Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Yersinia enterolytica: forms envelope/ 1) Invasion gene product: uptake into Yersinia pestis disease
Gram (-) rod or coccobacillus Ubiquitous Yersinia enterolytica diseases
outer membrane epithelia cells and macrophages of PP prevention:
Zoonotic: most common vectors are rodents: Common cause of food borne
Yersinia pestis: forms protein Bipolar staining: "safety pin" 2) Anti phagocytic factors: a) capsular 1) Plague vaccine (develop only
rats, ground squirrels, rabbits, mice, prairie gastroenteritis in: Sandinavia,
polysaccharide capsule appearance Ag; b) Type III protein secretion system partial immunity)
dogs, cats, ect. Europe and colder parts of NA
Major sources of contamination
are: refrigerated milk products,
3) Plasminogen activator protease:
Facultative anaerobe Can be transmitted by: cold meat (Porl), water 2) Quarantine
degrades C3a and C3b
contaminated with feces, blood
products
Animal hosts include: rodents,
1) fleas, Xenopsylla cheopsis, that feed on an
Indole (-), catalase (+), urease (-) 4) Fribrinolysin rabbits, pigs, sheep, cattle, horses, 3) Rodent control
infected animal and then bite humans
domestic pets
Yersinia spp.
Will not ferment sucrose, rhamnose, 5) Iron absorbance factor: independent 4) Prophylactic ABCs to prevent
2) Inhalation of infectious droplets
cellubiose of siderophores high bactermia: plague is toxigenic
Grows best at 22-55 C but also 6) Various exotoxins and endotoxins: Yersinia entrolytica gastroenteritis/ 5) Proper sanitation/ personal
3) direct contact on open wound on skin
grows at 4 C lipid A part of LPS Yersinosis hygiene
7) Protein YopJ: blocks 2 critical cellular
Increased Risk with: signaling pathways and therefore Bubonic plague
induces cell death
1) over crowding, poor sanitation, poor personal
Pneumonic plauge
hygiene
2) Native Americans, hunters, hikers/campers,
Septicemic plague
veterinarians
3) Cold climates: Y. enterolytica. Warm/cool
damp climates: Y pestis
Ubiquitous - soil, water, plants, hospital sinks Infections involve: 1) attachment and
Not a member of the One of the most difficult bacterial
Gram (-) baccilus and respiratory equipment, swimming pools, colonization, 2) local invasion, 3) Bacterial Keratitis
Enterobacteriaceae family infections to treat and control:
raw vegetables disseminated systemic disease
1) Attachment and colonization: a)
opportunistic fimbria/ pili, b) alginate
Most common flat colonies with
slime/polysaccharide capsule (anchors
spreading borders, B hemolysis, Two forms: bioflim or planktonic UTI's 1) Many ABC resistance strategies
bacteria to host cell, protect from host
green pigment
immunity. Increase expression if host
has COPD or CF)
Low incidence of normal human colonization: 2) Local invasion: elastase, pyocyanin
opportunistic pathogen of humans and horses. (interfere with function of nasal cilia and
Sweet, grape-like fruity odor GIT infections 2) Ubiquitous
Almost never causes disease in disrupts respiratory epithelium), ABC
immunocompetent host resistance
Cause wide range of diseases: primary focus of
Cytocrome oxidase (+) and non- 3) Most patients with infection are
Pesudomonas infection is LU - major cause of morbidity and 3) Dissemination: LPS and exototins Swimmer's Ear
fermenters immunocompromised
areuginosa mortality in CF
3 colony types (rough, smooth, Also cause soft tissue infections (esp after 4) Colonization of surfaces as a
Toxigenesis: Exotoxin A: same
mucoid) depending on where burns) bacteremia, ear and eye infections and Bactermia biofilm makes them impervious to
mechanism of action as Diptheriae toxin
isolated systemic infections many ABCs
5) Inappropriate use of ABCs
motile with single, polar flagella permits their overgrowth and
Hot tub folliculitis
(unlike proteus but like legionella) promotes the development of ABC
resistant strains
Obligate aerobes (can grow
anaerobically iff Arginine or nitrate Ecthyma gangernosum
source)
Minimal nutritional requirements -
can grow in distilled water
Optimal temperature growth is 37 C
(but can grow from 4-42 C)
Family Enterobacteriaceae, genus Gram (-) bacillus with outer Part of the normal flora of the GIT: opportunistic 1) Adhesins: colonize GTU or GIT Prevent by good personal and
Either:
Escherichia, species E. coli envelope pathogen despite voiding or peistalsis public hygiene
Increased risk of disease with: hospitalization,
1) Endogenous infections: in
poor personal hygiene, travel to countries with good BBQ practices are key in the
All other Enterobacteriace features 2) Exotoxins persons with poor personal
poorly developed sanitary practices, sub- summer
Escherichia coli hygiene and debilitated defences
optimal immune defences
3) H and K antigens - relative
Public hygiene systems in developed nations 2) Exogenous infections: from
O antigens used for strain typing, importance/ presence of these factors
play a significant role in the relative rarity of E. contaminated food or water: ABC terapy is not indicated
e.g. O157 : H7 depends on genetics of the strain + site
coli infections gastroenteritis, neonatal meningitis
of infection + condition of host
1) Surface antigens a) O Ag (on LPS),
S. enteritidis epidemiology: Common in the Improved personal and public
Family Enterobacteriaciae Gram (-) bacillus b) V 1 Ag (on capsule) c) species S. enteritidis gastroenteritis
environment hygiene
specific fimbria attach to M cells of PP
Animals are the primary reservoirs for S. 2) exotoxin (LPS) - responsible for the
Very diverse genus > 2400 distinct Spread by the 5 "f's": food, fingers,
Facultative anaerobe enteritides: livestock, fish, poultry/ birds, fevers seen in bacteremic phase of Salmonella induced septicemia
serotypes fomites, feces and flies
rodents, humans, reptiles (turtles) enteric fever
Humans most commonly get Salmonellosis 3) Invasiveness: penetrate into sub-
Proper preparation and storate of
Recent DNA evidence suggests only 2 from: undercooked poultry, contaminated epithelial spaces without a toxin
oxidase (-) Enteric fever food: avoid antacids, clean your
species: cutting boards, egg salad, undercooked/ raw mediated process. Rearrange host cell
cutting boards
eggs actin (membrane ruffling)
4) Enterotoxins. 3 types: 1&2) LT/ST
Disease incidence: peaks in warm summer MC'ly symptomatic Tx instead of
S. typhi SOD (+) like toxins (Like E. coli), 3) Cell
Salmonella months. Most common in children and elderly ABC's
associated toxin (verotoxin-like)
S. typhys: oral or parenteral
S. paratyphi and S. enteridis are Outer membrane: susceptible to 5) Other: Acid tolerance response
S. Typhi epidemiology vaccine. 70% effective, transient,
actually serotypes drying gene, catalase, SOD
frequent side effects.
Humans are the only known animal host
Disease in NA primarily associated with foreign
travel. Spread by food or water contaminated
by infected food handlers
Less frequent exposure than S. enteritidis but
more likely to get disease because only a small
inoculum is needed (S. enteritidis
gastroenteritis needs a very high inoculum)
Same as Enterobacteriaceae in
Family Enterobacteriacae, Genus
Gram (-) rod Humans are the only carriers Attach and invade M cells in PP Shigellosis general: hygiene, removal and
Shigella
isolation of linens/diapers
Use Type II secretion system to cause ABC used to shorten course and
4 species:S. flexneri, S. sonnei, S.
oxidase (-) Transmission due to fecal-oral route membrane ruffling (engulf bacteria into control spread but high likelihood
boydii, S. dyseteriae
host cell) of ABC resistance
S. sonnei is the most common cause Unlike Salmonella they are
Shiga toxin (only S. dysenteria) disrupts
of shigellosis in the industrialized Facultative anaerobe Very low inoculum (only 10-100 baccili) resistant to St acid (therefore a
protein synthesis
world much smaller infective dose)
Shigella
Can proceed to damage glomerular
S. flexneri is MC in developing world Significant outer membrane Most cases in children 6 months - 10 years epithelial cells (HUS) in susceptible
persons
Adule infx: contact with children, or male
Does not ferment glucose
homosexuals
Populations at risk: anyone exposed to carrier
e.g. daycare centers, nurseries, nursing homes,
military barracks, prison, poor sanitation
communities
Ubiquitous in marine environment - even if
1) Cholera toxin complex A-B toxin:
increased salinity and temp 10-30 C. Aggressive fluid/ electrolyte
Family Vibrioacae, genus Vibrio Gram (-) bacillus, comma shaped structurally and functionally similar to Cholera
Contaminated shellfish/seawater is most replacement (oral/IV)
head-labile enterotoxin A of E. coli
common way to transmit disease
Many species: C. parahemolyticus, V. - B toxin: binding, A toxin: increase
ABC's reduce exotoxin and more
vulnificus and Vibrio choleara are MC Motile, single polar flagella Asymptomatic human carriers cAMP, cause electrolyte shift, watery
rapidly eliminate organism
cause of human disease diarrhea
200 serotypes: O1 and O139 cause No long term human carriers
Vibrio Cholera Oxidase (+) Relatively high infective dose 2) Adhesins
classic cholera (unlike S. typhi)
EI Tor (O1) biotype is MC in world Vaccine: limited usefullness, short
Wide temperature range (18-37) Most cases in NA are from returning travelers 3) Mucinase
today lived protection
Most need salt for growth (except V.
4) Siderophores - sequester iron
cholera)
5) Neruamidase
6) Hemolysin - increase intracellular Ca,
therefore inc. chloride secretion
Gram (+) bacillus. Single or paired Primary reservoirs: domestic herbivores (sheep, Capsule - anti-capsular Abs are NOT
Family Bacillaceae, genera bacullus Cutaneous anthrax Pennicillin and ciproflaxacin
"joined bamboo rod" goats, cattle, horses) protective
Toxin: 3 parts that work together:
Three routes of transmission: Inoculation of
culture - "medusa head - long, Protective Ag (binding, anti-phagocytic), Prevention difficult due to long
B. anthracis - anthrax skin, inhalation of spores, ingestion of Inhalation anthrax
serpentine chains" lethal factor, edema factor (stim lived spores
Baccilus anthracis contaminated food.
adenylyl cyclase)
Developing countries: endemic, can't affort to No person to person transmission
B. cereus - gastroenteritis Colonies - non-hemolytic, sticky Ingestion anthrax
vaccinate livestock with inhalation or ingestion antrax
Developed countries: occupational disease and Vaccinations (military), burn/ bury
biological warfare infected animals
Gastroenteritis: No ABCs. Rapid
Heat stable enterotoxin - causes
consumption of food after heating.
Gram (+) bacillus Ubiqutous distribution emesis. Found in contaminated, Two types of gastroenteritis:
Proper refrigeration of uneaten
improperly refrigerated rice dishes
portions.
Heat labile enterotoxin - similar to 1) emetic disease - heat stable Panopthalmitis - early, aggressive
Low mortality compared to B. anthracis
enterotoxin of ETEC and Vibro cholera enterotoxin ABCs. Resistance. EMERGENCY!
2) diarrhoeal disease - heat labile
- profuse, watery diarrhea
enterotoxin
Baccilus cereus
Also causes panopthalmitis -
- contaminated meat, vegetables inflammtion of entire eye post-
traumatic injury
Cereolysin - involved in eye damage
Phospholipase C - involved in eye
damage
Necrotic toxin - involved in eye damage
#1 bacterial cause of gastroenteritis and
Small (0.3-0.6 um) filterable unlike Adhesins, enterotozxin, cytopathic toxin Gastroenteritis: short course, self-
bacterial endocarditis in USA (most Gastroenteritis
other bactera - not well understood limiting, no ABC's unless high risk
common is C. jejuni
prevent with proper preparation
Gram (-) bacillus - "S or gull-wing Zoonoses - poultry, birds, cats/dogs, rabbits, Need high infectious dose - reduced
Guillian Barre syndrome and storage of food, avoid raw
shaped" mink, insects, pigs, bulls with hypochlorhydria, TUMs, milk
milk, proper water treatment
Campylobacter spp.
Guillian Barre syndrome: no
Motile - single polar flagella Transmitted via raw milk and water
treatment, proper storage of food
Microaerophilic (reduced O2,
Peak incidence in warm months, young adults
increased CO2) and thermophilic
(20-29)
(42 C)
Slow grower > 2 days
Triple theory: proton pump inhibitor
Surviva acidity: Bacterial acid inhibitory
Found in stomach of humans, primates, pigs, (omeprozle), clarithromycin,
Closely resembles campylobacter protein. Urease. Heat shock protein. Type B (infective) gastritis
cheetas, dogs, cats, ferrets, mice, rats metronidazole, bismuth (dec acid
Flagella. Mucinase/ phospholipase
and 2 ABCs)
Gram (-) bacillus: gram stain is Prevention: stop smothing,
variable. Sprial shape in fresh Only found in gastric antrum and body Adhesins Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) drinking, moderate pickled and
culture, coccoid in older culture salt-preserved food consumption
Avoid nitrates (smoked and
Flagellated, highly motile "corkskrew Developing countries high colonization, Microaerophilic - survive relatively
Gastric adneocarcinoma processed meats, nitrosamines
motion" developed countries low colonization anaerobic environment of ST
Helicobacter pylori (BBQ, charred meats))
Gastric mucosa-associated
Only <20% of people, regardless of age whi
urease (+) Resist immune clearance lymphoid type (MALT) B cell Reduce stress
test + for H. pylori also get PUD
lymphomas
very slow (2-6 day) growth in
Form of transmission not clear Pro-inflammatory: LPS Eat healthy stufff. Natural shizzle.
complex media
Tissue damaging: PAF (platelet agg
microaerophilic
factor) hypersecretion of gastric acid
temp 30-37 C (not 42 like
campylobacter)
Family Bacillaceae Gram (+) bacilli Ubiquitous: soil, GIT of humans and animals
3 Classes: MC anaerobic
Clostridium spp. Histotoxic: C. perfringen Spore formers
Enterotoxigenic: C. difficile
Paralytic: C. tetani, C. botulinum
5 toxin specific types: Type A:
proper cleansing of wound,
Ubiquitous: soil, GIT of humans and animals, permanent soil inhabitant, responsible
Gram (+) "plump, rectangular" rod Simple wound infection debridement of affected tissue,
contaminated water. MC harmless saprophytes. for most human disease (B-E
ABCs, byperbaric O2 chamber
responsible for animal disease)
non-motile but rapid growth on C. perfringens need devitalized tissue to grow Spore formation - long term survival in
Anaerobic cellulitis
Clostridium sheeps blood agar best environment and throat
perfringens Toxin formation: alpha toxin - most
Disease MC after trauma that causes ischemia:
tissue damage. Phospholipase C
Replicated in 10 min! lowered pO2 and pH favors C. perfringens C. perfringens myonecrosis
activity increases vascular permeability
growth
--> lyse cells
beta toxin: necrotizing enteritis, HTN
C. perfringens food poisoning
(inc chatecholamines)
Toxin A (enterotoxin) - inc cytokines
Can be a normal part of GI flora without causing MC causes post-ABC diarrhea and Discontinue ABCs, maintain
Gram (+) rods neutrophils. Hemorrhagin necrosis in
disease pseudomembranous colitis fluid/electrolyte balance.
pseudomem. Colitis
Toxin B (cytotoxin) - depolymerize
MC after broat spectrum ABCs and Proton Difficult to tx because spores are
obligate anaerobes, spore-forming actin. Marker for more pathogenic
Clostridium difficile pump inhibitors (PPI's) resistant
strains.
Hyaluronidase - inc spread between Prevent by hygiene and prescribe
tissues ABCs with probiotics
Spore formation
Adhesion factor - to colonocytes
Gram strain variable: (-) in old
Ubiquitous - spores last for years in soil, Prevention: no natural immunity
cultures of fresh wounds, (+) in Spores - survive adverse conditions Tetanus
sewage, feces contaminated soil unlike many other diseases
fresh culture
long, thin bacillus with "tennis Active immunization - tetanous
Present in GIT of cows, horses, some humans Tetanolysin
raquet" morphology toxoids: booster every 10 years
9 Pseudomonas Urinary UTI's 3rd leading cause of nosocomial UTIs. Prolonged indwelling catheters.
Any part of the tract. Eg. Perirectal, pediatric diarrhea, gasteroenteritis,
10 Pseudomonas GI GIT infections
necrotizing enteritis
Can get chronic supporitive OM,
Initial pruritis and fullness in ear. Increased pain/tenderness on palpation. malignant otitis externa or Swimmer's
11 Pseudomonas Ear Swimmer's Ear Otorrhea (?), Possible hearing loss (mild erythema and edema of external ear (acute diffuse otitis externa).
auditory canal. Dull injected TM with displaced COL). No systemic signs. Weber test: laterlize to affected side.
Rinne test: AC>BC.
Primarily nosocomial. Increased risk if immunocompromised. Similar clinical
12 Pseudomonas Systemic Bactermia
presentation as other bacteremias but with higher mortality.
After breakdown in skin integrity (burns, trauma, cuts, dermatitis). High
13 Pseudomonas Skin Hot tub folliculitis
moisture conditions or immunocompromised.
Pathognomic Pseudomonas skin infection. Erythematous vessels become
14 Pseudomonas Skin Ecthyma gangernosum hemorrhagic, necrotic and ulcerated with a fruity odor. Can have rapid
necrosis to adjacent tissue (potentially fatal)
Most commonly caused by E. coli and
group B strep. Most isolated strains
15 Escherichia coli CNS Neonatal Meningitis Colonization of infants with E. coli is common but rarely leads to disease
from babies have K1 capsular Ags
(maternal anti-K1 Abs are protective).
E. coli is most common cause of
Usually results from spread from GIT or GTU. Increased mortality if
16 Escherichia coli Systemic Septicemia enterobacterial septicemia (45%),
immunocompromised or due to complication of intestinal perforation.
then K. pnemonia
Very common infection: 10-20% of all
women will have at least 1 in their
lifetime. Spread is from GTU:
ascending infection. Virulence factors:
Cystitis: dysuria, urgency, increased frequency, incomplete voiding.
special adhesins are used to attach to
17 Escherichia coli Urinary UTI's Pyelonephritis: same as cystitis but more severe and with fever, loin pain and
uroepithelium and resist flushing durin
(+) KI punch.
micturation (decrease attachment with
D-mannose, blueberry & cranberry
juice). Lab dx: pyuria, hematuria,
bacteriuria.
Gastroenteritis (6 types) - most
common E coli infection in normally
healthy persons. Exotoxins: St a/ST b:
Most important cause of traveler's diarrhea and infant diarrhea (in developing
Gastroenteritis - Enterotoxigenic Cramps, nausea, heat stable, stimulate guanylyl
18 Escherichia coli GI countries). Symptoms take 3-4 days to resolve. Symptoms similar to cholera Low grade Watery
(ETEC/ VTEC) vomiting (rare) cyclase. LT1/ LT 11: heat labile,
but much milder.
stimulate adenylyl cyclase. Induce
fluid and electrolyte loss: watery
diarrhea
Initial watery
diarrhea
Variable onset (1-4 days). Intense abdominal cramps. Can progress to progressing to
19 Escherichia coli GI Enteroinvasive (EIEC) Yes Bacteria invade and destroy tissue.
colonic ulceration and more severe sequelae. Similar disease to Shigella scant, bloody stool
that is leukocyte
(+)
Bacteria adhere to plasma membrane
of mucosal epithelial cells and destroy
20 Escherichia coli GI Enteropathogenic (EPEC) Yes Yes Non-bloody stool
adjacent microvilli. Common cause of
infant diarrhea.
Cause persistant diarrhea in
Persistent, watery
developing countries. Subset of EPEC
21 Escherichia coli GI Enteroaggregative (EAggEC) Yes Low grade diarrhea
that can form aggregates on surfaces
(dehydration risk)
that they colonize.
Most common strain causing disease
3-4 day incubation. Severe abdominal pain. Most commonly self-limiting in 4- Initial non-bloody in developed nations. Cause of
10 days but can progress to HUS (hemolytic uremic syndrome). Spread via: No fever or just diarrhea "Hamburger disease" and HUS
22 Escherichia coli GI Enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) Yes
undercooked beef or other meat, feces contaminated water, unpasteurized low grade progresses to (Walkerton). Virulence factor:
milk, fruit juices, raw veggies/fruit. bloody diarrhea hemolysin. Very low inoculation is
needed (100 bacilli)
Wattery diarrhea Bacteria are embedded in cell
23 Escherichia coli GI Diffuseaffregative (DAEC)
(infants 1-5) membrane of elongated microvilli.
Abdominal pain. Irritability, lethargy or seizures. HTN, pallor. Anuria or
Most common cause of acute renal
oliguria. Acute renal failure - destruction of renal glomeruli. Potentially fatal
failure in children. Lab dx: stool
24 Escherichia coli Urinary HUS sequelae of gastroenteritis in 10% of children. Spread: person to person. Vomiting Bloody diarrhea
culture (+) for E coli O157 : H7,
Handwashing is important and child must be isolated until 2 consecutive (-)
hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia
stool cultures.
Occurs 6-48 hours after ingestion of contaminated food or water. Abdominal
Non-bloody
25 Salmonella enteritidis GI S. enteritidis gastroenteritis cramps, h/a, myalgia. Most commonly self limiting (2 days to 1 week). Low Yes Yes Most common type of Salmonellosis
diarrhea
mortality but increased risk with elderly and children.
Most commonly due to S. typhi and S.
Salmonella typhi / Salmonella Symptomology similar to other Gram (-) septicemia: 10% of patients develop paratyphi but also seen with S.
26 Systemic Salmonella induced septicemia
paratyphi arthritis, osteomyelitis, and endocarditis enteritidis. Increased risk with AIDS,
geriatrics and pediatrics.
Painless tick bite leaves no mark (very low inoculum - <10 organisms) 1 week DDX with Typhoid. (Typhus is
incubation - rapid fever, severe HA, nausea. 5 days later: rash - diffuse, Rickettsia). DFA stain of skin biopsy.
81 Rickettsia Skin / Systemic Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever maculopapular rash, MC spread from trunk to extremities (inclusing palms IFA stain for LPS. Complement
and soles). Respiratory symptoms. Iff untreated spread to CNS (confusion), fixation tests, (+) iff <4x increase in Ab
SP, GIT, LV. Encephalitis, DIC, shock, death (up to 20% mortality) titer.