Behavior of Concrete

Introduction to Concrete (A review)

Ha-Won Song School of Civil and Env. Eng. Yonsei University

Lab of Concrete Materials, Mechanics and Engineering Yonsei University

What is sustainable development?

The Brundtland report (1987):
Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

In other words: Sustainable development is about ensuring a better quality of life for everyone, now and for generations to come.
Government of the United Kingdom

Sustainable development the triple bottom line

The Brundtland definition implied a shift from an idea of sustainability as primarily environmental, to a framework that also emphasizes economic and social issues.
Economic Growth

Environmental Performance

Social Responsibility

The challenge is to link and balance the interdependent economic, social and environmental dimensions.

SD challenges for the cement industry

Todays World Average

Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) 1.000 kg OPC cement 1.500 kg natural minerals limestone, clay, bauxite, gypsum 4.800 MJ fossil fuels coal, oil, gas 900 kg CO2

Cement is an essential material, but its manufacture is a resource and energy intensive process.
Cement companies deal daily with a diverse set of business issues: climate change, employee health and safety, emissions, resource efficiency and land use. Cement industry must understand and meet societys increasing expectations for responsible businesses.

Sustainable development provides a framework for addressing these key environmental, economic and social issues.

Imagine The Civilized World Without Concrete

Creating a balance in satisfying the two important needs of society

Building an infrastructure to support our desired standard of living In Balance

Protection of our environment and efficient use of our natural resources

Concrete is the Material of Choice

Availability Versatility Cost Effective Can Be Durable

Culture and design

Sports Palace in Rome

Nervi was a pioneer of ferrocemento or reinforced mortar, where thin metallic meshes are embedded in a mortar to form structural elements with high ductility and crack-resistance

Design work

Thin panels were created with great flexibility, elasticity, and strength capacity. The Palazzo dello Sport built with a 100m span and seating for 16,000 is a beautiful example of using such structural system.

World Trade CenterSeptember 11, 2001

Local damage

Collapse of total str. (Oh no!)

Energy Considerations
Energy content charged to concrete kwh/m3 Cement, 250 to 500 kg/m3 concrete Aggregate 1750-1950 kg/m3 Production and handling concrete TOTAL 440-770 182-320 90 37 20 8 330-660 kwh/ton 137-275

In these calculations the energy content of cement is assumed to be 1300 kwh/ton. The energy content of steel is 8000 kwh/ton; six times the amount of cement and 25-40 times of concrete. Reinforced concrete: 800-3200 kwh/m3 Prestressed concrete: 700-1700 kwh/m3

Example: 1m-high column resisting a 1000 ton load: Unreinforced concrete: 70 liters of oil, Brick: 210 liters of oil Steel: 320 liters of oil

Competitive Alternate Materials

Glass Plastic Aluminum Steel Wood Asphalt Concrete

It is estimated that the present consumption of concrete in the world is of the order of 10 billion tonnes (12 billion tons) every year. Humans consume no material except water in such tremendous quantities

However

Recently, severe deteriorations in concrete structures, such as bridges, buildings etc., has been criticized in major mass media in Korea : Korea is the Republic of Concrete .

Environmental issue..

Same in Japan.

Recently, early deterioration of concrete structures, such as bridges, tunnels, etc., has become a big problem criticized in mass media in Japan. Concrete Structures are Dangerous

Same in the world, too!

War against Corrosion of Concrete Structures in All Over the World

Understanding of concrete behavior! Who are responsible for the sustainable development? Who are responsible for the problem of concrete structures? and What can you do to solve this problem?

Life Cycle OF CONCRETE

Durability

Birth Death
Structural Performance

Microstructure of Concrete