BIT20303 Computer Architecture

(Last edited 14 Sep 2011)

Chapter 1 Introduction

Architecture & Organization

Architecture is those attributes visible to the programmer
Instruction set, number of bits used for data representation, I/O mechanisms, addressing techniques. e.g. Is there a multiply instruction? x := 2 Multiply 3;

Organization is how features are implemented

Control signals, interfaces, memory technology. e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it done by repeated addition?
Mulltiplication can be done by a MULTIPLY hardware unit or using ADDITION hardware unit which can be done repeatedly. E.g. x := 2 + 2 + 2 (repeated additions)

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(cont.) Architecture & Organization

Architectural design issue
Should a computer have a MULTIPLY instruction?

Organization issue
Should the MULTIPLY instruction be implemented by a special multiply unit (hardware) or by repeated use of the add unit (hardware)?

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(cont.) Architecture & Organization

A harddisk (HDD)
320 GB HDD, FAT32, 3 Partitions (architecture the attributes of a HDD) The HDD is connected in the computer using IDE/SCSI cable (organization how the HDD is implemented)

A mouse
2/3 button mouse (architecture the attributes of a mouse) Connected via PS2/serial/USB or wireless (organization how the mouse is implemented)

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(cont.) Architecture & Organization

The organizational decision may be based on the
Anticipated frequency of use of the multiply instruction, The relative speed of the 2 approaches, And the cost and the size of the special multiply unit.

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(cont.) Architecture & Organization

Many computer manufacturers offer a family of computer models, all with the SAME ARCHITECTURE but with DIFFERENCE in ORGANIZATION.
Different number of USB slots available? Different screen size? Same bus speed but with different type of external devices supported?

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(cont.) Architecture & Organization

All Intel x86 family share the same basic architecture The IBM System/370 family share the same basic architecture This gives code compatibility
At least backwards

Organization differs between different versions

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(cont.) Architecture & Organization Consequently,

the different model in the family have DIFFERENT PRICES and PERFORMANCE; a particular architecture may span many years and encompass a number of different computer models, its organization changing with changing technology.

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(cont.) Architecture & Organization

IBM System/370 architecture
It was first introduced in 1970 and included in a number of models. The customer with modest requirements could buy a cheaper, slower model and, if demand increased, later upgrade to a faster model without having to abandon software that had already been developed. Thus, customers software investment was protected. This architecture has survived till today as the architecture of IBMs mainframe product line.
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Structure & Function

Structure is the way in which components relate to each other Function is the operation of individual components as part of the structure

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Function
All computer functions are:
Data processing Data storage Data movement Control

Functional view of a computer

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Computer Operations
There are only 4 possible types of operations that can be done by a computer. The computer can function as (a) a data movement device. -transferring data from one peripheral
or communications line to another

(a)

(b)

(b) a data storage device. -transfer data from the external

environment to computer storage (write) and vice versa (read).

(c)

(d)

(c) a data processing device for data in computer storage. (d) a data processing device between computer storage and external environment.
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Structure
There are 4 MAIN STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS
Central processing unit (CPU): Controls the operation of the computer and performs its data processing functions; often simply referred to as processor. Main memory: Stores data. I/O: Moves data between the computer and its external environment. System interconnection: Some mechanism that provides for communication among CPU, main memory, and I/O. A common example of system interconnection is by means of a system bus, consisting of a number of conducting wires to which all the other components attach.

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Structure - Top Level

Peripherals

Computer
Central Processing Unit Main Memory

Computer

Systems Interconnection

Input Output Communication lines

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Structure - The CPU

CPU
Computer
I/O System Bus Memory CPU

Registers

Arithmetic and Logic Unit

Internal CPU Interconnection

Control Unit

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CPU
Major structural components of a CPU are
Control unit: Controls the operation of the PCU and hence the computer. Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU): Performs the computers data processing functions. Registers: Provides storage internal to the CPU. CPU interconnection: Some mechanisms that provides for communication among the control unit, ALU and registers.

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CPU
Traditionally, a computer just use a single processor. In recent years, multiple processors have been used in the computer.
E.g. dual-core, core-2-duo, quad-core, core i5, core i7

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Structure - The Control Unit

Control Unit
CPU
ALU Internal Bus Registers Control Unit

Sequencing Logic Control Unit Registers and Decoders

Control Memory

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Thank You
Q&A

Outline of the Book (1)

Computer Evolution and Performance Computer Interconnection Structures Internal Memory External Memory Input/Output Operating Systems Support Computer Arithmetic Instruction Sets

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Outline of the Book (2)

CPU Structure and Function Reduced Instruction Set Computers Superscalar Processors Control Unit Operation Microprogrammed Control Multiprocessors and Vector Processing Digital Logic (Appendix)

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Internet Resources - Web site for book

http://WilliamStallings.com/COA/COA7e.html
links to sites of interest links to sites for courses that use the book errata list for book information on other books by W. Stallings

http://WilliamStallings.com/StudentSupport.html
Math How-to Research resources Misc

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Internet Resources - Web sites to look for

WWW Computer Architecture Home Page CPU Info Center Processor Emporium ACM Special Interest Group on Computer Architecture IEEE Technical Committee on Computer Architecture Intel Technology Journal Manufacturers sites
Intel, IBM, etc.
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Internet Resources - Usenet News Groups

comp.arch comp.arch.arithmetic comp.arch.storage comp.parallel

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