Price: Pediatric Nursing, 10th Edition

Open Book Quizzes Chapter 9: The Toddler 1. Weight gain slows to about 4 to 6 pounds per year. Toddlers bodies change proportions. The trunk and the head grow more slowly than the long bones. The growth of the brain decelerates. Chest circumference continues to increase. The size and strength of muscle fibers increase. Myelination of the spinal cord is practically complete by 2 years. Respirations are still mainly abdominal but shift to thoracic as the child approaches school age. The stomach capacity increases to the point where the child can eat three meals a day. Appetite decreases. The toddler is more capable of maintaining a stable body temperature than is the infant. Defense mechanisms of the skin are working more effectively. Lymphatic tissues of the adenoids and tonsils enlarge. Eruption of deciduous teeth continues. Two-year-old toddlers reach, grasp, inspect, smell, taste, and study objects with their eyes. They can correlate sight with sound. Memory strengthens. They assimilate information through trial and error. Thought processes advance. Language development parallels cognitive growth. 2. The four categories of the Denver Developmental Screening test are personal-social, fine motoradaptive, language, and gross motor. 3. Guidelines for dental health include the following: encourage fruits, protein foods, and calcium-rich foods; promote low-cariogenic snack foods; prevent sucking on lollipops and chewing sugary gum; examine labels for sugar content; avoid using the bottle as a daytime or nighttime pacifier; and encourage toddlers to drink from a cup instead of a bottle. 4. Bowel training is generally attempted first. Do not leave a toddler on the potty chair or toilet for more than 5 to 10 minutes at a time. Toddlers generally enjoy having a parent remain with them during the procedure. Spanking and threats do more harm than good. The parent needs to remain patient and pleasant during this new adventure. Training should not be undertaken when the family or the child is under stress. Bladder training is begun when the toddler stays dry for about 2 hours at a time. If the child has gone the entire night without wetting, it is logical to put the child on the potty chair and praise his or her success. Restricting fluids before bedtime may help. Waking the child and attempting bladder training accomplishes little. If the child does not seem to catch on after a couple of weeks, parents need to accept that the child is not ready yet. Try again in a month or so. 5. Parents need to determine their childs needs when choosing a daycare. The philosophy of the center and the attitudes of the caregivers must be evaluated. Parents should also consider the precautions taken by the daycare to prevent disease transmission. Inspection and monitoring of child care facilities in terms of health and safety standards are paramount. Parents should inquire whether the center is licensed and what the staff members qualifications are. 6. A few examples are the use of nonflammable material for childrens sleepwear,

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childproof caps on medicine bottles and certain household products, and the establishment of maximum temperatures for home hot water heaters. Laws have been passed in all states requiring infants and small children to be restrained while riding in automobiles. New homes are required to have smoke detectors. 7. To avoid electrical shocks, cover electrical outlets, cap unused sockets with safety plugs, teach the child who is wet not to touch electricity, and keep appliances out of the child's reach. 8. The three parts of an epidemiological framework are the characteristics of the host (the child); the agent (the direct cause: for example, poisonous plants); and the environment.