlLy eg on human chromosome 6 LhaL encode Lhe
hlsLocompaLlblllLy anLlgens (MPC molecules)
Membrane attack comp|ex 1he end producL of acLlvaLlon of Lhe complemenL cascade whlch conLalns C3 C6 C7 and C8 (and C9) 1he
membrane aLLack complex makes holes ln Lhe membranes of gramnegaLlve bacLerla kllllng Lhem and ln red blood or oLher cells
resulLlng ln lysls
Monoc|ona| ant|bod|es Lach 8 lymphocyLe produces anLlbody of a slngle speclflclLy Powever normal 8 cells do noL grow lndeflnlLely lf 8
cells are fused Lo a myeloma cell by somaLlc cell hybrldlzaLlon and fused cells LhaL secreLe Lhe deslred anLlbody speclflclLy are selecLed an
lmmorLallzed anLlbodyproduclng cell llne known as a hybrldoma ls obLalned and Lhese hybrld cells produce monoclonal anLlbodles
Monocyte A clrculaLlng phagocyLlc blood cell LhaL develops lnLo Llssue macrophages
nybr|doma a hybrld cell produced by Lhe fuslon of an anLlbodyproduclng lymphocyLe wlLh a Lumor cell and used Lo culLure conLlnuously
a speclflc monoclonal anLlbody
Natura| k|||er (Nk) ce||s Large granular lymphold cells wlLh no known anLlgenspeclflc recepLors 1hey are able Lo recognlze and klll cerLaln
abnormal cells eg Lumor cells and also acLlvaLe Lhe lnnaLe response
Cpson|n A subsLance capable of enhanclng phagocyLosls AnLlbodles and complemenL are Lhe Lwo maln opsonlns
Cpson|zat|on 1he coaLlng of an anLlgen or parLlcle (eg lnfecLlous agenL) by subsLances such as anLlbodles complemenL componenLs
flbronecLln and so forLh LhaL faclllLaLe upLake of Lhe forelgn parLlcle lnLo a phagocyLlc cell
|asma ce|| A Lermlnally dlfferenLlaLed 8 cell LhaL secreLes anLlbody
lasma cell a lymphocyLe LhaL ls a maLure anLlbodysecreLlng 8 cell
o|ymorphonuc|ear ce|| (MN) Also known as a neuLrophll or granulocyLe a Mn ls characLerlzed by a mulLllobed nucleus Mns mlgraLe
from Lhe clrculaLlon Lo a slLe of lnflammaLlon by chemoLaxls and are phagocyLlc for bacLerla and oLher parLlcles
1 ce|| (a|so 1 |ymphocyte) A Lhymusderlved cell LhaL parLlclpaLes ln a varleLy of cellmedlaLed lmmune reacLlons
1hymocytes ueveloplng 1 cells found ln Lhe Lhymus
Vacc|nat|on lnducLlon of lmmunlLy by ln[ecLlng a dead or aLLenuaLed form of a paLhogen


lmmunlLy Lhe lmmune 8esponse
lmmune responses can be lnnaLe (nonadapLlve) or adapLlve (acqulred)
lnnaLe lmmunlLy
lnnaLe lmmunlLy ls reslsLance LhaL ls preexlsLlng and ls noL acqulred Lhrough conLacL wlLh a nonself
(forelgn) enLlLy known as an ant|gen lL ls nonspeclflc and lncludes barrlers Lo lnfecLlous agenLseg
skln and mucous membranes phagocyLlc cells lnflammaLory medlaLors and complemenL
componenLs lL may vary wlLh age and wlLh hormonal or meLabollc acLlvlLy
AdapLlve lmmunlLy
AdapLlve lmmunlLy whlch occurs afLer exposure Lo an anLlgen (eg an lnfecLlous agenL) ls speclflc
and ls medlaLed by elLher anLlbody or lymphold cells lL can be passlve or acLlve
asslve lmmunlLy
asslve lmmunlLy ls LransmlLLed by anLlbodles or lymphocyLes preformed ln anoLher hosL 1he
passlve admlnlsLraLlon of anLlbody (ln anLlsera) agalnsL cerLaln vlruses (eg hepaLlLls 8) can be useful
durlng Lhe lncubaLlon perlod Lo llmlL vlral mulLlpllcaLlon eg afLer a needlesLlck ln[ury Lo someone
who has noL been vacclnaLed 1he maln advanLage of passlve lmmunlzaLlon wlLh preformed
anLlbodles ls Lhe prompL avallablllLy of large amounLs of anLlbody dlsadvanLages are Lhe shorL llfe
span of Lhese anLlbodles and posslble hypersenslLlvlLy reacLlons lf anLlbodles (lmmunoglobullns)
from anoLher specles are admlnlsLered
AcLlve lmmunlLy
AcLlve lmmunlLy ls lnduced afLer conLacL wlLh forelgn anLlgens (eg mlcroorganlsms or Lhelr
producLs) 1hls conLacL may conslsL of cllnlcal or subcllnlcal lnfecLlon lmmunlzaLlon wlLh llve or kllled
lnfecLlous agenLs or Lhelr anLlgens exposure Lo mlcroblal producLs (eg Loxlns Loxolds) or
LransplanLaLlon of forelgn cells ln all Lhese lnsLances Lhe hosL acLlvely produces anLlbodles and
lymphold cells acqulre Lhe ablllLy Lo respond Lo Lhe anLlgens AdvanLages of acLlve lmmunlLy lnclude
longLerm reslsLance (based on memory of prlor conLacL wlLh anLlgen and Lhe capaclLy Lo respond
fasLer and Lo a greaLer exLenL on subsequenL conLacL wlLh Lhe same anLlgen) dlsadvanLages lnclude
Lhe slow onseL of reslsLance and Lhe need for prolonged or repeaLed conLacL wlLh Lhe anLlgen