Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
INTRODUCTION
components and equipments are available that enable both vendors and users to
decided pneumatic system as it gives solution for automation at low cost. Also the
1
C.O.E. & T.,Akola
Pneumatic Conveying System
SELECTION OF SYSTEM
around the inlet and because any accidental leakage is inward, provides
5. Flexibility in routing.
2
C.O.E. & T.,Akola
Pneumatic Conveying System
THEORY
There are basically three types of conveying systems which are used
MECHANICAL
granules.
2) This can process material 2) Only convey material.
dust nuisances.
4) Less reduction of losses. 4) More losses as compared.
5) Less floor space. 5) More floor space.
6) These system required high power (10 6) Less them pneumatic conveyor
conveyor)
7) Rapid wear of equipment. 7) Less wear of equipment.
3
C.O.E. & T.,Akola
Pneumatic Conveying System
pneumatic.
9) Horizontally as well as vertically 9) Only horizontally and slightly
be conveyed.
Depending upon the type of plant, the type of dust, size of dust,
and power requirements etc., various types of dust collectors are available. These
Mechanical Electrical
Electrostatic
Precipitator (ESP)
4
C.O.E. & T.,Akola
Pneumatic Conveying System
Inertial Sep.
(Knock-out or Spray Tower
Baffle type)
1) It should be leak-proof.
4) It should withstand the working condition like temperature working velocity etc.
form of powder, short fibre and granules over a pipeline as a mixture with air or due
5
C.O.E. & T.,Akola
Pneumatic Conveying System
to pressure of air such an installation will convey over more than 2 km at a rate of
upto 400 tones per hour. It is also capable of lifting loads to a height of 100 meters.
6
C.O.E. & T.,Akola
Pneumatic Conveying System
these basic types. A dilute phase conveying will mean suspension flow where the
conveying pipe at relatively low pressure and high velocities. The material to be
be carried in suspension to the destination point. The material loading factor, the
7
C.O.E. & T.,Akola
Pneumatic Conveying System
weight ratio of material to air is generally in the range of 10- 15 at the higher ends
dunes or in plugs of full pipe cross section. The pressure required are higher than
those required for dilute phase conveying and the material loading considerably
grater even going upto 200 depending on the ability of material to be conveyed in
involved in dense phase conveying and higher material loading require robust
equipment and specification of valve, actuator etc. should consider the cyclic nature
of operation.
Vacuum system
where the material drops into the air system and is pulled vacuum thereby
must be fed into a dump hopper. The conveying air can be used to control the dust
that is generated from the dumping operation. An air intake scoop or filler is
connected with a centrifugal fan that will tolerate small amount of product and dust
passing through it. However, if a rotary positive displacement blower is the vacuum
source, the receiver must be a filler type to prevent any product passing through the
multiple pickup points to a single location, the reason being that the bulk of systems
expense is in the terminal end where the receiver, rotary valve and vacuum source
are located.
from above the rail. They are also used for picking up from boxcars or flat storage.
equipment, pulls the product into the grinder and dissipates the heat of grinding.
These system are excellent for handling toxic materials or corrosive materials
because all leakage is inword so there is less danger of any product escaping into the
atmosphere. Vacuum systems have been used extensively for flash drying and
cooling.
9
C.O.E. & T.,Akola
Pneumatic Conveying System
product gets out into atmosphere or that b minimum product gets into the
arrangement because the filler is only handling about 10% of the conveying air. The
primary cyclone collector as a carryover of 1% or less, passing enough the fan and
being blown into the filler. The other 90 % of air continuous on down the outlet of
displacement blower. But in this case the filter must handle 100% of the air because
the blower can not tolerate any product passing through it. The zero point is on the
discharge of that blower (As the system is entirely vacuum) as indicated in the fig.
by the negative signs all the way to the inlet of the blower.
Fig. (C) Closed loop vacuum system with rotary positive displacement blower.
11
C.O.E. & T.,Akola
Pneumatic Conveying System
The only pressure in the system is from the blower discharge to the
zero point, which need be nothing more than a tee open to the atmosphere. Since
this is the vacuum system, air will leak in through the rotary valves at the pick and
terminal points of the system. This filtered leakage air is exhausted at the zero point.
The dust that is collected by the filter is set up to drop right back into conveying
given below
2) It is used for collecting dust (as a vacuum cleaner) in officer, bank, departmental
5) It is used in shipyards.
12
C.O.E. & T.,Akola
Pneumatic Conveying System
Electric drive.
Fig. Pneumatic (Vacuum) System for conveying plastic granules/ dust collector
13
C.O.E. & T.,Akola
Pneumatic Conveying System
(1) BLOWER :
compress air or gas by centrifugal force to a final pressure not existing 35 lb per sq.
in. ga. It is not water cooled as the added expense of the cooling system is not
When used for special application the blowers are some times given
other names. In gas service a blower used to remove gas from a coke oven is known
as an exhauster. If the pressure at the suction is about atmospheric (as some times
used in chemical industry where sufficient head must be developed to circulate the
Types of Blower:-
a) Roots blower
c) Centrifugal blower
14
C.O.E. & T.,Akola
Pneumatic Conveying System
d) Cross-flow blower
e) Vortex blower
f) Cupola blower.
(2) FAN :-
and a stationary member called the housing. The housing is provided with an intake
opening (inlet) and with a discharge opening (outlet). The flow of air or gas is
caused by the pressure differential created by the energy transmitted to the gas by
the rotating wheel. If no resistance to flow exists, as in the case of a fan in free
space with no inlet and no outlet duct, the fan provides the gas with velocity energy
only, and no compression or refraction occurs. When either inlet or outlet duct is
added frictional resistance is imposed and partial compression occurs on the outlet
15
C.O.E. & T.,Akola
Pneumatic Conveying System
side, whereas partial refraction occurs on the inlet side. The extent of the resistance
imposed at the discharge governs the quantity of gas delivered by the fan. The
In case of blowers the fans are used to force air under pressure, that is,
Laws of fans :-
1) The volume of air delivered by a fan is directly proportional to its speed and
rotation.
fan, speed of rotation which can be instantly changed. They are of importance when
engines and motors are being matched to fan with regard to the power will be
Types of fans :-
a) Propeller Fan :- A propeller fan consists of a propeller or disk type wheel within
a mounting ring or plate and including driving mechanism supports either for
16
C.O.E. & T.,Akola
Pneumatic Conveying System
b) Tube axial Fan :- A tube axial fan consists of a propeller or disk type wheel
within a cylinder and including driving mechanism supports either for belt drive
or direct connection.
c) Vane axial Fan :- A vane axial fan consists of a disk type wheel within a
cylinder, a set of air guide vanes located either before or after the wheel and
including driving mechanism supports either for belt drive or direct connection.
scroll type of housing and including driving mechanism supports either for belt
Fan Outlet :
elimination of losses, making more of the total input available to the system.
rapid change in directions is good practice. Fig. shows more common precautions to
17
C.O.E. & T.,Akola
Pneumatic Conveying System
Interference Noninterference
and high losses and minimum
losses
18
C.O.E. & T.,Akola
Pneumatic Conveying System
backward-curved airfoil blades having the maximum permissible width b. Note : d1,
blade o.d.; b, blade width; l, blade length; β1, blade angle at leading edge; β2 blade
angle at blade tip; V B1, blade velocity (fpm) at leading edge of blade; V B2, blade
velocity (fpm) at blade tip; W 1, relative air velocity (fpm) at leading edge of blade;
W2, relative air velocity air velocity (fpm) at blade tip; V 1, resulting absolute air
velocity (fpm) at leading edge of blade; resulting absolute air velocity (fpm) at blade
tip.
19
C.O.E. & T.,Akola
Pneumatic Conveying System
by which particulate matter can be removed from gases. Bag filter provide a
physical barrier ( the filter cloth ) for the separation of material and air and are
essential where fine particles are being conveyed. Bag filters can efficiently
separate fine dusts. The bags need to be cleaned continuously to provide continued
efficiency of separation. Reverse pulse jets of compressed air perform this function
and are timed to release into the bags in bursts of 100 to 300 milliseconds at
vibration.
cloth envelops, and is suitable for a dust loading of the order of 1 gm/m 3. A bag
house or bag filter consists of numerous vertical bags 120-400 mm diameter and 2-
10 m long. They are suspended with open ends attached to a manifold. The hopper
The gas entering through the inlet pipe strikes a baffle plate, which
causes the larger particles to fall into a hopper due to gravity. The carrier gas then
flows upwards into the tubes and then outward through the fabric leaving the
particulate matter as a 'cake' on the inside of the bags. Fabric filters are gaining
20
C.O.E. & T.,Akola
Pneumatic Conveying System
attached to its base. The particulate laden gas stream enters tangentially at the inlet
point into the cylindrical opening at the top. The dust particulate are collected at the
The gas path generally follows a double vortex. First, the gas spirals
downwards at the outer periphery of the cylindrical portion continues through the
conical portion and reaches the bottom. The gas stream then moves upwards in a
narrower inner spiral, concentric with the first and leaves through the outlet pipe.
Due to the rapid spiraling movement of the gas, the deeper solids are projected
towards the wall by the centrifugal force and then they drop by gravity to the bottom
at the top of the unit where the dirty gas is introduced. The turbulence in the eddies
causes some of the incoming dirty gas to be mixed with the outgoing clean gas of
stream. The effect of this problem can be minimized by adding a central tube called
a vertex finder which projects into the cyclone body below the turbulent entry
21
C.O.E. & T.,Akola
Pneumatic Conveying System
sized particles, a small diameter, lone taper cyclone should be used. Centrifugal
airlock or rotary valve. These not any vane valves can be airlocks or feeder valves
hopper where it measures out an amount of product into another piece of equipment
without any differential pressure across the valve. There is no pressure differential
to consider so air flow and leakage are not concerns. To size such valves take the
displacement figure of the rotor in cubic feet per revolution and figure out the speed
the valve must run to deliver and multiply by cubic feet per hr.
Another typical gravity feeder application is the same unit feeding out
of a container into a negative system at the pickup pt, such that air leakage will be
down through the rotary valve in same direction of flow as the product. This
indicates that there is no reverse flow of air or blow back to consider. This valve is
sized the same as previous one because it, too serves as a metering device with no
product from another feeding device into a pressure (positive) pneumatic system.
22
C.O.E. & T.,Akola
Pneumatic Conveying System
across the valve and the leakage air is going to move from atmosphere into the
vaccum receiving vessel in a reverse direction to the product passing through the
valve. The product coming into this vaccum receiver is fed into vaccum system by
another means, so that it is an stream with no head of product above the valve. If
differential. If it is just airlock, it would have no head, but does have pressure
differential.
Following table shows criteria for picking a size and valve for a
Next column cubic feet displacement of rotor, third column shows normal speed for
valve, next 4th column shows total displacement of rotor in cubic feet per hr, 5 th
column shows 50% of total displacement and last one shows displacement of rotor
23
C.O.E. & T.,Akola
Pneumatic Conveying System
Selection Table
(6) DUCTING :-
Where the conveyed material is not compatible with steal, stainless steal and
aluminium are generally used. Stainless steal pipes can be this walled for economy.
required to reduce frictional heat and consequent pellet melting when the pellets hit
Long radius bends have radii generally in the range of 12/15 times
pipe dia. The bends must be crinkle free on the insides. In case of choked pipelines
24
C.O.E. & T.,Akola
Pneumatic Conveying System
especially at bends, is also resorted to. In long conveying lines, the pipelines should
velocities. This is specially required where delicate materials are handed and needs
(7) NOZZLE :-
1) Convergent nozzle
2) Divergent nozzle
25
C.O.E. & T.,Akola
Pneumatic Conveying System
Arrangement 1. Arrangement 5.
For belt drive. Wheel For direct drive, Wheel
overhung. Bearings on overhung. Includes housing,
pedestal. wheel, shaft, one intermediate
bearing, flanged coupling and
pedestal only for motor or
engine.
Arrangement 2. Arrangement 6.
For belt drive. Pulley For direct drive. Three bearing
and wheel overhung. arrangement with fan bearing at
Bearings in bracket on inlet side. Includes housing,
fan housing. Made only wheel, shaft, one bearing (in
inlet), rigid coupling, and
in smaller sizes for pedestal only for motor or
reversible discharge. engine.
Arrangement 3. Arrangement 7.
For belt drive. Pulley For direct drive, similar to
overhung. Bearings arrangement 6, but with two
supported on fan. bearings on fan, and flexible
housing. instead of rigid coupling.
Arrangement 4. Arrangement 8.
For direct drive. Wheel Similar to arrangement 5, but
overhung. No bearings with two bearings on pedestal
on fan. Wheel mounted with motor, and flexible
on motor or engine shaft. instead of rigid coupling.
Pedestal for motor or
engine.
(D) DESIGN
26
C.O.E. & T.,Akola
Pneumatic Conveying System
Design Parameters
known. Most important is capacity to be conveyed, the distance over which the
product will be moved and no. of elbows involved. Elbows create large pressure
drop in air system so it is required to minimize elbows. The no. and type of pick up
location must be known as well air requirements for then. If any heating, cooling or
requirement gas blankets. Should system be open or closed. Are notary valves
system.
Basic Data
1) Material Density
2) Distance of Conveying
Design
2) Blower capacity.
27
C.O.E. & T.,Akola
Pneumatic Conveying System
volume.
Filter Design :- Filter is designed on basis of dust size. We have taken 5 micron
Design Considerations.
We have Hp = CFM × TP
6356
We have considered hp = 1
CFM
We have Internal dia, d 1 = 10 3
rpm
18000
External diameter, d 2 = * SP
rpm
28
C.O.E. & T.,Akola
Pneumatic Conveying System
= (0.46) * 8.1216
Number of blades = 10
Casing dimensions
r1 = 71.2 % of d2
r2 = 83.7% of d2
r3 = 96.2 % of d2
Cut of clearance C = 5 % of d2
Velocity of air
Now, Velocity pressure =
4005
5000
=
4005
CFM × T .P.
Power =
6356
1500 × 7.55
=
6356
= 1.76 H.P.
Belt Design :
motor to blower.
Length of belt = π( R 1 + R 2 ) + 2X +
( R 2 − R1 ) 2
X
L = Belt length
= 1371.6 mm = 54 inch
30
C.O.E. & T.,Akola
Pneumatic Conveying System
31
C.O.E. & T.,Akola
Pneumatic Conveying System
32
C.O.E. & T.,Akola
Pneumatic Conveying System
conveying system will depend primarily an proper system design and correct
capacity with no associated problems. However it is easier said than done because
of large no. of variables involved. The designer should consider each part of system
1. System Choker
4. Low throughput.
Component Reliability.
diverter valves etc are largely due to the all - pervasive nature of dust. The features
which are valve looked for individual components are effective sealing, low friction
of sliding materials and methods to prevent powder from remaining and collecting
in the units.
33
C.O.E. & T.,Akola
Pneumatic Conveying System
also shows a U-tube manometer indicating zero pressure. This means that the
pressure below the piston is same as the barometric pressure in the surrounding air.
As the piston is moved down, the air volume below the piston is compressed
34
C.O.E. & T.,Akola
Pneumatic Conveying System
pressure, which is considered as zero pressure. This compressed air then has
potential energy i.e. the potential to expand to its original volume. If on the other
hand, the piston is raised, the air volume below the piston is expanded and the
pressure. This expanded air has also potential energy i.e the potential to contract to
its original volume. This explains the concept of positive and negative static
Velocityofair
Velocity pressure =
4005
35
C.O.E. & T.,Akola
Pneumatic Conveying System
MODIFICATION
manufacturing. But some good modifications can be done in the system likewise,
c) System may be used as the separator e.g. for removal of smokes, very find dust
particle.
drive(motor).
36
C.O.E. & T.,Akola
Pneumatic Conveying System
COST ESTIMATION
Definition :-
expenses that must be incurred to manufacture a product.” Cost estimates are the job
product of the engineer and the cost accountant, and involves two factor: physical
data and closing data. The cost complies and applies the costing data.
Cost Structure :-
Prime cost = Direct material cost + Direct labour cost + Direct expenses.
37
C.O.E. & T.,Akola
Pneumatic Conveying System
leather
8 Ducting PVC 1 800
9 Motor 2 HP - 1 3000
Total 10370
CONCLUSION
arised in the convey of granules in plastic Industries. Our system not only have
application in plastic industries but also has wide important in various field because
2) Flexibility in routing
9) System is used for lifting the material upto 100 meter and convey the
material over more than 2 km at a rate of upto 400 tones per hour.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
- Mr. B. Velan
- By J. Kenneth Sdisburg
4) Thermal Engg.
- By R.K. Rajput
5) Fan handbook.
- By Bleier.
40
C.O.E. & T.,Akola
Pneumatic Conveying System
SYNOPSIS
The trend of material handling has catched popularity in every nook and corner of
the world. If you consider modern industry you will find 95% of activities in industry are
There are various ways or systems that are used to automatic work within
industries. But number of experts who have studied the system in details, they come to a
conclusion that the automation in material Handling through pneumatic can be carried out
systems for bulk solids especially for in-plant applications. Types of system and
commonly specified, components are described in this article. System and component
design is discussed here. Reliability is also discussed so that the end user can specify,
Why A project?