ROLE OF POWER SYSTEM IN THE REALWORLD APPLICATOIN

Er. P. RAMANATHAN BE., BGL, ME PSE PT VMKV ENGG COLLEGE ASSISTANT EXECUTIVE ENGINEER GRID RELAY TEST / TNEB METTUR DAM - 636401. CELL: 9445396906

ROLE OF POWER SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION
The electric power system enables our economy and society to function. In some way everything that impacts our lives, from our homes, our businesses, our government, and our critical infrastructure requires a dependable and economic supply of electricity. Although the electric power system was initially developed in the late 1800s and is considered the most significant engineering accomplishment of the 20th Century, it still is undergoing change; partly driven by technology, partly driven by economic forces and partly driven by governmental action. Yet many individuals, even those involved with the industry, do not fully understand how a power system operates and what technical changes might impact the system as it continues to evolve in the 21st Century. An electric power system is a network of electrical components used to supply, transmit and use electric power. An example of an electric power system is the network that supplies a region's homes and industry with power - for sizable regions, this power system is known as the grid and can be broadly divided into the generators that supply the power, the transmission system that carries the power from the generating centers to the load centers and the distribution system that feeds the power to nearby homes and industries.

What is power system protection?

Power system protection is a branch of electrical power engineering that deals with the protection of electrical power systems from faults through the isolation of faulted parts from the rest of the electrical network. The objective of a protection scheme is to keep the power system stable by isolating only the components that are under fault, whilst leaving as much of the network as possible still in operation. Power system protection is the process of making the production, transmission, and consumption of electrical energy as safe as possible from the effects of failures and events that place the power system at risk. It is cost prohibitive to make power systems 100 percent safe or 100 percent reliable. Risk assessments are necessary for determining acceptable levels of danger from injury or cost resulting from damage. Protective relays are electronic or electromechanical devices that are designed to

protect equipment and limit injury caused by electrical failures. Unless otherwise noted, the generic term relay will be synonymous with the term protective relay throughout this text. Relays are only one part of power system protection, because protection must be designed into all aspects of power system facilities. Protective relays cannot prevent faults; they can only limit the damage caused by faults. A fault is any condition that causes abnormal operation for the power system or equipment serving the power system. Faults include but are not limited to: short- or low-impedance circuits, open circuits, power swings, over voltage, elevated temperature, off-nominal frequency operation, and failure to operate.

Protective devices
Power systems contain protective devices to prevent injury or damage during failures. The quintessential protective device is the fuse. When the current through a fuse exceeds a certain threshold, the fuse element melts, producing an arc across the resulting gap that is then extinguished, interrupting the circuit. Given that fuses can be built as the weak point of a system, fuses are ideal for protecting circuitry from damage. Fuses however have two problems: First, after they have functioned, fuses must be replaced as they cannot be reset. This can prove inconvenient if the fuse is at a remote site or a spare fuse is not on hand. And second, fuses are typically inadequate as the sole safety device in most power systems as they allow current flows well in excess of that that would prove lethal to a human or animal. In higher powered applications, the protective relays that detect a fault and initiate a trip are separate from the circuit breaker. Early relays worked based upon electromagnetic principles similar to those mentioned in the previous paragraph, modern relays are application-specific computers that determine whether to trip based upon readings from the power system. Different relays will initiate trips depending upon different protection schemes. For example, an over current relay might initiate a trip if the current on any phase exceeds a certain threshold where as a set of differential relays might initiate a trip if the sum of currents between them indicates there may be current leaking to earth.

Coordination
Protective device coordination is the process of determining the "best fit" timing of current interruption when abnormal electrical conditions occur. The goal is to minimize an outage to the greatest extent possible. Historically, protective device coordination was done on translucent log-log paper. Modern methods normally include detailed computer based analysis and reporting.

NUMERICAL RELAY AND RELAY CO-ORDINATION

Over Current Protection

CTION

A shunt fault is a sudden build up of current. Magnitude of current be utilized as a positive indication. Protection which depends on only the magnitude of the current is known as the non-directional over current protection.

Basic Rules
Electrical equipment may be damaged if they are allowed to carry fault currents for a Long period. Isolate only the faulty section of the power system and leaving the rest of the system undisturbed. Protection system in successive zones are arranged to operate in terms that are graded through the sequence of equipments so that upon the occurrence of a fault, although a number of protection equipments respond, only those relevant to the faulty zone complete the tripping function.

Development of Over Current Protection

FUSE Fuse allows the normal current to flow but melts itself when the current exceeds a contain magnitude for a certain amount of time.

Thermal Relay
Bimetallic Type Strain generated due to unequal linear expansion of two different metals. A typical application of the thermal relay is provide protection against prolonged overloading of motors.

Over Current Relay

The relay has two settings. These are the time setting and plug setting. The time setting decides the operating time of the relay. The plug setting decides the current required for the relay to pick up. Plug setting bridge is used to change the number of turns of the operating coil to get a particular pickup value.

Over Current Relay Using Induction Disc

Using shading coil to split the main flux in to two component fluxes and the fluxes have a phase difference of 90 degree. The two fluxes induce two eddy current in the disc, so that two torques are produced. The resultant torque is deflects the disc which is proportional to the square of the current. The continuous rotation of the disc being prevented by the control springtime delay is obtained in induction type relays by Drag magnet which is a permanent magnet produces a retarding effect on motion of the rotor. Actual time of operation depends on the magnitude of the current, the current setting of the relay and the time multiplier setting (TMS). The time multiplier setting can be set at any value from 0.05 seconds to 1 second to suit the protection need. The relay operating current can be set using the plugs provided, usually from 50% to 200% in steps of 25% for phase fault protection and from 20% to 80% in steps of 10% for earth fault protection. The high set element is meant for instantaneous operation at high values of fault current to limit the stress on the power transformer and may have an operating time of about 20 milli-seconds.

Definite Time Over Current Relay

Adjusted to issue a trip output at a definite amount of time.

A definite time curve would strictly be one in which the operating time was unaffected by the magnitude of the actuating quantity.

Inverse Time Over Current Relay

Operating time of the relay is less when the magnitude of the fault current increases. The relay takes less time for heavy faults and a higher time for faults of low magnitude to let the fault clear itself in case it is a passing fault and follows a current-time inverse characteristic.

Inverse Definite Minimum Time Over Current Relay (IDMT):

1. 2. 3. 4. This is possibly the most widely used characteristic. A characteristic is inverse in the initial part. Definite minimum operating time as the current becomes very high. Operating time of the relay is less when the magnitude of the fault Current increases

TRIPPING CHARACTERISTIC ACCORDING TO IEC 255-4

NORMAL INVERSE 3.0 SEC CURVE

t =

0.14 (TMS) ----------------0.02

(PSM) 1
Where, t = PSM = TMS = Relay Operating Time Plug Setting Multiplier Time Multiplier Setting

NORMAL INVERSE 1.3 SEC CURVE

t =

0.061 (TMS) ---------------0.02 (PSM) 1

VERY INVERSE

EXTREMELY INVERSE

t =

13.5 (TMS) ----------------(PSM) 1

80 (TMS) --------------(PSM) 1

The operating time of inverse time induction relays is usually adjustable by choosing the amount of travel of the rotor from its reset position to its pickup position. A so called Time multiplier setting or Time lever setting with an evenly divided scale provides this adjustment.

Static Relays

Introduction of static relays began in the early 1960s.Their design is based on the use of analogue electronic devices instead of coils and magnets to create the relay characteristic. Early versions used discrete devices such as transistors and diodes in conjunction with resistors, capacitors, inductors, etc., but advances in electronics enabled the use of linear and digital integrated circuits in later versions for signal processing and implementation of logic functions. To prevent mal-operation or destruction of electronic devices during faults or switching operations, sensitive circuitry is housed in a shielded case to exclude common mode and radiated interference. The devices may also be sensitive to static charge, requiring special precautions during handling, as damage from this cause may not be immediately apparent, but become apparent later in the form of premature failure of the relay. Therefore, radically different relay manufacturing facilities are required compared to electromechanical relays.

Digital Relays
Compared to static relays, digital relays introduce A/D conversion of all measured analogue quantities and use a microprocessor to implement the protection algorithm. The microprocessor may use some kind of counting technique, or use the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) to implement the algorithm. However, the typical microprocessors used have limited processing capacity and memory compared to that provided in numerical relays. The functionality tends therefore to be limited and restricted largely to the protection function itself. Additional functionality compared to that provided by an electromechanical or static relay is usually available, typically taking the form of a wider range of settings, and greater accuracy. A communications link to a remote computer may also be provided.

Numerical Over Current Protection

The distinction between digital and numerical relay rests on points of fine technical detail, and is rarely found in areas other than Protection. They can be viewed as natural developments of digital relays as a result of advances in technology. Typically, they use a specialized digital signal processor (DSP) as the computational hardware, together with the associated software tools.

The input analogue signals are converted into a digital representation and processed According to the appropriate mathematical algorithm. Processing is

carried out using a specialized microprocessor that is optimized for signal Processing applications, known as a digital signal processor or DSP for short. Digital processing of signals in real time requires a very high power microprocessor.

Advantages
Very Low Burden Less Volume

More Facilitates User Friendly Low Maintenance High Accuracy Self Monitoring

Numerical Relay Features

Distance Protection- several schemes including user definable Over current Protection (directional/non-directional) Several Setting Groups for protection values Switch-on-to-Fault Protection Power Swing Blocking Voltage Transformer Supervision Negative Sequence Current Protection Under voltage Protection Over voltage Protection CB Fail Protection Fault Location CT Supervision VT Supervision Check Synchronization Autoreclose CB Condition Monitoring CB State Monitoring User-Definable Logic Broken Conductor Detection Measurement of Power System Quantities Fault/Event/Disturbance recorder

Hardware Comprising
1. 2. 3. 4. Input and Output Interfaces Central Processing Unit Memory Power Supply

Hardware Architecture
It consists of one or more DSP microprocessors, some memory, digital and analogue input/output (I/O), and a power supply. Where multiple processors are

provided, it is usual for one of them to be dedicated to executing the protection relay algorithms, while the remainder implements any associated logic and handles the human Machine Interface (HMI) interfaces. By organizing the I/O on a set of plug-in printed circuit boards (PCBs), additional I/O up to the limits of the hardware/software can be easily added. The internal communications bus links the hardware and therefore is critical component in the design. It must work at high speed, use low voltage levels and yet be immune to conducted and radiated interference from the electrically noisy substation environment. Excellent shielding of the relevant areas is therefore required. Digital inputs are optically isolated to prevent transients being transmitted to the internal circuitry. Address bus It is part of the memory which it fetch an instruction and it is unidirectional. Data bus Information is transmitted between processor and memory or input / output device. Control bus Conveying instructions between processor and memory or input / output device. Memories Microprocessors need memory circuits to store programmes and data. The Programmed information is written in to it at the time of manufacture, or of other user programmable type which is EPROM or electrically erasable PROM. The memory may be electrically erased and re-programmed with the chip in position. This method can be used for storing relay settings. The hard disc being used now having a storage capacity of 40 GB and above. Processors The most recent development chip operating at 1GHz and above and also developed the +2.0 GHZ processor. It has typically 8, 16, 32 bit representation. However, a 32 bit microprocessor will allow easier and faster processing.

Peripheral Devices
Input circuit:

The Input Circuit comprises an interposing C.T. in the relay, the output of which is full wave rectified. The signals from C.Ts passed thro Low Pass Filter. Low-pass filter The Analogue signals are first passed through a Low-Pass Filter for shaping the frequency spectrum of the input signal properly. The sample and Hold circuit is an absolutely must. ADC cannot handle much higher frequency without sample and hold circuit.

Analogue to Digital Converter

The sampled and held value is passed on the ADC through a Multiplexer so as to accommodate a large number of input signals. ADC works under control of the Micro Processor and passes on the digital representation of the sample to Micro Processor via Input Port.

Processing Unit
Incoming digital signal are stored in the RAM and processed by the relay software in accordance with an underlying relay algorithm (or) use the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) to implement the algorithm.

Processor issues the trip signal on one of the bits of its output port when the desired time and current level as exceeded.

Advantage of Numerical Relay

REAL WORLD APPLICATION

RELAY CO-ORDINATION OF 110 KV SUB-STATION IN TNEB
FAULT LEVEL CALCULATION OF CHENNAMPATTY 110/22KV SS / GOBI ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION CIRCLE / GOBICHETTIPALAYAM.

Fault MVA of LOWER METTUR BARRAGE POWER HOUSE 3 is 1739MVA. Chennampatty 110/22KV SS, which is radially fed from LMBPH 3 and away from 30 KMs.

Calculation of 3 Fault level at Chennampatty 110kv Bus Base MVA Base impedance Panther conductor Panther conductor = 100MVA = 121 = 30.1Km = Z1 = 0.1547 + j0.3975 = 0.03848 = 0.09888 [( KV x KV ) / ( Base MVA ) ]

R p.u = 0.1547 X 30.1 / 121 X p.u = 0.3975 X 30.1 / 121

Fault impedance of grid SS (LMBPH 3) Xf = 1 / fault MVA in p.u = 1/17.39 = 0.0575 p.u

Total Impedance Zf = 0.03848 + j0.0575 + j0.09888 = 0.03848 + j0.15638 = 0.161044 76.17

LMBPH

CHENNAMPATTY SS

Fault MVA at Chennampatty SS 110KV Bus = 1 / Zf = 1 / 0.161044 = 6.2094 p.u = 6.209 X 100 = 621 MVA Calculation of 3 Fault level at Chennampatty 22kv Bus: Impedance of Transformer = 8.29% Z p.u = 0.0829 X KV X 100 / ( 10 X KV ) = 0.829 p.u Total impedance = j0.829 + 0.03848 + j0.15638 = 0.03848 + j0.98538 = 0.98613 87

Zf = 0.98613

Fault MVA at 22KV Bus = 1/ Zf = 1 / 0.98613 = 1.014 p.u = 1.014 X 100 = 101 MVA

RELAY CO-ORDINATION STEPS

Placing Normal Inverse relays ahead of very inverse relays. Placing very inverse relays ahead of extremely inverse relays. The relay operating time of the protection at adjacent levels is not less than 0.3 sec. Start from the pickup setting of feeder over current relay. Set the instantaneous pickup at around 4A for feeder. Recommended current setting for the earth fault relay is 40%. LV Primary pickup should be definitely more than the primary pickup of the feeders.

Never set instantaneous element and use earth fault relay for LV Breaker. These relays are meant for protection against phase to phase (or) Three Phase short circuits only. Power Transformer / HT Lines overloading is to be monitored by the WTI and Station Operator. GC Minimum CT ratio of 150/1A is to be adopted. GC relay will trip at less than 2 seconds for a dead short on LV side of Power Transformer. GC instantaneous setting should be above 11 KV bus thro fault current and take care 110 KV bus fault. The operating time of the instantaneous element is of the order of 20 m sec.

Single Line Diagram

Consider the single line diagram of substation in fig, a non-grid station receiving power at 110KV and 1 No. of 10 MVA, 110 /22KV Power Transformers feed 22 KV distribution networks through 2No of 22KV feeders. Suppose there is a fault at location in the 22 KV lines No (1), Power Transformer will feed power into the fault at current values many times their rated current. This flow of fault power has to be stopped to protect the power transformers and can be stopped in three ways.

(1) By the opening of 22KV feeder CB1 (2) By the opening of 22KV, LVCB 1 (3) By the opening of the 110KV GCCB.

Protection (1) Protection (2) Protection (3)

Any one of the above three operations will cause the flow of fault current to cease. But obviously No. (1) is the best method because, faulty 22KV feeder No. (1) alone is isolated and loads fed through 22 KV feeder (2) continue to have power. Selective tripping takes place here. No. (2) is the next best. Here power to all the 22 KV feeders are cut off .However, protection (2) is needed if protection (1) fails for some reason. No. (3) is the last of the three options. This is so because power is shut off to all the 22 KV. But the importance of this cannot be ignored because; this will be the last resort to prevent destruction should protection (1) and (2) fail for some reason. So, for line faults, protection (1) is primary protection, Protection (2) is the first back-up and protection (3) is the second back up. For faults in the 22 KV bus bars or anywhere in the zone between the LV breakers and feeder breakers, protection (2) will be primary protection and protection (3) will be the backup. For faults in the 110KV bus bars or anywhere in the zone from the 110 KV GCCB to power transformer HV bushings, protection (3) will be primary protection and protection in the 110 KV line at the grid station feeding this station will be the backup. Generally, Primary protection offers selective tripping and back-up protection does not in the radial mode of operation of sub-stations. The protection system is designed for selective tripping which is achieved by relay coordination, also known as relay grading. PROTECTION SCHEME FEEDERS: The feeders are provided with 3 over current relays and one Earth fault relay all with both IDMT and High Set instantaneous elements. LV BREAKERS: The LV breakers are provided with 3 over-current relays with IDMT elements but without High set elements. High set instantaneous elements if any

provided are to be kept disconnected. Earth fault relays are not provided for LV breakers. Earth fault relay if any provided are kept disconnected. However, now there is a rethinking on this subject and future L.V. Protection may have earth fault protection also, with a higher time setting to serve as backup for future earth fault protection. GROUP CONTROL BREAKERS: The Group Control circuit breaker on the HV side of the Power Transformers is to be provided with 3 Nos. Over-current relays and 1 No. Earth fault relay all with both IDMT and High Set instantaneous elements.

Calculation of relay setting

22 KV Feeder VCB CT Ratio Plug setting Relay Graph TLS High Set = = = = = 300/1A 100% 3.0 sec 0.05 4A

Max 22 KV Bus fault current = 101000 / (3 X 22) = 2650.5A P.S.M. = ( 2651 / 300 ) = 8.8 = 0.05 X 0.14 / [( 8.8 ) 1] = 0.157 sec

Operating Time

LV VCB CT Ratio Plug Setting Relay Graph = 600/1A = 100% = 3.0 sec

Based on 22 KV fault current P.S.M. Time from graph Grading Time TLS LV VCB TLS = (2651 / 600 ) = 4.42 = 1 X 0.14 / [ (4.42) 1] = 4.64sec = 0.157 + 0.3 = 0.457 sec = 0.457 / 4.64 = 0.098 = 0.1

CG SF6 C.B C.T. Ratio Plug Setting Relay graph = 150/1A = 100% = 3.0 sec

Based on 22 KV fault current, the 110 KV through fault current P.S.M. Time from Graph Grading time TLS GC TLS = (2651 / 150) X (22 /110) = 3.53

= 1 x 0.14 / [(3.53) - 1] = 5.48 sec = 0.457 + 0.3 = 0.757 = 0.757 / 5.48 = 0.138 = 0.14

GC HIGH SET 110 KV Side through fault current C.T Secondary current 110 KV Bus fault current = 2651 x (22/110) = 530 A = 530 / 150 = 3.5A = 621000 3 X 110

= 3264 A C.T Secondary current High set element set at above 4A = 3264 /150 = 21.7A

Calculate the operating time of feeder, LV and GC breakers during different fault from the tripping characteristic formula and tabulated.

FEEDER VCB C.T RATIO : 600 / 1 A PLUG SETTING: 100 % RELAY GRAPH : 3.0 SEC TMS : 0.05

PSM

Current through Relay 1.3 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 15 20

1.3 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 15 20

Primary current On 11kv side 390 600 900 1200 1500 1800 2100 2400 2700 3000 4500 6000

Time in sec 1.330 0.500 0.315 0.250 0.214 0.192 0.177 0.165 0.156 0.150 0.126 0.115

LV VCB C.T RATIO : 300 / 1 A PLUG SETTING: 100 % RELAY GRAPH : 3.0 SEC TMS : 0.1 PSM Primary current On 11kv side 840 1200 1800 2400

Current through Relay 1.4 2 3 4

Time in sec 2.073 1.000 0.630 0.500

1.3 2 3 4

5 6 7 8 9 10 15 20 GC SF6

5 6 7 8 9 10 15 20

3000 3600 4200 4800 5400 6000 9000 12000

0.428 0.384 0.353 0.330 0.312 0.300 0.252 0.230

C.T RATIO : 150 / 1 A PLUG SETTING: 100 % RELAY GRAPH : 3.0 SEC TMS : 0.14

PSM

Current through Relay 1.6 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 15 20

1.3 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 15 20

Primary current On 11kv side 1200 1500 2250 3000 3750 4500 5250 6000 6750 7500 11250 15000

Time in sec 2.075 1.400 0.882 0.700 0.599 0.537 0.494 0.462 0.437 0.420 0.353 0.322

Calculation of primary current 11KV side w.r.t GC secondary current P.S.M = P.S.M x 150 x (100 / 100) x (110 / 22) = 750 x P.S.M

C H E N N A M P A T T I 1 1 0 /2 2 K V S S
T IM E G R A D A T IO N C H A R T
3 .9 0 3 .7 5 3 .6 0 3 .4 5 3 .3 0 3 .1 5 3 .0 0 2 .8 5 2 .7 0 2 .5 5 2 .4 0 2 .2 5 2 .1 0 1 .9 5 1 .8 0 1 .6 5 1 .5 0 1 .3 5 1 .2 0 1 .0 5 0 .9 0 0 .7 5 0 .6 0 0 .4 5 0 .3 0 0 .1 5 0 .0 0 0

G C B re a k e r L V B re a k e r F e e d e r B re a k e r

Time in Sec

1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 01 1 0 0 01 2 0 0 0

F a u lt C u rre n t in A m p s

So, for line faults, protection (1) is primary protection, Protection (2) is the first back-up and protection (3) is the second back up. Assuming a fault current in the feeder is 3000 Amps and corresponding tripping times of protection (1), protection (2) and protection (3) may be easily find out from grading chart. Protection (1) Feeder breaker is tripped at 150 mSec, If fail to clear the fault Protection (2) LV breaker will be tripped at 428 mSec, if also fails to clear the fault Protection (3) GC breaker will be tripped at 700 mSec This is successful Grading of Non Directional over Current Relay in the 110KV substation.

Er. P. RAMANATHAN BE., BGL, ME PSE PT VMKV ENGG COLLEGE ASSISTANT EXECUTIVE ENGINEER GRID RELAY TEST / TNEB METTUR DAM - 636401. CELL: 9445396906