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Steve Stearns, K6OIK Northrop Grumman Electromagnetic Systems Laboratory San Jose, California stearns@ieee.org k6oik@arrl.net
Topics
Transmission line distributed parameters Complex characteristic impedance and propagation constant Attenuation constant and velocity factor Relation between attenuation constant and matched loss SWR variation on lossy lines Total line loss with unmatched load Power transfer and loss with lossy lines Solution for maximum power transfer through a lossy line Tools and references
Software, books, articles
I(x)
V(x)
G x
C x
dV dx dI dx
(R (G
j L) I ( x ) j C ) V ( x)
d 2V dx 2 d 2I dx 2
(R (R
j L) (G j L) (G
j C ) V ( x) j C ) I ( x)
V ( x) V0 e I ( x) V0 e Z0
V0 e V0 e Z0 j C) j L j C
Propagation constant
(R
j L) (G R G
j
Attenuation per unit length
Characteristic impedance
Z0
Z0
Z 0, infinity
R G
Z 0, DC
Transmission Line Distributed Parameters from Physical Dimensions and Material Properties
s
dielectric
a b c
dielectric
conductor
c c c
Parameter
/m
2
1 2 b ln a 2
c
1 a 1 2 a b a
1 b 1 b
2a
1 a
L H/m
cosh 1
s 2a
G S/m
C F/m
ln 2 ln
cosh 1
s 2a
m
f
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S.D. Stearns, K6OIK
b a 1
c c
cosh 1
for copper
s 2a 8.5 mm at 60 Hz
Copper
Z 0 119.917 cosh
Approximate, asymptotic formula
s d
Accurate only for large spacings: s/d > 3 or large impedances: Z0 > several hundred
Z0
2s 120 ln d
276 log 10
2s d
Approximate Formula 276 log10(2s/d ) = 120 ln(2s/d ) ARRL Antenna Book ARRL Handbook Exact Formula if << a 119.917 cosh-1(s/d )
Z 0 ohms
1.8
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
s/d Ratio
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S.D. Stearns, K6OIK ARRL Pacificon Antenna Seminar, San Ramon, CA October 15-17, 2010
Facts
For open-wire line, Z0 approaches zero as s/d approaches unity In the limit as the wires touch, the characteristic impedance is that of a short circuit The confusion comes from using the asymptotic formula in a region where it is not accurate
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12
13
Tx
SWR Meter
Transmission Line
SWR Meter
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Answer
For lossless lines:
Forward and reverse wave amplitudes are the same everywhere along the line SWR is the same everywhere along the line SWR is the ratio of max to min voltage (or current) along the line
1 SWR 1
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S.D. Stearns, K6OIK
PR PF PR PF
1 | | 1 | |
Source: R.A. Chipman, Schaums Theory and Problems of Transmission Lines, Fig. 8-10, p. 170, McGraw Hill, 1968
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1 SWR
Source: R.A. Chipman, Schaums Theory and Problems of Transmission Lines, Fig. 8-11, p. 171, McGraw Hill, 1968
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SWR
4 3.5 Z 0 = 100
Z0 RL max or RL Z0
SWR
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20
Published in German
K. Rothammel (Y21BK), Antennenbuch, Fig. 5.25, p. 98, 1981
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22
23
Transmission Line
PF,Load PR,Load
PF ,Load PR ,Load
1 PF ,Tx a a PR ,Tx
real constant greater than unity, expressible in terms of the lines attenuation constant and scattering parameters as
for for
or
l / 1000
Load
PR , Load PF , Load
PR ,Tx PF ,Tx
a2 |
|2 in
Load
| 1
in
1 a
in
SWRTx 1 | SWRTx 1
and
Load
1 1
25
SWRTx
(a 1) (a 1)
a a a a
1 1 1 1
1 SWR Load
1 SWRTx
a 1 coth l a 1
26
max SWRTx
a 1 a 1
10
Easy way to determine a lines matched loss: (1) Terminate the line with an open or short, (2) Measure the SWR at the input end, (3) Look up the matched loss on this graph
1 0.1 1 10 100
Matched Loss dB
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S.D. Stearns, K6OIK ARRL Pacificon Antenna Seminar, San Ramon, CA October 15-17, 2010
SWR Load
For
(a 1) SWRTx (a 1) (a 1) SWRTx (a 1)
SWRTx 1 SWRTx
a a a a
1 1 1 1
1 SWRTx
a 1 coth l a 1
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100
10
SWR at Antenna
Matched Loss dB 10
1 1
Source: K. Rothammel (Y21BK), Antennenbuch, Fig. 5.26, p. 99, 1981
10 SWR at Transmitter
October 15-17, 2010
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SWR Load
SWRTx
1 SWRTx
1 SWRTx
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S.D. Stearns, K6OIK
a 1 coth l a 1
October 15-17, 2010
10
Matched Loss dB
SWR Ratio
10
Matched Loss dB
0.5 2
1.5
2 1 0.5 0 1 1.5 SWR at Transmitter 0.2 0.1 0 2 1 1 1.5 SWR at Transmitter 1 0.5 0.2 0.1 0 2
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Power Loss
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PF1 PR1
2-Port
PF2 PR2
ILdB
Lossless networks
MLdB
DLdB
Reflectionless networks
DLdB ILdB
0 MLdB
MLdB ILdB
0 DLdB
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Return Loss
5
Loss (dB)
RL
10 log 10 | |2
ML 10 log 10 (1 | |2 )
Mismatch Loss
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
SWR
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S.D. Stearns, K6OIK ARRL Pacificon Antenna Seminar, San Ramon, CA October 15-17, 2010
Facts
Return loss is more common than SWR in professional RF design papers, but its misuse is of concern T.S. Bird, Definition and Misuse of Return Loss, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 166-167, Apr. 2009 Ed Wetherhold (W3NQN), Return Loss Definition, QST, vol. 94, no. 9, pp. 45-47, Sept. 2010 Gary Breed (K9AY), Return Loss, Reflection Coefficient and |S11|, High Frequency Electronics, vol. 9, no. 9, p. 80, Sept. 2010
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10 log 10
|2 in |2 Load
October 15-17, 2010
1 10 log 10
1) 2
37
10 7 5 4 1 3
ARRL Handbook, 87th ed., Fig. 20.4, p. 20.5 ARRL Antenna Book, 21st ed., Fig. 14, p. 24-10
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8 7
Additional Loss Due to SWR dB
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40
Consequently, the source impedance is matched to the input impedance of the line, and the output impedance of the line is matched to its 100-ohm load. ... Thus the output of the line ... is delivering to the load all of the power that is available at the line output. Ergo, there is a conjugate match by definition between the source and the line input and between the output impedance of the line and the load impedance (Axioms 1 and 2) despite the 1.0-dB attenuation in the line. Walter Maxwell, W2DU, Reflections II, p. A9-8, Worldradio Books, 2001. Also in Reflections III, sec. A9A.5, CQ Communications, 2010.
Facts
Circuit analysis reveals that the load is not conjugately matched to the line, only the source is conjugately matched A single-end conjugate match (at source or load) does not deliver maximum power to the load if the line is lossy Maxwell mistakenly believes otherwise
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S.D. Stearns, K6OIK ARRL Pacificon Antenna Seminar, San Ramon, CA October 15-17, 2010
Analysis
Determine the Thevenin equivalent source
86 Lossy Line ZT Z0 = 50 Len = /2 ML = 1 dB Source
ES
100
ET
100
Thevenin equivalent
ET ZT
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ET
Eopen circuit
ES
ZT
ES
1 cosh l 86 1 tanh l 50
0.8298 ES
ZT
Z0
ZT
86 tanh l 50 50 86 1 tanh l 50
76.62 ohms
General equations
Substituting:
l=
and
l = 1 dB
100 load is not Z0 matched to 50 nor conjugately matched to 76.6 SWR = 2 at load means 0.2 dB of additional, avoidable loss is present All available power is NOT delivered to the load
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S.D. Stearns, K6OIK ARRL Pacificon Antenna Seminar, San Ramon, CA October 15-17, 2010
ES
ZL
ES
ZL
Source
For a given source, the load impedance that maximizes the power taken from the source is the conjugate of the source impedance Note, the theorem does NOT state that if the load impedance is given, then the source impedance that results in maximum power delivery to the load is the conjugate of the load impedance However, if a lossless 2-port network is inserted between source and load, then for a given load impedance, the load gets maximum power when the network presents conjugate impedances to the source and load
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45
ES
ZL
Source
Consider a series of lossless 2-port networks connected in cascade between a source and a load Theorem: If a conjugate match exists at any port in the cascade, then a conjugate match exists at every port in the cascade, including the input and output ports connected to the source and load All available power is delivered to the load Example: Consider a transmitter, a lossless coupling network, and a transmission line. If the coupling network is conjugately matched, then the transmission line receives all available power from the transmitter
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S.D. Stearns, K6OIK ARRL Pacificon Antenna Seminar, San Ramon, CA October 15-17, 2010
I1
Transmission Line
coth l Z0 1 sinh l coth l Y0 1 sinh l cosh l Y0 sinh l 1 sinh l coth l 1 sinh l coth l
I2
+ V2
a1 b1
Transmission Line
b1 b2 e 0
l
a2 b2
E1 E2
I1 I2
e 0 j
a1 a2
I1 I2 E1 I1
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E1 E2 E2 I2
( l j l)
Z 0 sinh l cosh l
det S
Rolletts K factor
s11s22
s12 s21 | |2
e e K
2( l j l ) 2 l
cosh l 1
Bodways B factors
B1 1 | s11 |2 B2 C1 C1
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| |2 | |2
B1 1 e B2 C1 C2 1 e 0 0
4 l 4 l
0 0
C factors
GT
Power delivered to load Power available from source (1 | S |2 ) | s21 |2 (1 | L |2 ) (1 s11 S ) (1 s22 s12 s21 L) |2 ) L
2 L S L
2 S
GT
(1 |
|2 ) e
2 l
(1 |
1 e
2( l j l )
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GMAX
S | and | S |
max GT K2 1 ]
| s21 | [K | s12 |
For transmission line
l
GMAX
1 a
matched loss
50
Shepard Roberts
51
s11 s22
L L S S
L L S S
* S
e e
2( l j l ) L
* L
out
* L
2( l j l ) S
G.D. Vendelin, 1982 C. Bowick, 1982 R.E. Collin, 1992 W. Hayward, 1994 G. Gonzalez, 1997 D.M. Pozar, 1999 R. Ludwig and P. Brechto, 2000
ARRL Pacificon Antenna Seminar, San Ramon, CA October 15-17, 2010
e e
2( l j l ) L 2( l j l ) S
| |
| e
2 l 2 l
| |
L S
| |
| |
S L
| | | |
L S
| |
e L |
Unique solution
S L
The solution specifies a pair of lossless match networks at both transmission line ports Together, the networks give a simultaneous conjugate match But, they do this by implementing double Z0 matchs
Input network transforms source impedance to Z0 Output network transforms load impedance to Z0
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S.D. Stearns, K6OIK ARRL Pacificon Antenna Seminar, San Ramon, CA October 15-17, 2010
+ ES _
Z in ZT
Z in
* ZT
Z L eff Z out
Z L eff
* Z out
ZL
If the 2-port is a transmission line then the general solution requires that
ZT
Z in
Z out
Z L eff
Z0
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Comments
Power transfer to a load through a lossy line is maximized by simultaneous conjugate matching at both ends
Maximizes transducer power gain of the transmission line Technique is well known in solid-state RF amplifier design
The max power solution specifies a pair of networks at both transmission line ports
Input network transforms source impedance to Z0 Output network transforms load impedance to Z0
The solution is NOT a single-ended conjugate match at source or load! The max power output network at the load is a Z0 match
SWR on the line is unity, no reflected wave, no additional loss
This half of the solution should be used The input network should not be used with a solid-state amplifier unless the amplifier is unconditionally stable as it can move the load impedance on the transistors outside the stable region of operation
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S.D. Stearns, K6OIK ARRL Pacificon Antenna Seminar, San Ramon, CA October 15-17, 2010
Conjugate matching at the source permits reflected waves on the line and can damage solid-state amplifiers
Conjugate match network between amplifier and transmission line interferes with the amplifiers coupling network and can make the amplifier unstable unless the transistors are unconditionally stable Transistor gain can be unwittingly altered to exceed maximum stable gain (MSG) refer to stability circles on Smith chart
ARRL Pacificon Antenna Seminar, San Ramon, CA October 15-17, 2010
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Match network design with frequency sweep and Smith chart display
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References
Maximum power transfer
W.L. Everitt, Communication Engineering, 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill, 1937 S. Roberts, Conjugate-Image Impedances, Proc. IRE, April 1946
Amplifier design
C. Bowick, RF Circuit Design, 2nd ed., pp. 128-131, Newnes, 2007, ISBN 0750685182 R. Ludwig and P. Brechto, RF Circuit Design: Theory and Applications, pp. 492-495, Prentice-Hall, 2000 D.M. Pozar, Microwave Engineering, 2nd ed., pp. 618-621, Wiley 1999 G. Gonzalez, Microwave Transistor Amplifiers: Analysis and Design, 2nd ed., pp. 240-252, 466-468, Prentice-Hall, 1997, ISBN 0132543354 W. Hayward, W7ZOI, Introduction to Radio Frequency Design, pp. 196197, ARRL, 1994, ISBN 0872594920 R.E. Collin, Foundation for Microwave Engineering, 2nd ed., pp. 730733, Wiley, 1992 G.D. Vendelin, Design of Amplifiers and Oscillators by the S-Parameter Method, pp. 24-26, Wiley 1982
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S.D. Stearns, K6OIK ARRL Pacificon Antenna Seminar, San Ramon, CA October 15-17, 2010
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Good Reading
Bruce J. Hunt, The Maxwellians, Cornell University Press, 1991, ISBN 0801482348
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The End
This presentation will be archived at http://www.fars.k6ya.org/docs/k6oik
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