Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
The Quick Quiz is to see how much you already know about a subject. It also gives you some idea
of the things you will soon be learning about. Record your answers in the answers column. Shade
in or tick the ones you get right.
and
breathe.
smoking
amounts
and
drugs.
illegal.
drugs.
and
and
antagonistic
move
Background reading
Being fit means different things for different individuals and the level of tness depends on age,
gender and amount of physical activity. Fitness is the ability to perform daily activities with ease and
without getting tired. Being t and being healthy are NOT the same thing. An athlete may be very t
but medically unhealthy, for example if he or she suffers from a disease such as diabetes.
Models come in all shapes and sizes but invariably those most often seen are those that are t. As
such, many models spend a lot of time making sure that they keep their bodies in shape and stay t.
However, being t is a very loose term and so, in science, it is broken down into different
components that can be measured. Fitness is usually judged using four criteria: stamina, suppleness,
strength and speed. These are often called the four S-factors.
Stamina is really cardiovascular or aerobic fitness and is important in reducing the risk of heart
disease. It improves the condition of the heart, lungs and blood and enables muscles to release energy
from glucose more efciently. Sports that require stamina include swimming, cycling, running,
power walking, football, hockey and squash. Stamina forms the basis of overall tness and is the
most beneficial to health.
Suppleness or exibility is the ability of muscles and joints to allow a full range of movement.
Warming up and cooling down exercises are important to develop suppleness. Gymnasts and dancers
have to be very supple.
Strength refers to a muscles ability to lift a heavy object or carry out strenuous tasks. The harder an
exercise is the stronger the muscle needs to be.
Speed relates to how quickly individual muscles can contract in fast movements such as sprinting,
throwing and jumping. Overall fitness also involves the brain coordinating muscle activity and
maintaining balance.
When athletes train to improve their tness they begin by developing all four components. They then
train to further develop those components relevant to their sport. Regular exercise increases a
persons basal metabolic rate (BMR) the minimum amount of energy needed to support the vital
functions of the heart, digestive system, brain activity and respiration in a resting person (an
approximate average value being 4.6 kJ/min). Athletes therefore eat a diet rich in carbohydrates to
provide glucose for respiration. The carbohydrate is stored as glycogen in muscles and the liver.
When glucose is required the glycogen polymer is broken down into glucose again. (Look back at
your notes on respiration from last year - Unit 8B.)
Regular vigorous exercise leads to several changes in the circulatory system. The resting heart rate
decreases because the heart becomes bigger and stronger, and so produces a larger stroke volume.
This is the volume of blood pumped out at each beat. Fewer beats are therefore needed to pump the
same volume of blood as before. This also explains why the heart rate of t people returns to normal
more quickly after exercise. The total volume of blood can also increase by up to 25%. As this is
mainly due to more plasma, rather than cells, the effect is that the blood becomes thinner and so can
ow through the capillaries more easily. An important change is that the number of capillaries
between the muscle fibres increases. This therefore means that the reactants and products of
respiration can be transported to and from the muscle cells much more quickly.
Pronunciation
Meaning
aerobic respiration
breathing rate
breathing system
circulatory system
criteria
cry-teer-ee-a
digestive system
heartbeat rate
organ system
respiratory system
social behaviour
1) Look at photo A. What is the link that the advertiser is trying to get you to make?
...............................................................................................................................................................
2)
a) What change in your behaviour do advertisers want you to make?
.........................................................................................................................................................
b) Suggest one way in which this might be a good thing.
.........................................................................................................................................................
3) What sort of model would you choose to advertise the following?
a) Nappies............................................................................................................................................
b) a sunshine holiday ...........................................................................................................................
c) toy cars ............................................................................................................................................
d) milkshakes to replace meals, for people going on a diet.................................................................
e) a weightlifting exercise machine .....................................................................................................
4)
a) How do you think exercise machines are scientifically tested? Think of as many ways as you
can.
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
Describe how exercise affects the pulse rate and breathing rate.
Recall which organ systems work together to release energy from food.
Explain how muscles release energy from food.
Describe some ways in which fitness can be assessed.
1)
a) Look at the photos of models AC. Which model do you think is the fittest?
.........................................................................................................................................................
b) Why do you think this?
.........................................................................................................................................................
2) Look at this list of sports: archery
Which sport do you think requires:
cricket
fishing
hill walking
volleyball.
Weights .................................................................................................................................................
7) For each organ labelled in photo E, write down the organ system it is part of.
Lungs.....................................................................................................................................................
Heart ......................................................................................................................................................
Small intestine.......................................................................................................................................
Muscles .................................................................................................................................................
8)
How does knowing about the effects of exercise help people to make decisions about looking
after their bodies?
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
When you are __________________ you are able to do all the activities that your lifestyle
demands. Fitness can be divided into four S - __________________:
__________________, strength, speed and stamina (how __________________ you can
do an exercise for).
Some people are __________________ than others. To __________________ how fit
someone is, scientists have developed some rules or __________________. How fast you
can run can be used as a __________________ to judge your fitness and to see if a
__________________ training programme is working.
When you exercise you need more __________________ and so your body needs more
__________________ and oxygen for __________________ respiration to release energy.
Your __________________ (or respiratory) system gets oxygen into your blood (and
removes carbon __________________). Your __________________ system gets glucose
into the blood.
The word __________________ for aerobic respiration is:
glucose + __________________ __________________ + carbon dioxide
Your __________________ system carries glucose and oxygen to the cells that need it.
The heart beats __________________ when you exercise to get more glucose and oxygen
to your cells.
aerobic
digestive
fitness
breathing
dioxide
fitter
oxygen
circulatory
energy
glucose
slower
criteria
equation
light
sucrose
long
criterion
factors
faster
measure
suppleness
oxide
water
fit
Background reading
The structure of the respiratory system and gas exchange was covered last year in Topic 8Bd. Be
careful not confuse the terms breathing, ventilation and respiration.
Breathing is when the diaphragm and intercostal muscles between the ribs change the volume of the
thorax.
Ventilation is the movement of air into and out of the lungs as a result of breathing.
Respiration is a chemical reaction that occurs inside all living cells to release energy from glucose.
During inhalation (breathing in) the intercostal muscles contract and shorten, pulling the ribcage
upwards and outwards. The diaphragm also attens. These changes increase the volume of the thorax
making the pressure inside less than the air pressure outside. Air is therefore forced into the lungs,
inating them, until the internal and external pressures are equal. During exhalation (breathing out)
the intercostal muscles relax and become longer, so the ribcage falls back down to its resting
position. The diaphragm relaxes to become dome-shaped. This decreases the volume of the thorax,
increasing the internal pressure so air is forced out of the lungs and they deate.
Asthma attacks are caused by allergic reactions, infection and emotional stress. The muscles in the
walls of the tubes in the lungs (bronchi and bronchioles) contract, making the tubes much narrower
and, therefore, making it difficult to breathe. Substances in inhalers help these muscles to relax.
Cystic brosis (CF) is a genetic disease that causes large amounts of sticky mucus to build up in the
lungs, often becoming infected and reducing the surface area available for gas exchange.
Breathing can stop under some conditions (e.g. following an accident). Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation
can be used to keep a supply of oxygen going to the brain (providing the heart is still working). This
resuscitation method is commonly called the kiss of life or artificial respiration. In medical dramas
on TV you might have seen heard the term sats. This is short for saturation of oxygen and refers
to the amount of oxygen carried in the blood.
Cancer is caused by chemicals (called carcinogens) found in the tar of cigarette smoke. The most
common cancers associated with smoking are lung, mouth, throat, stomach and bladder.
Bronchitis can be caused by chemicals in the tar that irritate the delicate linings of the tubes leading
from the trachea into the lungs. The tubes become red and swollen and, since the cilia (hairs that
normally sweep out dirt and mucus from the lungs) have been stopped from working by the tar and
heat from the smoke, the swelling becomes worse. The mucus often becomes infected with bacteria.
A smokers cough occurs as a direct result of the cilia not working. The mucus cannot be swept out
of the lungs and so the smoker must cough it up.
Emphysema occurs when chemicals in the smoke damage the lung tissue in the air sacs. Large holes
appear in the lungs, which may ll with uid, making breathing difcult. Heart disease is caused by
fatty deposits narrowing the arteries that feed the heart muscle. Nicotine appears to speed up this
process, meaning that cells in the heart muscle do not get enough oxygen, cease to work efciently
and even die.
Pronunciation
Meaning
lung cancer
mucus
nicotine
nick-O-teen
night-blindness
nutrient
premature
rickets
scurvy
skur-vee
stroke
tar
ventilation
recreational drug
reck-ree-ay-shun-al
side-effect
solvent
solvent abuse
stimulant
stim-you-lant
Getting oxygen into your blood and removing carbon dioxide is called gas
__________________. It happens in your __________________ . __________________ is
the process in which muscles make your lungs bigger and smaller, so that air flows into and
out of your lungs (a process called _________________).
When you breathe in, your __________________ moves down and becomes flatter. When
you breathe __________________, it rises again.
To help keep your lungs clean, the tubes that lead to them are covered in ciliated
__________________ cells. These have hairs (called __________________) on them.
__________________, produced by other cells, traps dirt and __________________ and
the cilia sweep the mucus out of the tubes.
breathing
lungs
cilia
microbes
diaphragm
mucus
out
epithelial
respiration
exchange
swapping
hairs
in
ventilation
9 Bb Smoke signals
Smoking can cause __________________ to build up in arteries and block them. This can
cause a __________________ (when blood stops flowing to part of the brain) or a
__________________ attack (when blood stops flowing to part of the heart muscle).
arteries
monoxide
cancer
nicotine
dioxide
fat
red
stroke
heart
white
Background reading
You studied the uses of the different food groups needed in a balanced diet last year in Unit 8A. I
highly recommend you listen to the podcast on the VLE page for this unit. Its a radio 4 programme
for adults so the language might be hard work at times, but what they have to say about the
implications of what we eat is frightening.
It is important to remember that malnutrition can result from a diet that is either deficient in one or
more nutrients or has an excess of one or more nutrients. The most common example of the latter is
when the diet contains too much in the way of energy-providing nutrients, which can eventually
result in obesity. Being obese increases the risk of heart disease, high blood pressure, various cancers
and joint problems. The podcast on the VLE (section 9B) is well worth listening to about the dangers
of eating too much of the wrong type of fat in your diet. Its your body so its worth knowing what
sort of fuel it takes, and what sort of problems you will have if you dont !
With the increasing use (and abuse) of vitamin and mineral supplements more people are actually
developing symptoms of their excess.
Deficiency diseases are the result of a shortage of a particular nutrient in the diet. A shortage of
protein results in a muscle-wasting disease called kwashiorkor. Vitamins are compounds needed in
small amounts. They are divided into two groups fat-soluble vitamins and water-soluble ones. The
former are vitamins A, D, E and K and all the rest are water-soluble. The fat-soluble ones can easily
be stored in fat in the body. Some of the water soluble ones (e.g. vitamin C) can also be stored to
some extent.
The elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen are provided in most foods. Nitrogen is provided in
proteins. Trace elements (e.g. calcium and iron) are those that, although vital, are needed in much
smaller quantities. These trace elements are taken in the form of chemical compounds that make up
an organism used as part of our food. What we tend to refer to as minerals are really mineral salts
that is, compounds that contain important trace elements. Calcium phosphate is a mineral salt. We
tend to call this calcium or phosphorus depending on the context!
_______
Recommended
Deficiency disease
__________________
__________________
daily amount
for 14 year
olds
protein
42.1 g (boys)
41.2 g (girls)
damage
calcium
__________________
1 g (boys)
0.8 g (girls)
Nutrient
Recommended
Deficiency
__________
Symptoms
14 year olds
iron
vitamin A
11.3 mg (boys)
_______________
14.8 mg (girls)
___
of breath
600 g
_______________
___
light
scurvy
bleeding gums
________
35 mg
anaemia
deficiency
rickets
scurvy
disease
symptoms
kwashiorkor
vitamin B
night-blindness
vitamin C
nutrient
vitamin K
1) Write three bullet points to give advice to people looking for a diet.
i) ...................................................................................................................................................
ii) ...................................................................................................................................................
iii) ...................................................................................................................................................
2) Vitamins A, D, E and K are fat-soluble.
a) What do you think fat-soluble means? ............................................................................................
b) Suggest a problem with going on a very low-fat diet. ....................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
3) Make up some figures to illustrate how a percentage can be used to hide a real figure. Carefully
show your working.
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
4) How would you collect evidence to show that a diet plan works?
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
5) Why are people tempted to give misleading evidence when marketing diet plans?
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
6) Explain why many diet plans use lots of scientific words. ...................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
7) In the Slim-Fast diet you replace one meal a day with a special milkshake. What are the benefits
and drawbacks of this diet?
a) Benefits ...........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
b) Drawbacks .......................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
Background reading
Even in moderation, alcohol (ethanol) is linked to an increased risk of cancer of the breast, colon,
rectum, mouth, pharynx and oesophagus (gullet). Smoking further increases the risk. Alcohol is also
linked to high blood pressure and gastric ulcers. Liver disease and a depletion of its stored vitamins
and minerals are caused by excess alcohol consumption. There are also social and psychological
implications of alcohol abuse. It is estimated that it costs the NHS 6 billion a year to treat alcoholrelated illnesses. One person in 25 is dependent on alcohol and this is thought to have genetic causes.
Approximately 40% of all violent crime is attributed to alcohol. Women are at greater risk of
alcohol-related illnesses than men, partly because they are generally smaller and also because they
have a higher proportion of body fat, so the alcohol absorbed is not diluted as much as in men. This is
why the recommended weekly consumption is less for women than men. In the UK, 1 unit is 7.9 g or
10 cm3 of pure alcohol, but this changes from country to country. For example, in the USA, 1 unit is
14 g of alcohol. Each gram of alcohol provides 29 kJ of energy. These are often described as empty
calories because they do not provide the body with any useful nutrients, but they can lead to an
increase in body mass.
Alcohol is a diuretic it increases the loss of water from the body leading to dehydration. This is the
main cause of the symptoms of a hangover. It also inhibits the conversion of liver glycogen to
glucose, which can cause shakes and light-headedness.
People who drink alcohol should make sure that they eat some carbohydrate and drink plenty of
water.
Drugs are often classified into different groups but there is some overlap between the different
categories. For example, some illegal drugs such as amphetamines are also prescription drugs; overthe-counter drugs such as nicotine can also be recreational and addictive drugs.
It is worth remembering that many of these drugs were originally developed as medicines. Heroin,
for example, was a registered trademark of the German drugs company Bayer, until it was forced to
give this up (along with aspirin) at the Treaty of Versailles in 1919. It was originally developed as a
painkiller and is still used in hospitals in the UK under the name of diamorphine.
Pronunciation
addictive
caffeine
cannabis
cocaine
Meaning
cO-cane
depressant
drug
ecstasy
heroin
impulse
medicine
med-iss-in
neuron
nyour-on
recreational drug
reck-ree-ay-shun-al
side-effect
solvent
solvent abuse
stimulant
stim-you-lant
1)
a) Use photo A to make two lists one of drugs and one of other substances.
i) Drugs .........................................................................................................................................
ii) Other substances .......................................................................................................................
b) Divide your list of drugs into further groups. Explain your reasoning.
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
2) Look at photo A again.
a) Which of the substances do you think are harmful? .......................................................................
b) Which can you buy at any age?.......................................................................................................
c) Which are only legal to buy above a certain age? ...........................................................................
d) Which are illegal? ...........................................................................................................................
3) What do stimulants do? .........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
4) Why do people continue using cocaine even after it starts to harm them? ...........................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
5) Why do you think people should not drink and drive? .........................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
6) A man drank a pint of beer and a measure of whisky.
a) How many units of alcohol did he drink? .......................................................................................
b) How long would it take his liver to break this down?.....................................................................
7) If he drank this amount every day, how many units above the recommended weekly amount
would he drink?.....................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
Complete the table
Name of drug Stimulant or depressant?
Alcohol
depressant
Side-effects
deficiency diseases, liver damage
caffeine
stimulant
cannabis
depressant
Cocaine
stimulant
blocked arteries
Ecstasy
stimulant
Heroin
depressant
nicotine
stimulant
solvents
depressants
__________________ are substances that change the way your body works.
__________________ (e.g. nicotine) people use them because they enjoy the
effects.
illegal (e.g. __________________) you are not allowed to buy or use them
__________________ (e.g. nicotine) they make you feel like you cant cope
without them.
addictive
drugs
aspirin
heroin
banned
impulse
caffeine
recreational
depressants
stimulants
Background reading
There are three types of muscle. Skeletal muscle makes up about 40% of the wet mass of a mans
body and about 23% of a womans (about 70% of the body is water). There are over 600 skeletal
muscles which are under our direct control and which enable us to move larger joints. This type of
muscle is, therefore, sometimes called voluntary muscle. It consists of striped bres that run parallel
to one another. The muscles are attached to bones by fibrous cords of a substance called collagen, the
cords being the tendons. We will be learning about only the voluntary muscle is in this unit. Briey,
there are two other types of muscle, both of which come under the control of the subconscious.
Smooth muscle (so called because its bres are not striped) is found associated with internal organs.
It contracts slowly and smoothly.
Cardiac muscle is only found in the heart. It is striped like skeletal muscle, but like smooth muscle it
is not under conscious control. It also never tires.
In a joint, the bones are held in place by ligaments (ligaments connect bones to other bones). These
often constrict the action of the joint, allowing the bones to move only in certain directions Flexible
joints come in various forms; the two of major importance are the hinge, and the ball and socket
joints. Hinge joints (such as found in the elbow or knee) only allow movement in one plane, like the
hinge of a door. Ball and socket joints (such as found in the shoulder and hip) allow movement in all
planes. The end of one bone rotates within an enclosing cup formed by another bone.
Other joints include pivot joints, which allow rotation only. This type of joint is found where the
skull meets the backbone, and it allows rotation about a fixed point. Saddle joints allow movement
in one plane backwards and forwards, and sideways but with no rotation. There is a saddle joint at
the base of the thumb. Gliding joints are found between the vertebrae where two fairly at bones can
slide over one another to some degree. The wrist joint is a condyloid joint in which a slightly convex
surface ts into a slightly concave, elliptical indent.
Skeletal muscles are controlled by nerve impulses that travel from the brain and through the spinal
cord. Many joints (and all those mentioned above) contain a uid (synovial fluid) to allow easy
movement of the bones and to protect their ends from wearing away. Such joints are called synovial
joints. The uid is kept within the joint and is secreted by the synovial membrane. Some adolescents
suffer from what is often referred to as water on the knee or Osgood-Schlatters disease, when part
of one of the bones in the knee joint grows faster than the other bones, causing extra uid to collect
beneath the knee cap and, consequently, some pain.
Muscles, when stimulated by a nerve, contract. When the stimulation is no longer present, they relax.
Therefore, muscles cannot push (only pull) and thus they usually exist in antagonistic pairs (one
muscle pulls the joint in one direction and another pulls in the opposite direction). There are many of
these pairs throughout the body, for example, the biceps and triceps, found in the upper arm. The
biceps muscle is at the front of the arm and when it contracts it causes the forearm to be raised
(forearm exion a decrease in the angle around the joint). During forearm exion the triceps (at the
back of the upper arm) relaxes. When the forearm is moved downwards (forearm extension an
increase in the angle around the joint) the biceps relaxes and the triceps contracts. The biceps muscles
are, in fact, bigger than the triceps since they need to pull things up against the force of gravity. In an
adult human there are 206 bones which are used to support the body (e.g. the backbone actually a
series of 26 bones called vertebrae), to protect delicate organs (e.g. the skull) and to allow movement
(via joints operated by muscles).
Bone is NOT dead material. It is very much alive and contains a blood supply and nerves, and can act
as a store of mineral salts. The chief mineral salt component of bone is calcium phosphate. This is
deposited around living cells called osteocytes, forming bone. The outside of a bone is usually dense
and hard, whereas further in it is spongy, helping to make it lightweight. The middles of many larger
bones are hollow and are lled with bone marrow (a tissue, responsible for the production of blood
cells). Once formed, many bones continue to change shape even in adults. Calcium phosphate is
continually reabsorbed from the bones and re-deposited again. This process is controlled by
hormones and means that the skeleton continues to change shape and develop in order to best serve
the needs of the individual at a particular time. For instance, the stresses on the bones of a manual
labourer cause the bones to develop more ridges, thus increasing the surface area for muscle
attachment. Bone that is never stressed tends to break down and this is a problem for astronauts who
spend long periods of time in the weightless conditions of space.
Regular exercise is essential for strong bones. Bone structure can also be weakened by a lack of
calcium, vitamin A or vitamin D in
the diet. Older women may suffer
from brittle bones (osteoporosis). It
is thought that the sex hormone
oestrogen plays a role in bone
absorption and deposition. The
levels of this hormone fall after the
menopause and this is thought to
lead to more bone being absorbed
than is deposited, giving an
increased chance of bone fracture.
This condition can often be helped
by using hormone replacement
therapy (HRT) but HRT is
thought to increase the risk of some
cancers.
Sporting injuries include pulled
muscles, in which muscle fibres
become stretched or torn, although
more often than not this happens in
the tendon rather than the muscle
itself. Common names for some
forms of tendon damage are
housemaids knee and tennis
elbow. Haematomas often are
mistakenly called pulled muscles.
In fact, the pain caused by
contraction of the muscle is due to
a blood clot in the muscle, formed
following rupture of a blood vessel.
In a sprain one of the ligaments is
torn. Dislocations occur when the
positions of the bones within a joint
are altered. A fracture is the more
correct term for a broken bone.
Pronunciation
Meaning
antagonistic pair
ant-tag-on-iss-tick
biceps
bye-seps
contract
joint
relax
skeleton
skull
triceps
try-seps
vertebra
1)
a) How would you describe Simons body to an advertiser? ..............................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
b) Suggest a product you think Simon could advertise. ......................................................................
2) Which bones protect the heart and lungs? ............................................................................................
3) The nervous system contains the brain and spinal cord. Your spinal cord runs down your back
and contains many important nerves. Which bones protect:
a) your brain? ......................................................................................................................................
b) your spinal cord? .............................................................................................................................
4) What does your body use to make bones move? ..................................................................................
5) The diagrams show the names that doctors give to different sorts of break. What sort of break is
shown in X-ray C? ................................................................................................................................
6) When the biceps muscle contracts, what happens to the triceps? .........................................................
7) Why do muscles work in antagonistic pairs? ........................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
8) Look at drawing F. It shows some other muscles in the body. You dont need to remember their
names!
a) Write down all the antagonistic pairs you can see. .........................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
b) If you point your toes to the ground, which muscle contracts? ......................................................
c) If you raise your toes, which muscle contracts? .............................................................................
The bones of your __________________ can have one or more of three main functions:
Your bones are __________________ and can grow and change shape.
Muscles cannot __________________, they can only __________________. So, they are
found in __________________ pairs.
One muscle in the pair can __________________ (get shorter and fatter) to pull the bone in
one direction and the other muscle in the pair can __________________ the bone the other
way. When one muscle is pulling, the other one in the pair _________________.
agonistic
contract
antagonistic
joints
relaxes
alive
neck
skeleton
pull
backbone
pull
skull
push
sternum
constrict
push
1) Do you think that H.G. Wells was right? Explain your reasoning. ......................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
2) What things should people remember when they look at adverts? Write a list. ...................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
3) Briefly state how you can keep the following organ systems healthy:
a) digestive system ..............................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
b) breathing system..............................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
c) circulatory system ...........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
d) nervous system ................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
e) locomotor system (your muscles and bones). .................................................................................
4)
a) In which organ system do you think the specialised cell in drawing C is found?
.........................................................................................................................................................
b) What do these cells do? ...................................................................................................................
Quick Quiz 2
Where do you need to target your revision for the end of unit test ?
and
breathe.
smoking
amounts
and
drugs.
illegal.
drugs.
and
and
antagonistic
move
9B
Summary
Being fit means that your body can cope with the activities that you need to do. To stay fit you
should eat a balanced diet, exercise regularly, avoid smoking and avoid alcohol and drug abuse.
If you follow these rules your heart will stay healthy and you will be less likely to suffer from high blood
pressure and other circulatory problems like heart disease (when heart muscle cells start to
die).
During exercise, muscle cells need more energy. Energy is released from a sugar called glucose through the
process of aerobic respiration. This is the word equation:
oxygen + glucose carbon dioxide + water
For respiration to take place the following organ systems are needed:
The respiratory (or breathing) system supplies the oxygen and removes the carbon dioxide.
The digestive system provides the glucose.
The circulatory system carries the glucose and oxygen to the muscle cells, and carries the carbon
dioxide away to the lungs.
When you exercise, your breathing rate (number of breaths in one minute) and your pulse rate (number
of times your heart beats in one minute) increase. This is because your cells need more oxygen and glucose
for respiration.
Breathing is carried out by two sets of muscles, the diaphragm and the rib muscles (found
between the ribs). These change the volume of the chest. Breathing ventilates (moves air into and out of) the
lungs.
Summary (continued)
9B
Drugs are chemicals that affect how the body works. Cigarettes contain a drug called nicotine, which is
addictive (you feel that you cannot do without it). The chemicals in cigarette smoke are harmful.
heart
carbon
red
Medicines are drugs that can help people who are suffering from diseases (e.g. antibiotics).
Recreational drugs are legal drugs that people take because they like the effect that they have on their body
(e.g. caffeine in coffee and alcohol). Some are illegal drugs (e.g. heroin and ecstasy) because they can be
very harmful.
Drugs that slow down the nervous system are called depressants. Alcohol is a depressant. It alters behaviour and
slows reaction time. Drugs that speed up the nervous system are called stimulants (e.g. caffeine). Misuse of any
drug can be harmful, especially to the liver.
A balanced diet is essential to health. A shortage of a particular nutrient can cause a deficiency disease.
Eating too much of a particular substance can also cause problems.
Muscles cannot push and so joints need pairs of muscles (antagonistic pairs) to pull in opposite directions.
One muscle contracts and gets shorter and fatter to pull a bone. At the same time,
the other muscle in the pair relaxes and gets longer and thinner. Exercise strengthens bones and
muscles.