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1, 2,
2
, r
1 f
b
(])2+d
fn
,Y
n
(3)
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND CAD 370
Copyright ^ 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Prog. Struct. Engng Mater. 2000; 2:369}375
Fig. 2 Parallel programming schemes: (a) masterdslave scheme; (b) multi masterdslave scheme
where
1 f
b
(])2"
b
8
(1!])
2
(1#]);
1
4
(1!])
2
(2#]);
!
b
8
(1!])(1#])
2
;
1
4
(1#])
2
(2!]);
1
2
4
(1#])
2
(1!])
2
Y
n
is the interpolation functions in the y-direction. +d
fn
,
denotes the deflection vector.
For structures having non-rectangular geometry, it
is possible to carry out geometric mapping by
isoparametric transformation and spline finite strips
can then be used in the transformed coordinate
system. The transformation can be carried out for the
whole structure before it is discretised into a number
of strips[10]. The approach can be made more flexible if
the structure was discretised into a number of
substructures[11,12] (Fig. 1) and the geometric
transformation was carried out for each substructure.
Each substructure was then modelled as an
assemblage of spline strips. Compatibility between
adjacent substructures was ensured by forcing
displacements and rotations at the connecting knots to
be equal.
Implementation of finite strip in parallel
programming environment
It is noted that the structure of the finite strip
programme is very suitable for the parallel processing,
and therefore, attempts to parallelize the finite strip
programme in shared-memory machines were made
by Puckett & Schmidt[13] as well as Chen & He[14] ,
Chen[15], and Chen & Byreddy[16] implemented
parallelisation for the finite strip programme on
a network of SUN work stations interconnected by
the ethernet. Two parallisation strategies were
proposed.
MASTER`SLAVE SCHEME
Such scheme consists of a master processor and
a number of slave processors (Fig. 2a). The master
processor is responsible for the creation of the slave
processors; reading of the input data; broadcasting of
the data to all slaves using the broadcast commands
and computation of the final results from the
computed results of each slave processor. The slave
processors are responsible for processing of the
assigned tasks and sending back the computed results
to the master.
MULTI MASTER`SLAVE SCHEME
This scheme has a tree-like structure (Fig. 2b). The
processor at the root and the leaves are referred to as
the root and leaf processors, respectively. Processors
in between the root and leaves are called the
intermediate processors. Each intermediate processor
serve as the master of the slave processors that it
created and the slave of the master that created it.
Information is communicated between master and
slave processors at each level. Such scheme is very
flexible and can optimise the usage of the processors.
Cheung and Tham[1] also implemented a finite strip
programme for the analysis of box girder in the
FINITE STRIP METHOD 371
Copyright ^ 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Prog. Struct. Engng Mater. 2000; 2:369}375
Fig. 3 Flow chart for the finite strip programme for box girder
analysis
Fig. 4 Modes shapes for a corner point supported spherical shell [12]
parallel programming environment of the IBM
Scalable POWER parallel SP2 system. The programme
is based on the master-slave scheme. The flow chart of
the programme is as given in Fig. 3 and the listing
of the programmes can be found in Ref.[1]. After
reading the input data, the master processor
broadcasts the information to the slave processors.
Each slave processor forms the stiffness matrix [K] as
well as the load vector +F, for the assigned number of
terms and solves the equilibrium equation
(EQUILEQ). The results thus obtained are transmitted
back to the master processor for the calculation of the
stresses and displacements.
Applications
Hu[17] studied the convergence of the finite strip
method for higher modes of vibration of cylindrical
honeycomb panels with respect to the strip division
and support conditions. He reported that the finite
strip results included one extra mode than those
predicted by the analytical solutions. It is very likely
that these spurious modes are due to the integration
schemes adopted and they may be eliminated by
employing selective integration in forming the
characteristic matrices.
The isoparametric spline strips were applied to
study the free vibration behaviour of various types of
shell by Au et al[12]. Fig. 4 shows the mode shapes for
a spherical shell of square planform (width of the
planform is a). The shell is supported at four corners.
Other pertinent dimensions are as follows:
a/R"0.2; a/t"100, where R and t are the radius
and thickness of the shell, respectively. The Poissons
ratio (v) is 0.3.
The fundamental frequencies for a simply
supported bi-directionally stepped square plates were
computed by using the augmented shape functions.
Table 1 tabulates the frequency coefficients
|
1
(u
1
"(|
1
/4a
2
)(D
1
/h
1
, where u
1
is the
fundamental angular frequency, is the density and
D
1
is the flexural rigidity for two different
discretisation schemes:
1. Scheme 1: three strips, that is one central strip
through the thickened section and two side strips of
constant thickness. One term is used for the
trigonometrical series.
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND CAD 372
Copyright ^ 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Prog. Struct. Engng Mater. 2000; 2:369}375
Table 1 Frequency coefficient for stepped square plate
h
2
/h
1
Scheme 1 Scheme 2
.........................................................................................................................
0.70 15.560 15.477
0.75 16.309 16.189
0.80 17.024 16.917
0.85 17.715 17.635
0.90 18.410 18.361
0.95 19.091 19.051
.........................................................................................................................
Table 2 Buckling coefficient of flat plates [22]
Length/thickness 0.728 0.79 0.889
.........................................................................................................................
Buckling coefficient (two bubble
strips) 5.47 5.41 5.50
.........................................................................................................................
Buckling coefficient [26] 5.47 5.41 5.51
.........................................................................................................................
Fig. 5 Effect of hydrostatic pressure on the post-buckling
relations between P and o [31]
2. Scheme 2: eight strips of three equal width and
three terms for the trigonometrical series.
The results tabulated in Table 1 indicate that the
convergence is very fast.
In the late 1970s, the conventional finite strip
method was also applied to analyse buckling
problems. The applications of the finite strip method
to buckling analysis were attempted by Delcourt[18] as
well as Plank & Wittrick[19]. Examples of buckling of
plates and folded plate structures were reported and
the success of the work had laid the foundation for the
development of the finite strip method in non-linear
analyses.
Asequel of papers were later published by Bradford
and his collaborators[2025] to illustrate the
improvement in convergence that one could achieve in
employing bubble functions. They covered
applications in the buckling analyses of plates with
various support conditions, plates under different
loading conditions, composite steel-concrete members
and inelastic buckling of plates and plate assemblies.
In Table 2, the buckling coefficients of flat plates
under compression were given. The coefficient (k
c
) is
defined as
c
"k
c
t
2
E
12(1!v
2
)
t
b
2
(4)
where c
c
is the critical stress, t is the plate thickness,
b is the plate width, E is the elastic modulus and v is
the Poissons ratio.
The loaded edges were simply supported whereas
the longitudinal edges were simply supported-
clamped. They also reported that by adopting the
bubble functions, the convergence could be
significantly improved. Conventional finite strip
would require four times more strips to achieve the
same accuracy.
Hancock carried out extensive studies on the
applications of the spline finite strip method in the
stability analyses of thin-walled structural sections.
Lau & Hancock[27] applied the spline finite strip
method to the inelastic buckling analysis which could
take into account the non-linear nature of the stress-
strain curves and strain hardening of the material and
residual stress distribution. Kwon & Hancock[28]
further developed the method to handle local,
distortional and overall buckling mode in the post-
buckling behaviour range, and the interaction between
the various modes. A computer package (THIN-
WALL)[29] is now available for such analysis.
Zhu & Cheung[30] also carried out the study of the
post-buckling behaviour of shells using the spline
finite strip method. In a recent publication[31], they
extended the method to study the behaviour of
cylindrical shells under combined loading (axial
compression and external pressure). They successfully
traced the post-buckling equilibriumpath and the post-
buckling radial deflections thus obtained were in good
agreement with experimental results. Fig. 5 shows the
relation between the axial load (P) and edge shortening
(o) for a cylinder under confining pressure (p).
Other pertinent parameters of the shell are as
follows:
Radius (R)"100 mm, thickness (t)"0.247, length
(L)"50.9 mm, Youngs modulus"5.56 GPa,
Poissons ratio"0.3.
FINITE STRIP METHOD 373
Copyright ^ 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Prog. Struct. Engng Mater. 2000; 2:369}375
Table 3 Results for four-layer cross-ply square laminate
(03/903/03/903) [35]
End-shortening
strain"0.02%
End-shortening
strain"0.10%
........................................ ..........................................
Load
factor
w
c
/thickness Load
factor
w
c
/thickness
.........................................................................................................................
Spline
1 section 27.69 0.5002 82.11 1.811
2 sections 27.23 0.5315 78.15 1.886
3 sections 27.17 0.5311 77.23 1.915
4 sections 27.14 0.5302 76.87 1.909
.........................................................................................................................
Ref [36] 27.28 0.5351 77.22 1.909
.........................................................................................................................
It was shown that the theoretical critical hydrostatic
pressure (p
c
) for this cylinder under completely
clamped conditions was 4.33 kPa. In the figure,
Z"((1!v
2
L/Rt, n is number of buckling wave
number and R
h
"p/p
c
.
Dawe and his collaborators[3336] studied the
buckling of laminated and composite plates using both
conventional and spline strips. Comparisons of the
buckling load factors and mid-point deflection(w
c
)
obtained by the finite strip using trigonometrical
series[36] and spline series are made in Table 3. The
results for Ref.[36] were obtained by using six and three
series terms for inplane displacements and out-of-
plane displacement respectively. Kong & Cheung[37]
proposed that beam vibration functions can be used to
analyse composite plates with intermediate line
support. Vibration of plates with point supports was
studied by Cheung & Zhou[38] using the static beam
functions.
Other investigators also carried out studies of
buckling of laminated plates or composite structures
using the finite strip approach and some of the recent
publications are given in the reference list[3941].
Wang & Rammerstorfer[42] determined the effective
breadth and effective width of stiffened plates not only
in the pre-buckling but also in the post-buckling range.
Though the stiffness and geometric matrices are un-
coupled in the prebuckling range, they will be coupled
in the post-buckling range. The solution process will
become inefficient as the sizes of the matrices increase
with number of terms used for the interpolation and
therefore, an interaction scheme was proposed.
Ignoring the coupling terms of the stiffness matrices,
the standard iteration process was used to obtain the
displacements. The additional error introduced by
neglecting the coupling terms of the stiffness matrices
was eliminated by further equilibrium iterations.
Kong[43] studied the response of plates under
various forms of loadings by the spline strips. In the
analysis, the non-linearity due to the membrane action
of the plates undergoing large deformation was taken
into account. The Ritz vector was adopted to improve
the efficiency of the solution scheme. On the other
hand, Zhu[44] solved the non-linear vibration problems
using spline strips by the incremental harmonic
balance method[45].
References and recommended reading
Papers of particular interest have been marked:
* Special interest
** Exceptional interest
[1] Cheung YK& ThamLG. Finite strip method. Boca Raton FL: CRC Press.
1997: 392.
[2] Cocchi GM. Finite strip method in the analysis of thin plate structures with
various edge restraints. Computers and Structures 1996: 61(2): 303d313.
[3] Gagnon P, Gosselin C&Cloutier L. Finite strip element for the analysis
of variable thickness. Computers and Structures 1997: 63(2): 349d362.
[4] Kong J, Cleghorn WL & Cheung YK. Analysis of plates using enhanced
finite strips. Proceedings of the 3rd Asian Pacific Conference on Computational
Mechanics, Seoul, Korea, 16d18 September 1996. 197d202.
[5] Li Y, Chan HC & Cheung YK. A novel finite strip method for vibration
analysis of plates. Proceedings of the 3rd Asian Pacific Conference on Computational
Mechanics, Seoul, Korea, 16d18 September 1996. 209d214.
[6] Zhong WX, Cheung YK & Li Y. The precise finite strip method.
Computers and Structures 1998: 69(6): 773d783.
[7] Cheung YK, Au FTK & Zheng DY. Finite strip analysis of shear walls
and thin plates with abrupt changes of thickness by using modified beam vibration
modes. Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Thin walled Structures, 1998.
53}64.
[8] Au FTK, Zheng DY & Cheung YK. Vibration and stability of non-
uniform beams with abrupt changes of cross-section by using C
1
modified beam
vibration functions. Applied Mathematical Modeling 1999: 29: 19}34.
[9] Azhari M & Bradford MA. Local buckling by complex finite strip
method using bubble functions. Journal of Engineering Mechanics (ASCE) 1994:
120(1): 43d57.
[10] Li WY. Spline finite strip analysis of arbitrarily shaped plates and shells. PhD
Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Hong Kong. 1998.
[11] Au FTK &Cheung YK. Static and free vibration analysis of variable-depth
bridges of arbitrary alignments using the isoparametric spline finite strip method.
Thin-Walled Structures 1996: 24: 19d15.
[12] Au FTK & Cheung YK. Free vibration and stability analysis of shells by
the isoparametric spline finite strip method. Thin-Walled Structures 1996: 24: 53d82.
[13] Puckett JA and Schmidt RJ. Finite strip method for groundwater
modeling in a parallel computing environment. Engineering Computations 1990: 7:
167d172.
[14] Chen HC and He AF. Implementation of the finite strip method for
structural analysis on a parallel computer. Proceedings of the 1990 International
Conference on Parallel Processing (vol III: Algorithms and Applications). 1990:
372d373.
[15] Chen HC. Increasing parllelismin the finite strip formulation static analysis.
International Journal of Nueral, Parallel Scientific Computing 1994: 2: 273d298.
[16] Chen HC& Byreddy V. Solving plate bending problems using finite strips
on networked workstations. Computers and Structures 1997: 62(2): 227d236.
[17] Hu X. Free vibration analysis of symmetrical cylindrical honeycomb panels
by using he finite strip method. Journal of Vibration and Control 1997: 3(1): 19d32.
[18] Delcourt CRC. Linear and geometrical non-linear analysis of flat-walled
structures by the finite strip method. PhD Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering,
University of Adelaide. 1978.
[19] Plank RJ & Wittrick WH. Buckling under combined loading of thin flat
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[21] Bradford MA & Azhari M. Inelastic local buckling of plates and plate
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[23] Uy B & Bradford MA. Elastic local buckling of steel plates in composite
steeldconcrete members. Engineering Structures 1996: 18(3): 193d200.
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND CAD 374
Copyright ^ 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Prog. Struct. Engng Mater. 2000; 2:369}375
Y K Cheung
Department of Civil Engineering,
University of Hong Kong,
Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
L G Tham
Department of Civil Engineering,
University of Hong Kong,
Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
[24] Uy B & Bradford MA. Inelastic local buckling behaviour of thin
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[25] Uy B & Bradford MA. Local buckling of cold formed steel sheeting in
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[26] Handbook of structural stability (Eds Column Research Committee of
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[27] Lau SCW & Hancock GJ. Inelastic buckling analyses of beams, columns
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213d238.
[28] Kwon YB & Hancock GJ. A nonlinear elastic spline finite strip analyses
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[29] Papangelis JP & Hancock GJ. Computer analysis of thin-walled
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[30] Zhu DS &Cheung YK. Post buckling analysis of shells by spline finite strip
method. Computers and Structures 1989: 31: 357d364.
[31] Zhu DS & Cheung YK. Post-buckling analysis of circular cylindrical shell
under combined load. Computers and Structures 1996: 58(1): 21d26.
[32] Yamaki N. Elastic stability of circular cylindrical shells. Amsterdam:
Elsevier. 1984.
[33] Dawe DJ & Peshkam V. Note on finite strip buckling analysis of
composite plate structures. Composite Structures 1996: 34(2): 163d168.
[34] Wang S &Dawe DJ. Finite strip large deflection and post-overall-buckling
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61(1): 155d170.
[35] Dawe DJ & Wang S. Post-buckling analysis of thin rectangular laminated
plates by spline FSM. Thin-Walled Structures 1998: 30(14): 159d179.
[36] Dwe DJ, Lam SSE & Azizian ZG. Non-linear finite strip analysis of
rectangular laminates under end shortening, using classical plate theory. International
Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1992: 35: 1087d1110.
[37] Kong J & Cheung YK. Vibration of shear-deformable plates with
intermediate line supports: A finite layer approach. Journal of Sound and Vibration
1995: 184(3): 639d649.
[38] Cheung YK&Zhou D. The free vibration of rectangular composite plates
with point-supports using static beam function. Composite Structures 1999: 44:
145}154.
[39] Wang WJ, Tseng YP & Lin KJ. Stability of laminated plates using finite
strip method based on a higher order plate theory. Composite Structures 1996:
34(1): 65d76.
[40] Rhodes J. Semi-analytical approach to buckling analysis for composite
structure. Composite Structures 1996: 35(1): 93d99.
[41] Loughlan J. Buckling of composite stiffened box section subjected to
compression and bending. Composite Structures 1996: 35(1): 101d116.
[42] Wang X& Rammerstorfer F G. Determination of effective breadth and
effective width of stiffened plates by finite strip analyses. Thin-Walled Structures 1996:
26(4): 261d286.
[43] Kong J. Analysis of plate-type structures by finite strip, finite prism and
finite layer method. PhD Thesis, Department of Civil and Structural Engineering.
University of Hong Kong. 1994.
[44] Zhu DS. Nonlinear static and dynamic analysis of plates and shells by spline
finite strip method PhD Thesis, Department of Civil and Structural Engineering.
University of Hong Kong. 1988.
[45] Lau SL. Incremental harmonic balance methods for nonlinear structural.
vibration. PhD Thesis, Department of Civil and Structural Engineering. University of
Hong Kong. 1982.
FINITE STRIP METHOD 375
Copyright ^ 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Prog. Struct. Engng Mater. 2000; 2:369}375