Impersonal constructions in Uyghur Abstract: Impersonal constructions are agentless by nature, in which the sentences may not have

an overt subject. They are many varieties of types, such as agentless gerunds, agentless passives, existential sentences etc. In this paper I will discuss the typology of impersonal constructions in Uyghur. 1.Introduction Descriptions on impersonal constructions are not the most important part of Uyghur grammars. Even some important work as Hazirqi Zaman Uyghur Tili Contemporary Uyghur (Turdi xmt et, 1989), didnt mention it. Since most Uyghur Grammarians mainly focused on morphology, exclusive details on sentence structures are scarce. Only sentence types were introduced with enough examples. In spite of that, there are two well-written papers in Uyghur with Chinese translations. They explained the impersonal constructions from different perspectives. General description on impersonal constructions was issued by several linguistis. Here I refer to Xaliq Niyaz (1982), Litip Tohti (2004), Cheng at al (1996), Zynp Niyaz (1991) and Niyaz Turdi (1995). 2. General Description Impersonal construction mainly points to agentless construction in Uyghur grammar. The notion impersonal in Uyghur grammar books is disparate because some scholars conceive it in morphological terms, while others adopt syntactic approaches. Mostly Uyghur grammarians adopt syntactic approach. Nevertheless they have slightly different understandings about impersonal construction. The syntactic characterization of impersonality involves subjecthood. Impersonal constructions are seen to either lack a grammatical subject altogether or alternatively feature only a pleonastic (semantically empty) subject, be it overt one or covert on (Siewerska, 2008). E.g: Zal-da konsert bol-iwat-idu. hall-LOC concert be-CONT-3sg.IMPF There is a concert happening in the hall. oquui drs-k keik-kn-dk three student class-DAT late-GAN.PART-EQU It seems that three students are late to the class. tur-idu. stand-3sg.IMPF

Impersonal constructions are identified as having a main verb, normally differentiated for person, which either lacks any person specification altogether or invariably is third person (Siewerska, 2008). E.g: U-ni-a gp He-GEN-DAT word He is not persuasive. t-m-ydu. pass-NEG-3sg.IMPF

Impersonal passives, in turn, may not lack a thematic subject but also involve a non-specified human agent, as may also infinitivals and constructions with an invariant 3Sg form of the verb (Siewerska, 2008). E.g:

Xt lette

yez-il-di. write-PASS-PST

r The letter is written. The impersonal use of the 3PL seems to occur only with speech act verbs, particularly in reporting rumors: Bu thi yr-d place-LOC jiq many pul money tap-qili earn-GILI.ADV bol-ar-mi. be-AOR-HEAR

s It is said that one can earn many money here. Bu yr-d jin bar-mi. This place-LOC jinni exist-HEAR It is said that there exist some jinni. 3. The ways of forming agentless constructions Xaliq Niyaz (1982) suggested several fundamental ways of forming agentless constructions, in which he generalized complicated definitions into short mathematical formulas as below: 1) Gerunds (dative)+ bol-. E.g: Bundaq hwal-lar-ni yn urit-i-qa such situation-PL-ACC again encounter-VN-DAT This kind of situation can be seen again. Bu thi yr-d place-loc tamaka cigarette ek-i-k smoke-VN-DAt bol-idu be-3sg.IMPF

bol-ma-ydu be-NEG-3sg.IMPF

s It is forbidden to smoke cigarette here. 2) Gerunds (dative)+tora kl-. E.g: Bu thi msili-ni problem-ACC tez quick hl deal with qil-i-qa AUX-VN-DAT tora kel-idu. must-3sg.IMPF

s This problem should be dealt with quickly. 3) Intentive adverbials+bol-. E.g: Bundaq yeiliq-lar-ni hmm such new phenomenon-PL-ACC all These new phenomenon can be seen everywhere. Imtaha qz-lir-i-ni hazir n exam paper-PL-3sgPOSS-ACC now It is not accepted to see the exam papers. 4) intentive adverbials+time adverbs+bol-. e.g: yr-d place-LOC kr-gili see-GILI.ADV bol-ma-ydu. be-NEG-3sg.IMPF bol-idu be-3sg.IMPF

kr-gili see-GILI.ADV

Biz klgili ikki yil bol-di. we come-GILI.ADV two year be-PST It has been two years that we have come. S n yo yazili write-GILI yerim half sat hour bol-mi-di. be-NEG-PST

u It has not been half an hour that you started to write. Hmit tmr described the charestirectics of gerundive impersonals as below: a. it functions as the subject of sentences whose predicate is expressed by the words rt necessary, lazim should, kerk must or mmkin possible, maybe. Predicates expressed by the words rt, lazim, kerk or mmkin indicate the requirement for the action expressed by the gerund to be carried out as well as possible. A predicate which is expressed by the word mmkin indicates estimation about the occurrence of the action. When gerunds occur in this kind of sentence with their own subject, the relationship between the word which denotes the subject and the gerund takes the ownershipdependent form appropriate to the person of its subject, but the possessive case suffix is not usually attached to the word which denotes the subject. e.g: Waqit-qa riay qil-i kerk. time-DAT obey AUX-VN must One must obey the time (one must be punctual). Ittipaqliq n paydisiz gp-lr-ni qil-mas-liq unity for nonbenevolent word-PL-ACC make-NEG-NOML It is necessary, for the sake of unity, not to engage in harmful talk. Hmmi-miz tiri-ip all-1pl.POSS endeavour-CONV We should all work hard. gin-i-imiz learn-VN-1pl.POSS zrr. essential mmkin. may rt. should lazim must

Ular-ni kel-i- they-GEN come-VN-3sg.POSS It is essential for them to come. Biz-ni u yr-g we-GEN that place-DAT We may not go there.

bar-mas-liq-imiz go-NEG-NOML-1pl.POSS

When the gerund is in the dative case and combined with the construction tora kl- have to, it produces subjectless sentence which indicate the need for the action to be carried out. Bu i-ni bgn tgit-i-k this work-ACC today finish-VN-DAT This work must be completed today. Bu this i thing toriliq about ular they biln with obdan good tora kel-idu. have to-3sg.IMPF szl-i-k talk-VN-DAT tora kel-idu. have to-3sg.IMPF

It is necessary to have a good talk with them about this matter. When linked with the verb bol- to be, it indicates the possibility that the action expressed by the adverbial will be carried out. Such sentences are without subject. Tiri-qan-di-la ala Endeavour-GAN.PART-LOC-PART go forward Only by working hard is it possible to go forward. Bu i-ni ikki kn-d this thing-ACC two day-LOC It is possible to finish this job in two days. 4. Main types of impersonal sentences There are several types of impersonal sentences; they are agentless sentences, incomplete sentences, existential/ dependent construction, modal sentences etc. 1) agentless sentences The agent of these sentences hardly identifiable, it only includes a core sentence which equals to predicate. e.g: Pirinsip biln sodili-i-qa principle with Make deal-refl-DAT one couldn't make deal with the principle. bol-ma-ydu. To be-NEG 3IMPF ekin-ms-lik retreat-NEG-AOR-NOML lazim. must bas-qili aux-GILI.ADV bol-idu. be-3sg.IMPF

tgt-kili finish-GILI.ADV

bol-idu. be-3IMPF

Qiyiniliq ald-i-da arqi-a difficulty front-3sgPOSS-LOC back-DAT one must not retreat in front of the difficulty

Ay-ni etk biln yep-ip bol-ma-s. moon-acc elbow with cover-ADVL be-NEG-AOR It is impossible to cover the moon with the elbow. As janet R. Aiken pointed out, construction lacking subject or verb or both are of a great variety of types, from the imperatives such as COME HERE and the omitted first person types WENT DOWN TOWN TODAY .where it is difficult or impossible to construct a full sentence convincingly Such imperative sentence can also be impersonal in Uyghur. It is difficult to construct the agent of the sentence, since it doesnt agree with the agent-predicate agreement principle. E.g.: Silr-ni yardim-ilar-a You.pl-GEN help-2pl.POSS- DAT Many thanks to your help kp many rhmt. thank

Heyt-iiz-a mubark bol-sun. Eid-2SG.POSS-DAT happy to be-3IMP Happy ramazan festival Xizmt usul-i-a diqqt qil-in-sun. work method-3sg.POSS-DAT attention make- PASS-3IMP It is necessary that one should pay attention to the method of the work.

2) Incomplete sentence These sentences are incomplete by nature, so it can be said non-sentence (Janet R. Aiken), since it is completely impracticable to supply the missing elements to make complete sentences. The Russian sentences discussed by Bernard Comrie belong to this type? Temno. It is dark. (2) Syro. It is damp. (3) Smerkaetsja. It is getting dark. This type exists in many languages, since short sentences agree with economy principle. Main part of these sentences are indicated by nominative phrase, or it can be a short clause. e.g.: Altini ay-ni otturi-lir-i. sixth Month-GEN Middle-PL 3POSs in the middle of the june 1988- yil bahar 1988- year spring in the spring of the year of 1988 Gugum waqt-i evening Time-3POSs at the dawn rkli-gn Torrential-part torrential big sea ah ordi-si. king Palace-3POSs king palace. 3) Existential sentence Litip Tohti (2004) discussed some agentless constructions, he pointed out that these types of sentences don't engage in any human activity, e.g: Bu ta-ni bir adm this ttone-ACC one man It is impossible for one man alone to lift this stone. Also a conditional sentence: S n yo drhal immediatly ma-sa- go-COND-2SG bol-idu. be-3IMPF yaluz alone ktr-gili lift-GILI.ADV bol-ma-ydu. be-NEG zim big drya. sea

u It is ok that you can go immediately. According to him, these sentences indicate appearing or existence of something. No agent appears in the beginning of the sentence, but does place adverbs. E.g: y-d adm bar/yoq. house-LOC man have/havent there is/isn't anyone in the house. st-g su kl-di. stream-DAT water come -PST There comes some water in the stream. Asman-da ay iq-ti sky-LOC moon come out-PST There appears the moon on the sky. Be-im-a yamur head-1SG.POSS -DAT rain Onto my head drops the rain. -ti down-PST

Bazar-da adm kp-tur. street-LOC people many-COP There are many people on the street. Existence or appearing is main information in these sentences. So the place of existence must be speak out first, otherwise it will become non-existential sentence. 4 Modal sentence English modal verbs correspond to Uyghur modal adjectives. In these types, agent part is gerunds, Predicate part is modal adjectives such as mmkin possible, kerk~lazim must, should, have to, rt should. y-d adm yoq bol-i-i House-LOC man no be-VN- 3sg.POSS May be there is no one in the house. Qrz-ni waqt-i-da Debt-ACC time-3sg.POSS-LOC You must return the debt on time. mmkin. possible rt. must

qaytur-i-i return-VB. 2sg.POSS

In this type of sentences, the modal adjectives and gerunds constitute a strict agent-predicate construction, which loosens the relationship between possessor and dependant. As a result the genitive case drops. a. Silr-ni t kel-i-ilar-// You.pl-GEN tomorrow come-VB- 2pl.POSS b. Silr-// t keliilar kerk You must come tomorrow. a. Biz-ni We-GEN bu this wzipi-ni assignment-ACC orundi--imiz-// finish-VB. 1pl.POSS rt. must kerk must

b. Biz-// bu wzipini orundiimiz rt. we must finish this work. 5) impersonal passives Langacker and Munro argue persuasively that passive constructions are basically agentless, and that agentive phrases are derived from external sources. In this view, corresponding passive and active sentences are related semantically, but do not have a common conceptual (i.e. underlying) structure. They give evidence from a number of Uto-Aztecan languages and from Mojave, a Yuman language, to show that passives are basically impersonal constructions, derived 'from structures in which a clause with unspecified subject is embedded as subject complement to the predicate BE' (789). Explicit not explicitly agents do occur with impersonal passives. Furthermore, in a number when agents are of cases. expressed, they are predictable from the context

And what's more, Agentless passives are derived in all cases by a transformation of indefinite agent deletion. Here the passive situation of Uyghur is given as below: Passive construction is produced by attaching the suffix n (-n/-in) or l (-l/-il/ul/l). Passive voice indicates that the grammatical subject of the sentence is actually the logical object of the original action. Oyun bala-n-di. play start-PASS-PST The play was begun. Xt lette yez-il-di. write-PASS-PST

r The letter was written. The passive voice is used in situations: i. It is difficult to point out the logical subject of the action. Bu thi maqal article nahayiti very yaxi good yez-il-ip-tu. write-PASS-CONV-COP

s This article has been written extremely well, who wrote it? ii. it is unnecessary to point out the logical subject of the action. Qasim wkil-lik-k sayla-n-di. Qasim representative-NOML-DAT elect-PASS-PST Qasim has been elected as a representative. iii. it is necessary to especially accentuate the logical object. ksiyti-lr adur-ul-di. reactionary-PL overthrow-PASS-PST The reactionaries were overthrown.

In some situations it is necessary to point out the logical subject at the same time as accentuating the logical object. In such cases , if the logical object is a person, people in general , or some organization , the noun which indicates that logical subject is combined the the proposition tripidin by to form an adverbial modifier. Paa ian tripidin orunla-n-an Pasha Ishan by play-PASS-GAN.PART The song sung by pasha ishan was applauded. naxa song alqi-qa applause-DAT eri-ti. obtain-PST

Dmn-lr qizil armiy tripidin yoqit-il-di. Enemy-PL red army by exterminate-PASS-PST The enemy was exterminated by the Red Army. If the logical subject was something else, the role of the logical subject is indicated in different ways. Drizi-ni ynik-i Window-GEN glass-3sg.POSS The window pane broke in the wind. amal-da wind-LOC eq-il-ip break-PASS-CONV biln with kt-ti. AUX-PST kt-ti. AUX-PST

Birmun drx-lr Boran-ni zrbi-si many tree-PL storm-GEN onslaught-3sg.POSS Several trees were torn up by the onslaught of the storm. 6. The debates over impersonal construction

yul-un-up pluck-PASS-CONV

There are not too many debates over impersonal constructions. Nevertheless, two authors put forward slightly different opinions, their views are introduced separately: First one is Niyaz Turdi. According to the characteristics of some agentless constructions that can be converted into agentive ones, Niyaz Turdi asserts that impersonal constructions can be divided into two types: absolute impersonal construction and relative impersonal construction. Relative impersonal constructions are such as below: a. Relative impersonals are such construction, of which the predicate part is the combination of noperson-marker gerunds with modal adjectives as lazim should, kerk must etc. if attach person marker to the gerund, it will become covert subject sentence: Qiyiniliq ald-i-da difficulty front-3sg.POSS-LOC .(impersonal) Qiyiniliq ald-i-da difficulty front-3sg.POSS-LOC (personal) U-ni-a kprk trbiy twr-n-ms-lik flucktuate-PASS-NEG-NOML kerk must

One must not fluctuate in front of difficulty. twr-n-ms-lik-imiz flucktuate-PASS-NEG-NOML-1pl.POSS kerk. must

we must not fluctuate in front of difficulty. ber-i lazim.

He-GEN-DAT (impersonal) U-ni-a He-GEN-DAT (personal)

more

persuasion

give-VN

must

It is necessary to give him more persuasion. kprk more trbiy persuasion ber-i-imiz give-VN-1pl.POSS lazim. must

We must give him more persuasion. b. sentences with the predicates bol- to be, tora kl- have to. If the first part is gerunds, it will form an impersonal construction. If the gerund part takes person marker, it forms covert personal construction. U-ni z-i He-GEN self-3sg.POSS (impersonal) U-ni z-i He-GEN self-3sg.POSS (personal) We must meet his own self. Dmn-ni Enemy-ACC (impersonal) Dmn-ni Enemy-ACC (personal) dost friend d-p say-CONV qara--qa regard-VN-DAT bol-ma-ydu. be-NEG-3IMPF biln with kr---k see-VN-REC tora kel-idu. have to-3IMPF

It is necessary to meet his own self. biln with kr---imiz-g see-VN-REC-1pl.POSS-DAT tora kelidu. have to-3IMPF

It not correct to regard the enemy as a friend. dost friend d-p say-CONV qari--imiz-a regard-VN-DAT-1pl.POSS-DAT bol-ma-ydu. be-NEG-3IMPF

We must not regard the enemy as a friend. c. in the first part comes the dative or genitive noun phrase, then comes the combination of gerunds with tora kl- have to. If the case marker drops off, the gerund also loses its possessive marker. As a result the sentence becomes an agentive construction. Ma-a qayt-ip I-DAT go back-CONV (impersonal) Mn qaytip i Go back-CONV (personal) I have to go back Men-i bill i-GEN together (impersonal) ber-i-im-a go-VN-1sg.POSS-DAT tora kel-idu. have to -3IMPF ket-i-k AUX-VN-DAT tora kl-di. have to-AUX-PST

For me, it is compulsory to go back ketike AUX-VN-DAT tora kl-di. have to-AUX-PST

It is necessary for me go with him. Mn bill i together (personal) ber-i-im-a go-VN-1sg.POSS-DAT tora kel-idu. have to -3IMPF

I have to go with him. 2. Absolute impersonal construction: a. a sentences with third person passive predicate: gini waqt-i-din toluq paydilin-il-sun. use-PASS-3IMP qil-in-sun do-PASS-3IMP study time-3sg.POSS-ABL complete Make complete use of studying time. Xizmt usul-i-a diqqt work method-3sg.POSS-DAT attention Pay attention to the working method.

b. the combination of genitive pronoun with auxialiary verbs such as bar to exist, yoq doesn't exist, kr-to see, kl-to come, qal-to leave, to remean. U-ni bu yr-d He-GEN this place-LOC He wants to stay her. Men-i bu yr-d i-GEN this place-LOC I don't want to stay here. qal-u-si stay-GU.VN-3sg.POSS tur-u-m stand- GU.VN-3sg.POSS kr-g-m see-GU.VN-1sg.POSS bar. has bar. has yoq. hasnt kl-di. come-PST

Men-i y-m-ni i-GEN house-1sg.POSS-ACC I would like to see my home. Men-i yardm I-GEN help Id like to help

qil-u-m do- GU.VN-3sg.POSS

3. the combination of intentive adverbial with bol- to be Ay-ni etk biln yap-qili Moon-ACC elbow with cover-GILI.ADV It is impossible to cover the moon with the elbows. bol-ma-ydu. be-NEG-3IMPF bol-idu. be-3IMPF

Tiri-qan-di-la ntij qazan-ili Endavour-PERF-LOC-PART progress make-GILI.ADV If only study hard, then one can make progress. Yultuz-lar-ni sana-p tgt-kili Star-PL-ACC count-CONV finish-GILI.ADV It is impossible to completely count up the stars. Biraw-ni Someone-GEN qandaq-li-i-ni how-NOML-2sg.POSS-ACC bol-ma-ydu. be-3IMPF

hrikit-i-din behaviour-3sg.POSS

bil-gili know-GILI.ADV

bol-idu. be-3IMPF

It is possible to know someone through his behaviour. Second opposition comes from Zynp Niyaz. Zynp Niyaz (1991) argued that the sentences which were previously defined as subjectless sentences by other grammarians are not subjectless in fact: Mundaq roh-iiz-din gin-i such spirit-2sg.POSS-ABL learn-VN One should learn such spirit of you. I-ni waqt-i-da Work-ACC time-3sg.POSS-LOC One should finish the work on time. tgit-i finish-VN kerk should lazim must

Hmmi-miz-ni kel-i-imiz All-1pl.POSS-GEN come-VN-1pl.POSS It is necessary for all of us to come.

zrr. necessary

She argued that they all are agentive sentences. In these sentences the - gerunds as mundaq rohiizdin, Ini waqtida tgiti, Hmmimizni keliimiz play the role of the subject, and kerk, lazim, zrr can be predicates. She also argued that these sentences [gerunds( NOM)+mmkin] as below are also mistakenly taken as subjectless: Bu thi kitab-din book-ABL paydilin-i use-VN mmkin. possible

s It is possible to make use of this book. Biz-ni u yr-g We-GEN that place-DAT We may not go there. bar-mas-liq-imiz go-NEG-NOML-1pl.POSS mmkin. possible mmkin. possible

t etiz-a iq-i tomorrow field-DAT go out-VN We may go to the farmland tomorrow.

In these sentences, bu kitabdin, bizning u yrg barmasliqimiz, t etiza iqi are the nominative gerunds which play the role of agents. And mmkin is a predicate with omitted -dur as above examples. Thirdly, these sentences also belong to such mistakes: Bgn men-i kino-a bar-u-m today I-GEN movie-DATt go-GU.VN-1sg.POSS Today I don't want to go to the movie. Bu i-ni men-i This work-ACC I-GEN I wouldn't like to do this work. qil-u-m do-GU.VN-1sg.POSS yoq. hasnt yoq. hasnt kl-di come-PST

U-ni y-i-ni He-GEN house-3sg.POSS-ACC He wants to see his home.

kr-g-si see-GU.VN-3sg.POSS

In these sentences bgn meni kinoa barum, bu ini meni qilum, uni yini krgsi are the agents, and bar and yoq are the predicates. Then what're subjectless sentences? According to her: grammatikiliq igisini tapqili bolmaydian yaki eniqlaqa mmkin bolmaydian jmlilr igisiz jml dp atilidu (sentences which lack grammatical agent or sentences, of which the agent is impossible to define are called agentless sentences.) Bu thi i-ni work bir one kn-d day-LOC tgt-kili finish-GILI.ADV bol-ma-ydu be-NEG-3sg.IMPF

s It is impossible to finish this work in one day. Bu msili-g diqqt this problem-DAT pay attention One should notice this problem. qil-i-qa AUX-VN-DAT tora kel-idu have to-3sg.IMPF tora kel-idu have to-3sg.IMPF bol-ma-ydu. be-NEG-3sg.IMPF

Qandaqla bolmisun sen-i ber-i-i-a Whatever happens you-GEN go-VN-2sg.POSS-DAT Whatever happens, you have to go there U-ni gep-i-g n-gili He-GEN word-3sg.POSS-DAT understand-GILI.ADV It is difficult to understand his words. She also claims that such sentences also belong to this type: Bahar. spring Kz. autumn Ke. evening.

These sentences lack grammatical agent. They are called non-sentences as we called before. 7. Last comments on the opposition: I don't agree with Zynp Niyaz and Niyaz Turdi for their rejection of some impersonal constructions. They think that such sentences as hmmimizni keliimiz zrr are in fact subjective sentences and treats hmmimizni keliimiz as an subject. This not true. They forgot the subject predicate agreement rule. In this rule the predicate must be agree with subject in person. For instance in mn kldim, the person marker -m in predicate agrees with the subject mn. If we omit the subject mn, there will produce syntactic pleonasm. E.g: mn kldim I has come kldim I has come

in this case, the pronoun mn is grammatically optional, both sentences mean I has come. But in theirs, the covert biz doesn't agree with the predicate zrr in person. Another sentence type, of which the agent is hard to define is pro-drop ambiguity sentence : tlk klgn trpk qaridi Mhur air Lutpulla Mutllip 1923- tuulan, 1945-yili ltrlgn. I was born in 1974 Compare Turkish ben 1974 sene dodum.

References: Hmit tmr, translated by Ann Lee, Modern Uyghur Grammar (Morphology), Yildiz Dil Ve Edebiyat 3, Istanbul 2003 Niyaz, Xaliq (1982) Hazirqi zaman Uyur tilidiki addi jmlilrning jml nusxiliri (The types of simple sentences in modern Uyghur). In: Shinjang Til-yeziq Komiteti (Language and Script Committee of Xinjiang) (ed.) Uyur tili msililiri (Some Issues of the Uyghur Language). rmchi: Shinjang Xlq Nshriyati. Siewierska, Anna 2008: Ways of impersonalizing: Pronominal vs verbal strategies. Mara De Los ngeles Gmez Professor Turdi xmt, Dotsent nsrdin Musa, Dotsent Nsrulla Yolboldi: Hazirqi Zaman Uyur

Tili (Aliy Mktblr un Darslik), rmi: Xinjiang Maarip Nashriyati. 1989-Yil 4-Ay Tzgi: Sulayman Spr, Tkrp Bekitkilr: Tuniyaz Abidi, Nsrulla Yolboldi, Razzaq Muhmmtniyaz, Ibrahim Sopi, Hazirqi Zaman Uyur Tili, rmi, inja Xlq Nriyati.2000-yil 1-Ay Zaynap Niyaz: Haziriqi Zaman Uyur Tilidiki Igisiz Jml Torisida, Til W Terjime,1990-yil 5-san, 24~27 Niyaz Turdi: Uyur Tilidiki Igisiz Jmlilrni Tzlii Hqqid, Til W Trjim, 1994-yil 6-san,37~38. Although I have read the articles on impersonal construction on below, I am not able to incorporate their views into this article. Here I give the list: Agents in Latin Impersonal Passives, Author(s): Silvia Pieroni,Source: Mnemosyne, Fourth Series, Vol. 53, Fasc. 3 (Jun., 2000), pp. 288-301,Published by: BRILL The Passive Construction in English, Author(s): Kinsuke Hasegawa,Source: Language, Vol. 44, No. 2, Part 1 (Jun., 1968), pp. 230-243,Published by: Linguistic Society of America Space Grammar, Analysability, and the English Passive, Author(s): Ronald W. Langacker,Source: Language, Vol. 58, No. 1 (Mar., 1982), pp. 22-80,Published by: Linguistic Society of America, Passives and Their Meaning, Author(s): Ronald W. Langacker and Pamela Munro,Source: Language, Vol. 51, No. 4 (Dec., 1975), pp. 789-830,Published by: Linguistic Society of America Agentless Sentences, Author(s): John Haiman,Source: Foundations of Language, Vol. 14, No. 1 (Jan., 1976), pp. 19-53,Published by: Springer Transitivity, Author(s): John Bowers,Source: Linguistic Inquiry, Vol. 33, No. 2 (Spring, 2002), pp. 183-224,Published by: The MIT Press The Subjectless Imperative, Author(s): Janet R. Aiken,Source: Modern Language Notes, Vol. 51, No. 4 (Apr., 1936), pp. 273-274,Published by: The Johns Hopkins University Press The Case of an (S)VO Language: Subjectless Constructions in Modern Hebrew, Author(s): Ruth A. Berman,Source: Language, Vol. 56, No. 4 (Dec., 1980), pp. 759-776,Published by: Linguistic Society of America Subjectless Sentences in Child Language, Author(s): Paul Bloom,Source: Linguistic Inquiry, Vol. 21, No. 4 (Autumn, 1990), pp. 491-504,Published by: The MIT Press Spanish So-Called Impersonal Sentences, Author(s): David William Foster,Source: Anthropological Linguistics, Vol. 12, No. 1 (Jan., 1970), pp. 1-9,Published by: The Trustees of Indiana University on behalf of Anthropological Linguistics Personal vs. Impersonal Constructions, Author(s): David M. Perlmutter,Source: Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, Vol. 1, No. 1 (1983), pp. 141-200,Published by: Springer

On the Semantic Representation of Oblique Complements, Author(s): James E. Hoard,Source: Language, Vol. 55, No. 2 (Jun., 1979), pp. 319-332,Published by: Linguistic Society of America On the Impersonal Verb,Author(s): Julius Goebel,Source: PMLA, Vol. 4, No. 2 (1889), pp. 113123,Published by: Modern Language Association On Subjectless Gerunds in English, Author(s): Sandra A. Thompson,Source: Foundations of Language, Vol. 9, No. 3 (Jan., 1973), pp. 374-383,Published by: Springer Impersonal Subjects in Russian, Author(s): Bernard Comrie,Source: Foundations of Language, Vol. 12, No. 1 (Sep., 1974), pp. 103-115,Published by: Springer French Impersonal Constructions, Author(s): Graldine Legendre,Source: Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, Vol. 8, No. 1 (Feb., 1990), pp. 81-128,Published by: Springer English Subjectless Tagged Sentences, Author(s): Paul Kay,Source: Language, Vol. 78, No. 3 (Sep., 2002), pp. 453-481,Published by: Linguistic Society of America Definites in There-Sentences, Author(s): Emily Rando and Donna Jo Napoli,Source: Language, Vol. 54, No. 2 (Jun., 1978), pp. 300-313,Published by: Linguistic Society of America Constraints on the Agentless Passive, Author(s): E. Judith Weiner and William Labov,Source: Journal of Linguistics, Vol. 19, No. 1 (Mar., 1983), pp. 29-58,Published by: Cambridge University Press