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Introduction: -
LEDs are made from transparent semi-conductors for example:

(i) GaAlAs.
(ii) GaN.
(iii) GaP.
(iv) InP.
(v) AlGalnP.

BASIC PRINCIPLE OF EMISSION OF LIGHT BY THE LEDs

Recombination of electrons and holes is a process by which both carriers

annihilate each other: electrons occupy - through one or multiple steps - the
empty state associated with a hole. Both carriers eventually disappear in the
process. The energy difference between the initial and final state of the electron
is released in the process. This leads to one possible classification of the
recombination processes. The phenomenon of emission of photons by the
recombination process is called “photoluminescence”. In an LED, the
recombination of free electrons and holes at the p-n junction billions of them are
involved, thus, billions of photons are emitted giving rise to light.

SEMICONDUCTORS USED FOR THE LEDs

We use GaN (Gallium Nitride) for producing green-blue lights or shades in these
two transparent colors, by changing the composition material of Gallium and
Nitrate, where as(AlGaInP) is used to produce colors from yellow to red and
shades in this range by changing the composition of various elements.. We
cannot use Silicon or Germanium for producing LEDs, as they are opaque. An
LED is also like a common P-N junction diode and it is always used in forward
biased.

SYMBOL: -
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Registration Numbers of LED’s manufactured by Texas

Instruments

All Begin with ‘TIL’

RED LED`s
(i) ‘TIL 216’
(ii) ‘TIL 221’

Multiple LED`s…..

Six on a Panel TIL 360.

Eight on a Panel TIL 393.

WAVELENGTH of red colour is =640nm.

GREEN LED`s

(i) ‘TIL222’ For diffused Light

(ii) ‘TIL234’ For Scattered Light.
(iii) ‘TIL236’ For Focussed Light.

WAVELENGTH of green colour is =560nm

YELLOW LED`s
(i) ‘TIL224’ For Scattered Light.
(ii) ‘TIL227’ For Focused Light.

WAVELENGTH of green colour is =570nm

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INFRARED LED`s
(i) ‘TIL23---------------------to---------------------TIL50’

WAVELENGTH is =700nm or above

Some of the Uses Of LED`s

1. They are used in the display panels

2. They are used for the display of time in digital clocks
3. They are used in signboards
4. They are used as Green, yellow and red traffic signals
5. Infrared LEDs are used inflash guns with the cameras
to avoid detection. Photographs are taken as they are taken
with white light flash guns.
6. Laser LEDs are used for reading CD ROMS
7. Red light LEDs have been discovered by the Surgeons,
working at the University of California, as very useful in
healing the cuts and wounds in short periods.