Thao Nguyen-Hand Cleaner

Bachelor Thesis
Hand Cleaner
HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY FACULTY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF ORGANIC CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY
BACHELOR THESIS
HAND CLEANER WITH ESSENTIAL OIL
Supervisor: Dr. Le Thi Hong Nhan Student: Huynh Thi Thao Nguyen Student code: 60501871
Ho Chi Minh City, 01/2010
Huynh Thi Thao Nguyen
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Acknowledgments
During the research and writing of this thesis, many people have helped me and their contributions were invaluable. Although I might have missed mentioning some of their names in these acknowledgements, they all deserve my special thanks. Firstly, my deepest appreciations go to my supervisors Ms.Vuong Ngoc Chinh and Dr. Le Thi Hong Nhan, who have supported me in many ways. Their excellent, patient guidance and encouragement have opened and directed me towards a new study field, hand clea ner with essential oil. I wish to thank to all friends for their encouragement and motivation to carry on striving. Last but not least are my deepest thanks to my dear family. The support I have received from them in all my life is inestimable.
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Abstract
This thesis applied natural essential oil into hand cleaner. Product with essential oil and product with chemical synthetic substances were compared to anti-bacteria ability, cleaned capacity and some factors to evaluate ability of essential oil to apply to personal care products. Suitable components for basic formula were chosen, included: distillated water, sodium laundry sulfate (SLS), Carbopol aqua, TEA, CDE, ethanol, CAPB. Among them, ratio of SLS and Carbopol were very important because they affected on quality of product. After surveying, the suitable fraction for SLS was 10%wt and 6% for Carbopol aqua 30%. Citronella and lemon were popular materials and there were many previous researches showed them had a good anti-bacteria agent. So, this thesis chose essential oils of lemon and citronella for final products. Essential oils were extracted by indirect steam distillation at 2atm. The yeild of distillation were 1.65% for citronella and 3.51% for lemon. To compare activity of essential oil and Triclosan, three final products were prepared, included: SP1 with Triclosan, SP2 with lemons essential oil and SP3 with citronellas essential oil. By comparing quantity of remain bacteria after using products and after using water, the suitable ratio of anti-bacteria agents were chosen (essential oils / Triclosan) as follows: SP1 with 0.3 % Triclosan, killed 98.18% bacteria SP2 with 0.6% lemons essential oil killed 91.71% bacteria SP3 with 0.5% citronellas essential oil killed 94.17% bacteria.
While activity of SP1 didnt not change follow time, activity of SP2 and SP3 were reduced because of decaying and evaporation. The odor of SP2 and SP3 could make comfortable and relax, so two products were accepted by customers.
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List of Figures
Figure 2-1: Structure of human skin .................................................................................... 5 Figure 2-2: Scanning electron microscopy of some kinds of harmful microbe ................... 9 Figure 2-3: Triclosan structure ............................................................................................ 11 Figure 2-4: Some commercial products using Triclosan ..................................................... 11 Figure 2-5: Some popular materials of essential oils in Vietnam........................................ 17 Figure 2-6: Many bacteria on hands .................................................................................... 22 Figure 2-7: Six steps to wash hands .................................................................................... 24 Figure 2-8: Some hand cleaner products on market ............................................................ 25 Figure 3-1: Experimental orientation of this thesis ............................................................. 28 Figure 4-1: Zahn cup ........................................................................................................... 30 Figure 4-2: Bacteria counting chambers .............................................................................. 30 Figure 4-3: Indirect steam distillating system ..................................................................... 31 Figure 4-4: Zoom in image of Bacteria counting chambers ................................................ 34 Figure 4-5: Procedure for preparation of hand cleaner product .......................................... 39 Figure 4-6: Procedure for preparation of distillating essential oils ..................................... 43 Figure 4-7: Diagram of preparing SP1 ............................................................................... 44 Figure 5-1: Cross- link structure of Carbopol polymer ........................................................ 50 Figure 5-2: The two dimensional structure of CMC polymer ............................................ 51 Figure 5-3: Temperature effect on density of products ....................................................... 55 Figure 5-4: Temperature effect on viscosity of products..................................................... 56 Figure 5-5: Temperature effect on turbidity of products ..................................................... 57 Figure 5-6: Centrifugation effect on density of products .................................................... 59 Figure 5-7: Centrifugation effect on viscosity of products................................................. 59 Figure 5-8: Lemongrass essential oil and lemon essential oil ............................................. 61 Figure 5-9: Effect of anti-bacteria agents on the rate of killed bacteria .............................. 64 Figure 5-10: Time effect on bio-activity of final products .................................................. 65 Figure 5-11: Three final products after preparing ............................................................... 67 Figure 5-12: Result of investigating viewpoint of customers in final products .................. 68
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List of Tables
Table 4-1: Components of basic formula and their utility................................................... 29 Table 4-2: Viscosity conversion chart for Zahn cup number 3 and Zahn cup number 5 .... 32 Table 4-3: Evaluated factors of evaluating product and their ratio (mi ).............................. 35 Table 4-4: Points range of evaluating product..................................................................... 35 Table 4-5: The questionnaire to surveying viewpoint of customers about products ........... 37 Table 4-6: Formulae for investigating effect of SLS material............................................. 40 Table 4-7: Formulae for investigating effect of Carbopol aqua material ............................ 40 Table 4-8: Formulae for investigating effect of CMC material........................................... 40 Table 4-9: The targeted product and its ingredients ............................................................ 41 Table 4-10: Materials for essential oil distillation ............................................................... 42 Table 4-11: Serials of products to evaluating effect of anti-bacterial agents on activity of products ........................................................................................................................ 45 Table 4-12: Price of materials.............................................................................................. 47 Table 4-13: Price of some hand cleaners on market ............................................................ 47 Table 5-1: Result of surveying ratio of SLS ........................................................................ 48 Table 5-2: Viscosity of Carbopol aqua samples .................................................................. 49 Table 5-3: Viscosity of CMC samples................................................................................. 50 Table 5-4: Formulae of semi-product .................................................................................. 52 Table 5-5: Temperature effect on semi-product and targeted product ................................ 54 Table 5-6: Centrifugation effect on properties of semi-product and targeted product ........ 58 Table 5-7: Characteristics of Lemon and lemongrass essential oil ..................................... 61 Table 5-8: Surveying the suitable fraction of anti-bacteria agents in final products ........... 63 Table 5-9: Effect of time on anti-bacteria capacity of products .......................................... 65 Table 5-10: Characteristics of three final products.............................................................. 66 Table 5-11: Result of investigating viewpoint of customers ............................................... 68 Table 5-12: Cost of product SP1 ......................................................................................... 69 Table 5-13: Cost of product SP2 ......................................................................................... 70 Table 5-14: Cost of product SP3 ......................................................................................... 71 Table 6-1: Summary of product SP1 ................................................................................... 73 Table 6-2: Summary of product SP2 ................................................................................... 74 Table 6-3: Summary of product SP3 ................................................................................... 75
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Table of Contents
Acknowledgments..............................................................................................................................i Abstract...........................................................................................................................................iii List of Figures.................................................................................................................................. iv Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................. v CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................... 3 2.1. SKIN ..................................................................................................................................... 3 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 3 Skin components .............................................................................................................. 3 Hygiene and skin care ...................................................................................................... 5
2.1.1. 2.1.2. 2.1.3. 2.2.
BACTERIA AND PARASITIC DISEASE ON SKIN ............................................................ 6 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 6 Some kinds of microbes on human skin ............................................................................. 6 The bacteria ............................................................................................................. 6 Candida Albican....................................................................................................... 7 Mould Aspergillus .................................................................................................... 7 Dermatophyte........................................................................................................... 7
2.2.1. 2.2.2.
2.2.2.1. 2.2.2.2. 2.2.2.3. 2.2.2.4. 2.2.3. 2.3.
Anti-bacteria mechanisms of human body.......................................................................... 9
ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS ............................................................................................ 10 Anti-bacteria definition and classification ........................................................................ 10 Useful and harmful effect of anti-bacteria agents.............................................................. 10 Triclosan ....................................................................................................................... 11 Using Triclosan ...................................................................................................... 11 Health concerns ..................................................................................................... 12
2.3.1. 2.3.2. 2.3.3.
2.3.3.1. 2.3.3.2. 2.4.
ESSENTIAL OILS .............................................................................................................. 12 Value of essential oils..................................................................................................... 13 Page vi
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2.4.1.1. 2.4.1.2. 2.4.1.3. 2.4.1.4. 2.4.1.5. 2.4.2.
Lemon.................................................................................................................... 13 Lemon Eucalyptus .................................................................................................. 14 Citronella............................................................................................................... 14 Betel ...................................................................................................................... 15 Curcuma ................................................................................................................ 15
Essential oil separation ................................................................................................... 18 Expression ............................................................................................................. 18 Solvent extraction ................................................................................................... 18 Distillation ............................................................................................................. 19
2.4.2.1. 2.4.2.2. 2.4.2.3. 2.4.3. 2.5. 2.6.
Some matters when using essential oil ............................................................................. 19
REVIEWS OF SOME PREVIOUS STUDIES..................................................................... 20 HAND CLEANER PRODUCTS.......................................................................................... 22 Some matters about washing hands ................................................................................. 22 Some hand cleaners on market ........................................................................................ 24 Some formulae of hand cleaners...................................................................................... 25
2.6.1. 2.6.2. 2.6.3.
CHAPTER 3: OBJECTIVES & EXPERIMENTIAL ORIENTATION.......................................... 27 CHAPTER 4: EXPERIMENTALS................................................................................................. 29 4.1. 4.1.1. 4.1.2. 4.2. 4.3. MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT............................................................................... 29 Materials ....................................................................................................................... 29 Equipment ..................................................................................................................... 29
METHODS.......................................................................................................................... 31 PREPARING SEMI-FORMULA ........................................................................................ 38 General procedure for preparation of hand cleaner............................................................ 38 Effect of components in semi-formula ............................................................................. 39 Preparing and evaluating semi-product ............................................................................ 41
4.3.1. 4.3.2. 4.3.3. 4.4.
DISTILLATING AND EVALUATING ESSENTIAL OIL.................................................. 42 Distillating essential oil .................................................................................................. 42 Evaluating essential oils................................................................................................ 44
4.4.1. 4.4.2.
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4.5.
PREPARING FINAL PRODUCTS ..................................................................................... 44
4.5.1. Preparing final product........................................................................................................... 44 4.5.2. Effect of anti-bacteria agents on activity of final products ........................................................ 45 4.6. EVALUATING FINAL PRODUCTS .................................................................................. 46
4.6.1. Evaluating characteristics of final products............................................................................ 46 4.6.2. Evaluating commercial ability of final products .................................................................... 46 4.6.2.1. 4.6.2.2. Surveying viewpoint of customers about products ..................................................... 46 Preliminary estimating price of products.................................................................. 46
CHAPTER 5: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ................................................................................ 48 5.1. PREPARING AND EVALUATING SEMI FORMULA ...................................................... 48
5.1.1. Preparing semi-formula........................................................................................................ 48 5.1.1.1. 5.1.1.2. Effect of components in semi-formula....................................................................... 48 Formulae of semi-product ....................................................................................... 51
5.1.2. Evaluating semi-formula ..................................................................................................... 53 5.2. 5.3. DISTILLATING AND EVALUATING ESSENTIAL OIL.................................................. 60 PREPARING AND EVALUATING FINAL PRODUCTS .................................................. 63
5.3.1. Preparing final products ...................................................................................................... 63 5.3.2. Evaluating final products..................................................................................................... 66 5.3.2.1. 5.3.2.2. Evaluating characteristics of final products.............................................................. 66 Evaluating commercial ability of final products ........................................................ 67
CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION & INTENDING WORKS............................................................... 72 6.1. CONCLUSION.................................................................................................................... 72
6.1.1. Essential oil distillation ....................................................................................................... 72 6.1.2. The final products ............................................................................................................... 72 6.2. 6.3. EVALUATING FEASIBILITY OF STUDY........................................................................ 75 INTENDING WORKS ........................................................................................................ 76
REFERENCES............................................................................................................................... 78
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Hand Cleaner
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Hands are the most dynamic organ in our body, taking part in all activity directly, example holding, touching In particular, in the hospitals, medical workers always get in touch with patients, devices that cause diseases easily. In order, in the food or seafood manufactories, hands always contact the environment, which has many disease germs. Thus, hands are the most enable contaminated organ as well as the most protected organ. Most of present hand cleaner products use mainly some synthetic anti-bacterial agents, such as Triclosan, Chlorhexidine gluconate, AlcolholsThese substances have initially promoted good effects and had a part in protecting our health. In recent times, there have been many clear evidences to prove some bad effects on human and environment of these substances. According to a report (announced on 14/04/2005) of Virginia University (USA), Triclosan in toothpastes and detergents can combine with Chlor in tap water to form Chloroform, which can cause cancers for human. [11] Thus, a demand of modern detergent products is finding out an anti-bacterial agent that is not only friendly with environment, safe for human but also bring into play its good effect. One of attended tendencies is using natural essential oils. Many researches on the world have proved good effects of essential oils on human health. In Vietnam, essential oils have also been interested. Many products with essential oils have gradually appeared in market. However, adding of essential oils to detergent products is not simple, because these substances are decayed easily. For this reason, requirement is finding out a suitable process, which can combine essential oils with other ingredients of detergent products. The climate of Vietnam takes advantage of development of Citrus groups (as oranges, lemons, pomelos). These trees have a great reserve of essential oil. This essential oil is good for skin and can sterilize. Most essential oils of citrus are in peels, which are waste. Thus, using up this raw material not only solves agricultural sewage but also brings high economic efficiency.
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Hand Cleaner
With learning of markets demand, knowledge of lemons essential oils as well as reference of previous researches about hand cleaner, I hope that I can find out a suitable process to make a hand cleaner that responds demand of most laborers.
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Hand Cleaner
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2. This chapter provides a general introduction about some matters of human skin, microorganism, useful and harmful effects of synthetic anti-antibacterial agents in personal care products and detergents. This chapter also presents values of essential oil for our health and some previous related researches This definition and basic properties are vital fundamental knowledge and necessary to understand and approach the experimental, results and discussion aspects of this project.
2.1. SKIN
Skin is object of personal care products, includes hand cleaners. Thus, studying about skin is necessary. Followed part will present some basic matters about skin.
2.1.1. Introduction
Skin is the outer covering of living tissue. It is the largest organ of the integumentary system made up of multiple layers of epithelial tissues, and guards under lying muscles, bones, ligaments and internal organs. For the average adult human, skin has a surface area of between 1.5 to 2.0 square meters, most of it is between 2-3 mm of thickness. The average square inch (6.5 cm) of skin holds 650 sweat glands, 20 blood vessels, 60000 melanocytes and more than a thousand nerve endings. One of the main functions of skin is protection. It protects the body from external factors such as bacteria, chemicals and temperature.[12]s
2.1.2. Skin components

Skin has three discrete layers, include:
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Epidermis: is the thinnest layer with thickness of 0.1 mm. It contains no blood vessels and cells in the deepest layers are nourished by diffusion from blood capillaries extending to the upper layers of the dermis. Cells are formed through mitosis at the basal layer. The daughter cells (see cell division) move up the strata changing shape and composition as they die due to isolation from their blood source. The cytoplasm is released and the protein keratin is inserted. They eventually reach the corneum and slough off (desquamation). This process is called keratinization and takes place within about 27 days. This keratinized layer of skin is responsible for keeping water in the body and keeping other harmful chemicals and pathogens out, making skin a natural barrier to infection. [12] [1] Dermis: is the layer of skin beneath the epidermis that consists of connective tissue and cushions the body from stress or strain. The dermis is tightly connected to the epidermis by a basement membrane. It also harbors many Mechanoreceptor/nerve endings that provide the sense of touch and heat. It contains the hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, apocrine glands, lymphatic vessels and blood vessels. The blood vessels in the dermis provide nourishment and waste removal to its own cells as well as the Stratum basale of the epidermis. [12; 1] Hypodermis: The hypodermis is not part of the skin, and lies below the dermis. Its purpose is to attach the skin to bone and muscle as well as supplying it with blood vessels and nerves. It consists of loose connective tissue and elastin. The main cell types are fibroblasts, macrophages and adipocytes (the hypodermis contains 50% of body fat). Fat serves as padding and insulation for the body. [1]
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Figure 2-1: Structure of human skin [12]
2.1.3. Hygiene and skin care

Proper skin hygiene is important because unclean skin favors development of pathogenic organisms. The dead cells that continually slough off the epidermis mix with secretions of sweat, sebaceous glands and dust found on the skin form a filthy layer on its surface. If not washed away, the slurry of sweat and sebaceous secretions mixed with dirt and dead skin is decomposed by bacterial flora, producing a foul smell. Functions of skin are disturbed when it is excessively dirty; it becomes more easily damaged, release of antibacterial compounds decreases and dirty skin is more prone to develop infections. In daily actions, sometimes we forget that there are many bacteria and virus can attach and cause diseases for us. Hands are an intermediary role to get germs into body. Our hands have billions of bacteria, each time we shake hands with somebody or touch any thing as door handle, faucet hands surely are contaminated bacteria. Thus, easy way to protect our body is washing hands frequently. Many researches have shown that washing hands with soap and water within 15 seconds can decrease 35% of the risk of getting diarrhoea, 17-45% of infecting our respiratory
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system, even deadly disease as H5N1, SARS. Washing hands is considered a cheap vaccine but get good effect on preventing bacteria In general, skin is a shield, helps body prevent from outer harmful effect s as bacteria and virus. Therefore, skin protection is very important. Nowadays, to respond this demand, skin products are researched and developed strongly. Although there are various kinds of skin products, all of them have common purpose that makes skin clean a nd comfortable. Besides, protect skin from harmful effects, correct and strengthen nutriments for skin,. Hand products are also produced for these demands.
2.2. BACTERIA AND PARASITIC DISEASE ON SKIN

Microorganisms are tiny creatures can cause some diseases for our. There are many kinds of microorganisms in environment. This part will introduce some kinds of microorganisms popularly on human skin and their harmful effects.
2.2.1. Introduction
A microorganism is an organism that is microscopic. They are very diverse; include bacteria, fungi, archaea and protists. Microorganisms live in all parts of the biosphere, such as liquid water, soil, ocean floor, high in the atmosphere and deep inside rocks within the Earth's crust. There are approximately ten times as many microbe cells as human cells in the human body. The vast majority of the microbes in the body are rendered harmless by the protective effects of the immune system, a few are even beneficial. However, some species of microbe are pathogenic hazard and cause infectious diseases, including cholera, syphilis, anthrax, leprosy and bubonic plague...[3] Diseased mechanism : bacteria take food from their owner (especially assimilated food) and secrete a poisonous substance that causing traumas. They also stimulate and transport new germs into human body.[3]
2.2.2. Some kinds of microbes on human skin

2.2.2.1. The bacteria
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Bacteria are a large group of unicellular microorganisms. They have a wide range of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. Bacteria do not have chlorophyll so that most of them are heterotrophy and a few autotrophies. Most o f heterotrophy are parasitize and using existing organic. The autotrophies can synthesize the organic by energy of a oxygenated inorganic process. [3] There are two groups usually found on skin: Resident bacteria: include Commensal and Anaerobic Gram-positive coccus as Staphylococcus epidermis, Corynebacteria and Micrococcus species Normally, the resident bacteria do not cause diseases [3] Temporary bacteria: include Pseudomonas spp (from environment), Streptocoques group A, Enterococcus spp, Staphylococcus aureus. This group can cause harmfull diseases for human heath.[3] 2.2.2.2. Candida Albican
Candida Albican is single celled fungal yeast. It presents normally on skin and in mucous membranes such as vagina, mouth or rectum. Fungus also can travel through the blood stream and affect throat, intestines, and heart valves. However, antibiotics easily destroyed them. If taking an overdose of antibiotics, the Candida Albicans yeast will grow out of control, producing chemicals that are toxic to human health. [4] 2.2.2.3. Mould Aspergillus
Aspergillus presents everywhere, some spices are often met: A.fumigatus, A.flavus, A.niger. Besides Aspergillus, there are Penicillium and Fusarium. They often causes green, yellow, brown or black mold on old organic substances. Aspergillus contaminate by respiratory system, causes some diseases as bronchitis, pneumonia [4] 2.2.2.4. Dermatophyte
Dermatophytes cause infections of skin, hair and nails due to their ability to obtain nutrients from keratinized material. Dermatophytes do not cause splanchnopathy diseases. Some diseases are caused by Dermatophytes: ringworm, purulent scabies, impetigo [4]
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Candida Albicans
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Aspergillus
Dermatophytes Figure 2-2: Scanning electron microscopy of some kinds of harmful microbe [14]
2.2.3. Anti-bacteria mechanisms of human body

Our healthy body has self-defense mechanisms against bacterias encroachment. There are two main mechanisms : Non-specific mechanisms: make a physiological barrier with sweat and mucilage that have acid to inhibit, prevent and kill harmful microbes. In addition, the helpful resident bacteria on skin not only fight against harmful microbes in food but also emit poisons to inhibit the harmful microbes. [4] [3] Specific mechanisms: human body is protected from diseases by immunity. This is depend on kind of microbe, human heredity factors and age [4] In short, harmful effects of microbes are unable to avoid. To protect our body, we should hygiene to prevent and kill harmful microbes. Nowadays, there are many hygienic products
Bachelor Thesis
Hand Cleaner
to clean and protect our body from harmful microbes. Hygienic products for hands are also been researching and developing for common demand.
2.3. ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS

According to above part, microbes can be killed by anti-bacterial agents. Hence, synthetic anti-anti-bacterial agents are used popularly in hygienic products. This chapter will clear up about good and bad effects of these agents for human health.
2.3.1. Anti-bacteria definition and classification

In the broadest definition, an anti-bacterial agent is substance that interferes with growth and reproduction of bacteria. Anti-bacterial agents are now most commonly agents used to disinfect surfaces and eliminate potentially harmful bacteria. Anti-bacterial agents may be divided into two groups according to their speed of action and residue production: Non-residue-producing: contains those that act rapidly to destroy bacteria, but quickly disappear (by evaporation or breakdown) and leave no active residue behind. Examples of this type are the alcohols, chlorine, peroxides and aldehydes. [15] Residue- producing: consists mostly of newer compounds that leave long-acting residues on the surface to be disinfected and thus have a prolonged action. Common examples of this group are triclosan, triclocarban and benzalkonium chloride. [15]
2.3.2. Useful and harmful effect of anti-bacteria agents

Anti-bacterial agents are definitely effective in killing bacteria. However, there is considerable controversy surrounding their health benefits. The non-residue producing agents have been used for many years and continue to be effective agents for controlling diseased organisms in a wide variety of healthcare and domestic settings. When using under strict guidelines of application, the residue-producing agents can affect on controlling bacterial and fungal infection. [15] Some hygienic products have demonstrated effectiveness for specific conditions, such as antibacterial toothpaste helps control periodontal (gum) disease; anti-bacterial deodorants suppress odor-causing bacteria, and anti-dandruff shampoos help control dandruff. [15]
Bachelor Thesis
Hand Cleaner
When using directly for external surfaces, anti-bacterial agents are considered non-toxic. However, some may cause skin and eye irritation and all have the potential for causing harm if not stored or used properly. Furthermore, evaluations of risk are based on single agents and do not consider the effects of multiple uses or multiple compounds. Recently, some harmful effects of Triclosan in surface waters, sewage treatment plants, the bile of fish and breast milk has been reported.
2.3.3. Triclosan
Triclosan (IUPAC name: 5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol) is a potent wide spectrum anti-bacterial and antifungal agent. Thus, it is used as the most common anti-bacteria agent now. It is a polychloro phenoxy phenol.
Figure 2-3: Triclosan structure 2.3.3.1. Using Triclosan
Triclosan is found in soaps (0.10-1.00%), deodorants, toothpastes, shaving creams, mouth washes and cleaning supplies... Triclosan has been shown to be effective in reducing and controlling bacterial contamination on the hands and on treated products.
Figure 2-4: Some commercial products using Triclosan

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2.3.3.2.
Health concerns
Reports have suggested that Triclosan can combine with chlorine in tap water to form chloroform gas, which the United States Environmental Protection Agency classifies as a probable human carcinogen. As a result, Triclosan was the target of a UK cancer alert. Triclosan reacts with the free chlorine in tap water to also produce lesser amounts of other compounds, like 2,4-dichlorophenol. Most of these intermediates convert into dioxins upon exposure to UV radiation (from the sun or other sources). Although small amounts of dioxins are produced, there is a great deal of concern over this effect because some dioxins are extremely toxic and are very potent endocrine disruptors. They are also chemically very stable, so that they are eliminated from the body very slowly (they can bio-accumulate to dangerous levels), and they persist in the environment for a very long time. [16] For long-time, chemical anti-bacterial agents have used popularly in hygienic products. They have promoted their positive ability and contributed to protect our health. Nowadays, because of the strict environmental requirement in industrial production and discovery of antibacterial agents weak points, it is necessary to find out a new kind of anti-bacterial agent, which friendlier with environment and safer for our health, can replace chemical antibacterial agents. One of these trends is taking interest in natural essential oil.
2.4. ESSENTIAL OILS

For hundreds years, essential oils have been referred to a natural treasure. They have been used as a therapeutic method, health care and making beauty. In the middle of 19 th century, essential oils were focused on research and became a total therapeutic method, w hich have been popularized at many countries as China, Korea, Japan, U.K and France Scientists estimated that essential oils have the power and vitality, which stronger 100 times than dried medicinal herbs. However, essential oil content of plant is very little. To have 10 ml of essential oil, we have to extract from many kinds of the same plants and maintain carefully. The essential oils of medicinal herbs have no any toxins and chemical preservative substances, so they are completely pure.
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2.4.1. Value of essential oils

For long time ago, essential oils have been used to take care of health and beauty. Nowadays, beauty products, which content essential oils, are sold popularly. Some kinds of essential oils treat xeroderma and make hair smooth and strong. They are also relaxant and moisten agent for dry skin, especially it can deodorize bodys odor Besides, essential oils are also good for health. They are useful for breathing and circulation of blood, intensifying and supporting the action of digestive system, keeping blood circulate to the surface of skin. In addition, essential oils help body and skin excrete toxin, get a healthy body and a good skin. They also make our nervous system, endocrine system and immune system operate well, balance mental sense, help us relax, reduce stress, headache, anxiousness and sadness. Some kinds of essential oil that are common and easy to find out in Vietnam will be mention in followed part: 2.4.1.1. Lemon
Lemon is a flowering plant, originated from the tropics and the subtropical regions as North Africa, South America, China, India and Southeast Asia Lemons essential oil contents 90% of limonene, terpinene, phellandrene and pinene; 4-6% of aldehyde converted to citral. Besides, there are others as citronellal, geranylacetat and sesquiterpene. Main contents of essential oil of lemons leaves are aldehyde: neral (7.6-22.5%), geranial (14.5-31.8%), citronellal (1.9-3.7%); alcols: linalol, nonanol, geraniol, nerol (3.3-10.5%) and esters of these alcols (>10%). [1] Using lemons essential oil for massage reduces congestion and blister. Its odor makes low blood pressure and lessens stress. This essential oil is a good disinfectant, cleans died cells and brings a clean skin, improves the small bloodlines that are broken on our faces skin. Using it for fumigation gets temperature down; treats influenza, headache and makes you comfortable.
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In cosmetic products, the lemon odor is used in toothpastes, mouthwash In addition, it is used as aromatizer in cream, powder and specially skin lotion[17] 2.4.1.2. Lemon Eucalyptus
Lemon Eucalyptus is planted in Brazil, Guatemala, Seychelles... In Vietnam, they are planted in South Essential oil of Lemon Eucalyptus is volatile and recovered from fresh leaves by steam distillation. This essential oil contents 70-75% of citronellal, 13% of isopulegol and 5-6% of citronellol. Besides, it has geraniol, -caryophylen, citronellyl acetate, cineol, terpineol and pinen. [8] With pasteurize and deodorize ability, this essential oil is used to clean air, prevent from infectious diseases. This odor can drive mosquitoes away, so these trees are planted in swamps to improve environment, decrease paludism. In addition, it is used to steam when catch a chill, its smell makes our sense comfortable. Massage with this essential oil reduces rheumatism, arthritis and increases bloods volume to the massaged region. [17] In field of aromatizer, Lemon Eucalyptus essential oil is used much to procedure perfume and aromatic substances have natural odor. 2.4.1.3. Citronella
Citronella has 120 species, are planted popularly in tropics and subtropics as countries in Asia and Africa. Citronella are planted in spring and harvested after 5-6 months. On market, Citronella oils are classified into two chemotypes: Ceylon type (obtained from Cymbopogon nardus Rendle) consists of geraniol (1820%), limonene (9-11%), methyl isoeugenol (7-11%), citronellol (6-8%), and citronellal (5-15%).[1] Java type (obtained from Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt) consists of citronellal (32-45%), geraniol (11-13%), geranyl acetate (3-8%), limonene (1-4%). The higher
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proportions of geraniol and citronellal in the Java type make it a better source for perfumery derivatives... [1] Citronellas essential oil has therapeutic properties as an antiseptic, deodorant, insecticide, parasitic. It is also role as tonic and stimulant. It will also be contained in soaps and candles and has common applications in massage. This essential oil can help with minor infection, but it is more commonly known for ability to assist in combating colds and flu. Citronella can also be used for excessive perspiration and for conditioning oily skin and hair. [17] 2.4.1.4. Betel
The Betel was planted initially at South and South East Asia (India, Srilanka, Vietnam and Malaysia) This is a spice whose leaves have medicinal properties. The active ingredients of betel oil, which is obtained from the leaves, are primarily a class of allylbenzene compounds. Though particular emphasis has been placed on chavibetol (betelphenol; 3-hydroxy-4-methoxyallylbenzene), it also contains chavicol (p-allyl-phenol; 4-allylphenol), estragole (p-allyl-anisole; 4- methoxy-allylbenzene), eugenol (allylguaiacol; 4hydroxy-3-methoxy-allylbenzene; 2- methoxy-4-allyl-phenol), methyl eugenol (eugenol methyl ether; 3,4-dimethoxy-allylbenzene) and hydroxycatechol (2,4-dihydroxy-
allylbenzene). [8] Betel is used to cure worms. According to traditional, chewing areca nut and betel leaf is a good remedy against bad breath. They are also used to treat headaches, arthritis, relieve toothache, harden the gums, preserve the teeth, sweeten the breath and improve voice. They are used specifically as being stimulating, carminative, aromatic and antiseptic. [17] Essential oil of Betel leaf can also be used in soap, lotions, massage oils, pot-pourri, scent, air fresheners, body fragrance, perfume oils, aromatherapy products, bath oils, towel scenting, spa's, incense, light rings, laundry, facial steams, hair treatments and more [17] 2.4.1.5. Curcuma
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Curcumas are grown popularly in South Asia as India, Bangladesh, Taiwan and China There are 18 kinds of curcumas in Vietnam. Some of them have researched, some are mentioned but unsearchable. Otherwise, some are found out but non- identify. Curcuma content mainly water, essential oil and Curcuminoids compound. The most active component in curcuma is Curcumin- element makes color in curcuma, aroma and flovour. Curcuminoids and curcumin make C urcumas biological activity. [8] Curcuma is known with a lot of various values; especially in India and many countries, it is used as drugs to treat all diseases. Curcumin is a substance is strongest to destroy cancers cell. In food industry, Curcumin is used to get color of food, prevent from oxidation. Curcumas powder is bitter and peppering, has mustards smell and used as flavoring. In cosmetic products, Curcuma is used for skin and hair. It can remove freckles, prevent wrinkles, alopecia, obeseness, make beautiful skin; harmonize air, cure scalds and protect skin from harmful sunshine [17] In general, the natural material sources that are recommended above are very familiar. They are used for a long time as popular drugs with good biological activity, do not cause damage for our health and can take place of the chemical substances. Furthermore, these above materials are easy to find out and cheap. Using these materials so help develop agricultural regions, get profit for Vietnam economy.
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Java Citronella
Lemongrass
Figure 2-5: Some popular materials of essential oils in Vietnam
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2.4.2. Essential oil separation

Depending on kinds of material and condition, essential oils can be separated by various methods. Some requirements of essential oils separation: Essential oils are kept the original natural odor. Methods are suitable, easy and fast. Essential oils are separated thoroughly. In producing, the less essential oils content of residue are, the better they get The original cost of producing is at least
Some common methods of essential oils separation: 2.4.2.1. Expression
Most citrus peel oils are expressed mechanically or cold-pressed. Due to the large quantities of oil in citrus peel and the relatively low cost to grow and harvest the raw materials, citrusfruit oils are cheaper than most other essential oils. Lemon or sweet orange oils that are obtained as by-products of the citrus industry are even cheaper. [1] 2.4.2.2. Solvent extraction
Most flowers contain too little volatile oil to undergo expression and their chemical components are too delicate and easily denatured by the high heat used in steam distillation. Instead, a solvent such as hexane or supercritical carbon dioxide is used to extract the oils. Extracts from hexane and other hydrophobic solvent are called concretes, which is a mixture of essential oil, waxes, resins, and other lipophilic (oil soluble) plant material. Another solvent, often ethyl alcohol, which only dissolves the fragrant low- molecular weight compounds, is used to extract the fragrant oil from the concrete. The alcohol is removed by a second distillation, leaving behind the absolute.
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Supercritical carbon dioxide is used as a solvent in supercritical fluid extraction. This method has many benefits, including avoiding petrochemical residues in the product and the loss of some top notes when steam distillation is used. It does not yield an absolute directly. The supercritical carbon dioxide will extract both the waxes and the essential oils that make up the concrete.[1] [17] 2.4.2.3. Distillation
Today, most common essential oils, such as lavender, peppermint and eucalyptus are distilled. Raw plant material, consisting of the flowers, leaves, wood, bark, roots, seeds, or peel, is put into an alembic (distillation apparatus) over water. As the water is heated the steam passes through the plant material, vaporizing the volatile compounds. The vapors flow through a coil where they condense back to liquid, which is then collected in the receiving vessel. The recondensed water is referred to as a hydrosol, hydrolat, herbal distillate or plant water essence, which may be sold as another fragrant product. Popular hydrosols are rose water, lavender water, lemon balm and orange blossom water. The use of herbal distillates in cosmetics is increasing. [1]
2.4.3. Some matters when using essential oil

Because of their concentrated nature, essential oils generally should not be applied directly to the skin in their undiluted or "neat" form. Some can cause severe irritation, or provoke an allergic reaction. Instead, essential oils should be blended with vegetable-based "carrier" oil before being applied. Common carrier oils include olive, almond, hazelnut and grape seed. Only neutral oils should be used. [17] Some essential oils, including many of the citrus peel oils, are photo-sensitizers (i.e., increasing the skin's vulnerability to sunlight, making it more likely to burn), are not used directly under sunshine. Industrial users of essential oils should consult the material safety data sheets (MSDS) to determine the hazards and handling requirements of particular oils. Person, who used
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essential oils on the first time, should have a test within 24 h before using to avoid stimulating on skin. [17] In short, the natural essential oils with precious properties can take place of the common antibacterial agents. The procedure is easy, less cost and do not cause environmental pollution, concurrently it makes develop home agriculture. However, essential oils content is very little , so that it is necessary to find out and choose a materials with good biological activity, high content, easily find and available.
2.5. REVIEWS OF SOME PREVIOUS STUDIES

From some matters mentioned above, it can be seen that essential oils not only have similar activity with the chemical synthetic agents but also be friendly with environment. Nowadays, researching and applying essential oil to cosmetic is new tendency. There are many researches at home and aboard about this precious materials. In previous reviews, Dr. Le Ngoc Thach and his co-workers carried out research about essential oil in the South of Vietnam. The research used some classical and modern methods to extract, define chemical components and physiochemical factors of essential oils in area. They separated out main components of essential oils to be used for feedstock of semisynthetic reactions. The research applied new organic synthetic methods as non-solvent, solid carrier, microwave, ultrasound, enzyme, salt effect for these semi-synthetic reactions to protect environment and increase productivity of these reactors for a short time. The biological activity of products was tested on anti-bacteria capacity, insect inducement and stimulating the plants growth In addition, Dr. Nguyen Dinh Nga and her partners researched about anti-bacterial and antifungus ability of some essential oil and extract of plants. Raw materials of the research were periwinkles, gingers, piper lolots, turmerics, trunk and leaves of persicarias, alpinias and betels leaves which were extracted with ethanol, methanol solvents. Each of drugs, essential oils and their mixture was separately tested on yeasts, moulds and cutaneous funguses. According to the study, some results were got: six of ten antifungal drugs from
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Alpinias had effect on Aspergillus with MIC=12.515.75mg drug/ml, on Candida albicans with MIC=40mg drug/ml. Other essential oils affected mainly on cutaneous fungus. Ability of essential oil has also researched widely on aboard, such as research about Effects of Citrus essential oil on growth and morphogenesis of Aspergillus niger (L.)Osbeck of Neeta Sharma, University of Lucknow, India. The research showed that the essential oils had antimicrobial activity, especially effects on growth and morphogenesis of Aspergillus. The fungitoxicity of oil did not change even at exposure to 100 C and autoclaving. The main changes observed under light and scanning electron microscopy after oil treatment were loss of cytoplasm in fungal hyphae, and budding of hyphal tip. The hyphal wall and its diameter became markedly thinner, distorted and resulted in cell wall disruption. The flattened and empty hyphal tips bifurcated into bud like structures. GC-MS studies of the oil revealed the presence of 10 chemical constituents. Limonene has been found to be major component (84.2%).[20] Value of citrus peels essential oil was proved by Medvedev. The invention related to composition comprising an activated citrus peel extract (ACPE) prepared by an activation method which includes exposure of citrus peels to at least one plant or animal pathogen. The ACPE comprises at least one of the following: oligosaccharides, short peptides, flavonoid glycosides, fatty acids, and triglycerides. Compositions comprising the ACPE have been shown useful as dermatological compositions for the treatment of various skin conditions. They have also been shown to be useful in preserving food, beverages and cosmetics. [20] Overall, there have been many researches about essential oil separation and have many valuable evidences about their good effects for our health. With these precious properties, essential oils have been researching to add to many products, especially cosmetics and personal care products. Products, with essential oil contents, have more dominant effect than products with synthetic chemical substances. Nowadays, through many home and aboard researches, applying essential oils to products is very popular. This is the new tendency of cosmetic industry to make cosmetics, which are not only good for health but also friendly with environment.
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2.6. HAND CLEANER PRODUCTS

Keeping hand clean is important to prevent some dangerous diseases that are caused by bacteria. Now, many hand cleaners have been produced to keep hand clean. This part will discuss some notes when washing hands and some matters of hand cleaner.
2.6.1. Some matters about washing hands

Our hands have billions of bacteria, each time we shake hands with somebody or touch any thing as door handle, faucet hands surely are contaminated bacteria. Thus, easy way to protect our body is washing hands frequently.
Figure 2-6: Many bacteria on hands Hands are never sterilized completely even if we apply any way to wash hands. If we wash hands too many times, there also will a few bacteria on hands. The purpose of washing hands is cleanup visible and invisible dirty. Thus, in below cases, you should wash hands: - Before and after eating. - Before washing your eyes and nasal line. - Before repairing the meal. - Before and after taking care of babies, example: changing diapers - Before and after caring for sores
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- Before and after getting in touch with patients - Before and after doing an unclean work, as doing the garden - After going to the toilette - After getting in touch with animal or dirty things, as cats, dogs, faucets and door block There are two ways of cleaning hands: using water and soap; using hand cleaners content alcohol and unwanted water (alcohol-based hand sanitizer). Cleaning hands uses water and soap Many people think that it is unnecessary to study the way of washing hands because it is very easy. Nevertheless, if you want to wash hands effectively, you will notice some points: To put hands into warm water faucet, rub soap into the hollows of our hands to make foam To rub time and again two hands carefully about 10-15s To rub everywhere on hands, especially reverse side and among fingers as well as nails To wash carefully by water To dry by clean handkerchief When using public toilet, you should not use our clean hands (hands after washing) to turn off the water tap. You should dry hands and use tissue to block the water tap.
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Figure 2-7: Six steps to wash hands Cleaning hands by alcohol based hand sanitizers, unwanted water In recent years, hand cleaners with alcohol that do not need to wash again by water are used more popularly. A little hand cleaner are put into hands, rub repeatedly two hands carefully until hands dry. Reading carefully directions for use before using However, if your hands are too dirty to can see clearly dirt, you should use soap and water to clean hands instead of using these products.
2.6.2. Some hand cleaners on market

Nowadays, there are more and more specialized products for cleaning hands on market. Most of customers take interest in them not only cheap, high quality but also easy to use Although imported products were present at market earliest, but recently, home products that made in Vietnam have been held 1/3 of total number. According to Maximark supermarket and Minimark Super Bowl supermarket, there are 70% Vietnams hand cleaner products sold every week. The main components of hand cleaner include mandatory substances are surfactants, antibacteria agentsto deodorize and resist to bacteria. Besides, there are others to get odor,
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smoothness. In Handsoap product of Singapore is added to vegetable extracts, makes fragrant odor, aloe extracts makes cool skin. Lifebuoy with milk extract makes nourish hand skin. Linen Rose of U.K has neutral pH ratio, keep natural acid film on skin to protect skin from bacteria
Figure 2-8: Some hand cleaner products on market
2.6.3. Some formulae of hand cleaners

Any hand cleaner have three main components: Surfactants: used for cleanness Main active substances: anti-bacterial agents, nutrients for hand skin Additions: preservative substance, pH correct substance, coloring matter and odor Some formulas of hand cleaner: Formula 1: Antibacterial Hand wash [10] Ingredients Water Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate (28%) Sodium Laureth-2 Sulfate (26%) Promidium CO Monateric LMAB Phospholipid CDM Pricerine 9083 Wt % 44.3 23.0 21.5 3.5 3.0 2.5 1.0
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Triclosan Monamate RMEA-40 Disodium EDTA Citric acid
0.2 0.7 0.2 0.1
Formula 2: Clear liquid hand soap with suspended mineral oil beads [10] Ingredient Water Carbopol ETD 2020 Glyceryl Triethanolamine (30%) Ammonium lauryl sulfate (40%) Lauryl ether sulfosuccinate Disodium EDTA Propylene glycol Triclosan DMDM hydantoin Triethanolamine Cocamidopropyl betain (35%) Mineral oil beads Wt% 68.0 0.9 2.0 0.2 20.0 2.0 0.1 2.0 0.5 0.7 0.6 2.0 1.0
In short, washing hands is simple but helps us prevent from many deadly diseases. To get result on washing hands, we should notice some above notes. Today, many hand cleaner have supplied for washing hands. Besides imported products, home products have been more and more popular with customers. There are various kinds of hand cleaners (lotion, creams or milk) with various ingredients (essential oils, mineral oils) can satisfied multiform demands of customers. With above matters, this chapter supplied basic knowledge for me to determine object and orientation of my thesis.
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3. CHAPTER 3
4. OBJECTIVES & EXPERIMENTIAL ORIENTATION

3.
When living standard of people is increasing, high hygienic standard are also required. This is good condition for developing of hygienic products, include products for washing hands. As summary in Chapter 2, it can be seen that chemical anti-bacteria agents have been used more and more. This is long-term hazard for customer heath. So, this is necessary to find out substances can take place of chemical anti-bacteria agents which not only friendlier with environment but also safer for human heath. Natural essential oils with high antimicrobial activity are one of choices for hygienic products in future. From this real requirement, this thesis is focused on studying and forming a hand cleaner formula which using essential oils as anti-bacteria agents. This formula needs to satisfy requirements about hygienic standards, suitable process and low cost. Besides, essential oils require high activity and are popular in Vietnam. With above requirements, the experimental orientation of my thesis was as followed:
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Initial formula Main surfactant Preparing materials of essential oils Preparing materials Distillating essential of essential oil oils Evaluating essential oils Distillating essential oil Essential oils Evaluating essential oil Anti-bacteria agents Essential oil (Essential oils/Triclosan) Evaluating semi-product Stability Preparing final-product Characteristic Evaluating final product Anti-bacteria capacity Chance of joining market Investigating effect of components Thickener Semi- formula Preparing semi-product Semi-product Characteristic
Final product
Figure 3-1: Experimental orientation of this thesis
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CHAPTER 4
EXPERIMENTALS
4. This chapter presents initial materials, methods, equipment and instrumental procedures for making up a basic formula, distillation of essential oil and surveying combination of essential oil with the basic formula.
4.1. MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT

4.1.1. Materials
From selections, ingredients of basic formulae could be proposed as follows: Table 4-1: Components of basic formula and their utility Ingredients Distilled Water Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) Cocamido propyl betain (CAPB) 30% Carbopol aqua or Carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) Triethanolamine (TEA) Coconut Diethanolamine (CDE) Commercial (from Ethanol market) Freshcolate & antibacterial agent Glycerin Humectant Kim product Original resources Distilled water at lab Utility Dispersed phase Primary surfactant Secondary surfactant Thickener Neutralizer Co-surfactant Bien thickener and
4.1.2. Equipment
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Because of equipment limitation, this thesis was carried out with followed equipment of laboratory: Electric stirrer: Stuart Scientific SS10 (made in UK) and glass stirring blade Viscometer: Zahn cup number 3 with code CNDB-3 and Zahn cup number 5 with code CNDB-5 (made in China).
Figure 4-1: Zahn cup
Spectrophotometer: Herios Epsilon VIS. Centrifuge: Hermle Z200A. Bacteria counting chambers: Petroff-Hausser (made in Germany).
Figure 4-2: Bacteria counting chambers

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Indirect steam distillating system at high pressure.
Figure 4-3: Indirect steam distillating system
Beakers, gage glasses, pycnometer, two numbers scale and four numbers scale With above materials and equipment, procedure of preparing products is presented in next parts.
4.2. METHODS
This part presents methods which used in experimental. Measuring viscosity of liquid Zahn cup is used to determine viscosity of liquid products. Each cup has a 12- inch loop handle to allow the cup to be dipped by hand into a liquid container. At the center of this handle is a finger-ring for holding the cup in a vertical position during use.
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The cup was been sink in product. It was lifted slowly. When lip of cup just left the free surface of liquid, time that liquid get out the cup completely was counted. Then, time was compared with data of Viscosity Conversion Chart to determine the viscosity of liquid. Table 4-2: Viscosity conversion chart for Zahn cup number 3 and Zahn cup number 5 Viscosity (Centipoise) 90 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500 550 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 Measuring turbidity of liquid Turbidity of liquid was measured by using Herios Epsilon VIS spectrophotometer. Turbidity of sample was determined at = 546nm with blank solution was water. Time (second) Zahn 3 Zahn 5 10 12 14 16 18 20 23 10 25 11 28 12 30 13 32 14 34 15 36 16 39 17 41 18 43 19 46 20 48 21 50 22 52 23 54 24 57 25 63 27 68 30 35 40 45 49 55
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Surveying effect of shocking on properties of sample by using Centrifuge Hermle Z200A. This machine could control speed and time. In this thesis, samples were contained in centrifuge tubes and surveyed at 3000 rpm within 10-50minutes.
Measuring density of liquid: using a 10ml pycnometer
Evaluating pH index: using pH meter A little liquid was dropped on pH paper. Then, color of pH paper was compared to chromaticity diagram to estimate pH index of liquid.
Counting quantity of microbe: by using Bacteria counting chambers This equipment had two 3millimeters squares on two sides. Each square was divided into 5 groups as followed Figure 4-4 Firstly, a bowl of sterilized water was prepared. Hand of a test people was washed within 30s. Then, hand was dipped in the bowl within 30s. After that, a little water in the bowl was dropped on one of two 3millimeters squares of Bacteria counting chambers and observed by Microscope to count quantity of microbe on the central square millimeter
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Figure 4-4: Zoom in image of Bacteria counting chambers Distillating essential oils: by using Indirect steam distillating system at high pressure. Steam from pressure tank came to material tank and pulled essential oil out. Steam and essential oil were evaporated and condensed by pipe cooler. Essential oil was upper and separated. Water was circulated to take all remain essential oil. Surveying effect of main surfactant to property of product To evaluate the ratio of SLS 30%, four factors were examined as follows:
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Table 4-3: Evaluated factors of evaluating product and their ratio (mi) Evaluated factor Coolness Foaming capacity Cleansing power Washout rate mi (%) 25 25 25 25
Factors were evaluated by points range as Table 4-4
Table 4-4: Points range of evaluating product Rate of evaluation Very good Good Satisfy Bad Very bad Point 5 4 3 2 1 Symbol ++ + 0 _ __
Four factors were evaluated as follows:
Coolness: A little of sample was put on wet hands. Hands were rubbed and washed. Rate of coolness needed to be felt in all process.
None making cool 0
Making cool
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Foaming capacity - Preparing five glass tubes - Adding 2ml of H2 O and 0.02ml of sample to each tube - Shaking tubes within 30s -Measuring height of foam column on top of tubes A little foam A lot of foam
Cleaning power: A little of sample was put on wet hands. Hands were rubbed and washed. Cleanness of hands was evaluated after washing.
unclean
clean
Washout rate: A little of sample was put on wet hands. Hands were rubbed and washed. Time and quantity of water which were used to reach feeling about cleanness were evaluated. Hard Easy
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Surveying the viewpoint of customers about final products Table 4-5: The questionnaire to surveying viewpoint of customers about products Criterions A. Clean B. Normal 1. Cleansed capacity A. Wash out quickly B. Wash out lowly 2. Foaming capacity A. Numerous, fine foam B. Numerous, big foam C. A bit of foam A. Fragrant, make comfortable B. 3. Odor Normal C. Not clean SP1 SP2 SP3
C. Pungent, make uncomfortable A. Smooth skin, make comfortable B. Normal
4. Feelling after using
C. Make dry skin, uncomfortable
A. Not make irritate B. Make irritate 5. Skin irritation 6. Acceptance A. Accept B. Not accept
Surveyed people chose only one answer for a question. The ans wers were converted to points, as follows:
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The question had three selections: + choosing the answer A: 5 points + choosing the answer B: 3 points + choosing the answer C: 1 point
The question selections:
had
two
+ choosing the answer A: 5 points + choosing the answer B: 1 point
There are all methods were used in experimental. The followed part will present procedure to form a hand cleaner.
4.3. PREPARING SEMI-FORMULA

This study was carried out at Organic Chemical Engineering Department, Hochiminh City University of Technology.
4.3.1. General procedure for preparation of hand cleaner

The preparation of the hand cleaner product is presented in Figure 4-5 Firstly, SLS was dissolved in water at 70o C and stirred until SLS dissolved completely. Then, solution cooled down to room temperature. Water, Ethanol, CDE and Cocamide propyl betain were added in SLS solution and stirred at room temperature at rate of 750rpm until reaching homogeneous. After that, thickener was added in solution. If Carbopol aqua was used as thickener, TEA would gradually drop to neutralize Carbopol solution. The mixture was stirred until it turned transparent.
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SLS
Water to =70o C
Stirring
Water
CDE
SLS solution 30%
CAPB 30%
Ethanol
Stirring
Thickener Stirring
Room temperature Speed of stirring: 750rpm Stirring
TEA (if using Carbopol as thickener) TEA (if using Carbop ol as thicken er)
Time: 15 minutes
Stirring Stirring Stirring
Semi-product
Figure 4-5: Procedure for preparation of hand cleaner product
4.3.2. Effect of components in semi-formula

In this part, the studies focused on effects of main surfactant and thickener on characteristics of products. Main surfactant : Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) Five samples were prepared as follows:
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Table 4-6: Formulae for investigating effect of SLS material Ingredients SLS (% wt) CAPB CDE Ethanol Glycerin H2 O (% wt) Sample 1 5.0 Sample 2 7.5 Sample 3 10.0 1.00 0.06 2.00 1.00 to 100 Sample 4 12.5 Sample 5 15.0
Each sample was investigated four factors: coolness, cleaning power, foaming capacity and washout rate. These tests were evaluated by the evaluating system which was presented in Section 4.2 Thickener
With each thickener, five samples with five different ratio of thickener were prepared Table 4-7: Formulae for investigating effect of Carbopol aqua material %wt Carbopol aqua 30% TEA Water Sample 1 5.0 1.0 Sample 2 5.5 1.1 Sample 3 6.0 1.2 To 100 Sample 4 6.5 1.3 Sample 5 7.0 1.4
Table 4-8: Formulae for investigating effect of CMC material % wt CMC Water Sample 1 5.0 Sample 2 5.5 Sample 3 6.0 To 100 Sample 4 6.5 Sample 5 7.5
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Each sample was measured viscosity by using a Zahn cup and compared to a target product (The targeted product was Dr. Clean hand cleaner, a commercial product). After 3 days, viscosity of each sample was measured again for evaluating durability. After determining semi- formula and preparing semi-product, the nest task was evaluating semi-product and comparing it to a targeted product.
4.3.3. Preparing and evaluating semi-product

From previous results, the basic formula was obtained. It is used to prepare the semi prod uct. The semi-product was evaluated stability against temperature and shocking and compared to a targeted product. Targeted product: Dr.Clean hand cleaner Table 4-9: The targeted product and its ingredients Ingredients
Water, Sodium Laureth Sulfate, Glycerin, Cocaamide propyl betain, Coamide DEA, PEG-7, Glyceryl, Cocoate, Fragrance, Polysorbate 20, Triclosan, Methylcloroisothiazolinone Methylisothiazolinone and
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Effect of temperature on property of semi- product Seven samples of semi-product were left at seven different temperatures (30o C, 40o C, 50o C, 60o C, 70oC, 80oC and 90o C) for 30 minutes. After that, the samples were examined pH index, viscosity, density and turbidity. Similar tests with the targeted product were carried out. Effect of centrifugation on semi- product Six samples of semi-product were left at 3000rpm for 0min, 10min, 30min, 40min and 50min. This test was carried out by using centrifugal. After that, the samples were examined pH index, viscosity, density and turbidity. carried out. After having semi-product, the next task was preparing anti-bacteria agents for final products Similar tests with the targeted product were
4.4. DISTILLATING AND EVALUATING ESSENTIAL OIL

4.4.1. Distillating essential oil
Essential oils were extracted by indirect steam distillation at high pressure. Lemons peels and leaves of lemongrass were cut into small pieces. Then, materials were distillated at pressure of 2 atm. Table 4-10: Materials for essential oil distillation Material Lemon Lemongrass Source Tien Giang Long An Used section Peel Trunk and leaves Weight of each batch (g) 100 200 Humidity (A%) 76.04 79.51
Procedure for isolating essential oil is shown in Figure 4-6
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Raw materials (Lemon &Lemongrass)
Cutting
Distilling (P=2at, t=2h)
Condensing
Water
Separating Essential oils and water

Separating
Water
Raw essential oils

Na2 SO4
Dehydrating
Separating
Na2 SO4 .5H2O
Essential oil
Figure 4-6: Procedure for preparation of distillating essential oils
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4.4.2. Evaluating essential oils

After distillating, yield of distillation was calculated and essential oil was evaluated by sensible evaluation about: Appearance & color: Essential oil was put on a transparent beaker and observed about appearance, color and precipitate. Odor: essential oil was dropped into a filter paper and smelled about odor (fragrant, pungent or uncomfortable) and its intensity (mild or prolonged).
Density of essential oil: using pycnometer.
4.5. PREPARING F INAL PRODUCTS

The last step was adding anti-bacteria agents (Triclosan or essential oils) into semi-product.
4.5.1. Preparing final product

To investigate effect of essential oil to anti-bacterial capacity of products, three serials of final products were prepared as follows:
SP1 with Triclosan SP2 with lemon essential oil SP3 with lemongrass essential oil
Preparing SP1 Triclosan was dissolved in ethanol first. Then, solution was added SLS, CAPB, CDE, water, Carbopol aqua and TEA as Figure 4-5 Preparing SP2 and SP3 Two products had a similar process. Because essential oils were oxidized and decayed easily, SP2 and SP3 were added methyl paraben (0.25%wt) and propyl paraben (0.25 %wt) as preservative substance.
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Essential oils and preservative agents was added into solution included SLS, CAPB, CDE, ethanol and water. After that, Carbopol aqua and TEA were added into mixture. Procedure was similar with Figure 4-5.
4.5.2. Effect of anti-bacteria agents on activity of final products

General principle was counting quantity of bacteria after washing only by sterilized water and compared with number of bacteria after washing by products. From there, the suitable content was chosen. This survey was carried out at Bio-Technology Laboratory. Each serial of product SP1, SP2 and SP3 was prepared with seven different concentrations of active agents:
Table 4-11: Serials of products to evaluating effect of anti-bacterial agents on activity of products Sample SP1 Triclosan (%wt) SP2 Lemon essential oil (%wt) SP3 Lemongrass essential oil (%wt) This test was carried out by using Bacterial counting chambers. After that, suitable ratio of each anti-bacterial agent for each product was chosen. Each chosen sample was counted again quantity of bacteria once a week within three weeks to investigating effect of time on stability of active agents. 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 1 0.1 2 0.2 3 0.3 4 0.4 5 0.5 6 0.6 7 0.7
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4.6. EVALUATING FINAL PRODUCTS

This part would evaluate characteristics and chance to join market of final products.
4.6.1. Evaluating characteristics of final products

Each final product was evaluated about: density, viscosity, pH, color, odor and quantity of bacteria (tested on Candida albicans, S.aureus and Aerophil in Institute Pasteur).
4.6.2. Evaluating commercial ability of final products

Evaluating final products based on viewpoint of customers and price in comparison to products on the market. 4.6.2.1. Surveying viewpoint of customers about products Sensible tests were executed to determine feeling of customers for SP1, SP2 and SP3. These tests based on feeling of customers to evaluate pleasance, acceptance and enjoyment. Products were evaluated 6 criterions by 30 customers (both men a nd women). The questionnaire with selective questions was presented in Section 4-2. Result was converted to points and determined the pleasance, acceptance of customers. The point was as high as well. 4.6.2.2. Preliminary estimating price of products
From price of materials and their ratio in products, the price of products was estimated. After that, the products were reduced a finish product unit which its volume similar with commercial products and compared price with commercial products.
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Table 4-12: Price of materials
Substances
Distillated water SLS Carbopol aqua TEA Cocamide propyl betain Coconut Diethanolaamine Ethanol Triclosan Lemons essentisl oil Citronellas essential oil Glycerin Methyl paraben Propyl paraben
Price/weight
2,000VND/kg 45,000VND/kg 127,000VND/kg 45,000VND/kg 60,000VND/kg 60,000VND/kg 16,000VND/kg 900,000VND/kg 7,000,000VND/kg 6,500,000VND/kg 20,000VND/kg 1,100,000VND/kg 1,000,000VND/kg
Table 4-13: Price of some hand cleaners on market
Some marked products

Hand cleaner Dr. Clean Hand cleaner Lifebouy Hand cleaner Linen Rose Hand cleaner Hand soap Hand cleaner Pril Hand cleaner Kleen
Volume of a unit
500ml 200ml 500ml 250ml 375ml 320ml
Price
32,500VND 11,000VND 39,600VND 24,000VND 28,500VND 20,500VND
There are all experimental of thesis. Results of above tests are presented in next chapter
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CHAPTER 5
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

5. This chapter represents results of those above studying and discussed phenomenon occurred when surveying.
5.1. PREPARING AND EVALUATING SEMI FORMULA

5.1.1. Preparing semi-formula
5.1.1.1. Effect of components in semi-formula
Main surfactant and thickener were most important components in basic formula. They affected on cleaning power, foaming capacity and thickness of product Effect of SLS After surveyed four factors: coolness, foaming capacity, cleaned power and washout rate of five samples, result was got as follows: Table 5-1: Result of surveying ratio of SLS Target standard Coolness Foaming capacity Cleaned power Washout rate Sum of points mi (%) 25 25 25 25 Sample 1 +
_
Sample 2 + +
_
Sample 3 + ++ ++ + 450
Sample 4 + ++ ++
_
Sample 5 + ++ ++
__
++ 325
+ 350
400
375
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The main surfactant was the most important agent in any cleaned product. It influenced on cleaning power of product at most. If fraction of main surfactant were low, cleaning power would be obviously weak. Otherwise, high fraction of main surfactant was waste, made difficulty and greasy feeling when washing out. With the above result, sample 3 with 10 %wt of SLS had the highest scores. So, that was the suitable ratio of main surfactant in basic formula. Effect of thickener Content of thickener was very important. It influenced on homogeny, thickness and durability of product. If fraction of thickener were low, product would be watery and non-durable. Furthermore, the watery product also affected to the sense organs of customers, it made customers feel that cleaning power of product was weak. Thus, the thickness of product was chosen a suitable value to guarantee durability, homogeny of product and accommodate to packing (for example: product could flow in containers faucet). The result of viscosity of samples as follows: Table 5-2: Viscosity of Carbopol aqua samples
Sample Sample Sample Sample Sample Targeted 1 Carbopol aqua 30% (%wt) Viscosity(cP) Viscosity after 3 days (cP) 5.0 310.18 313.25 2 5.5 367.26 372.14 3 6.0 418.6 421.51 4 6.5 476.42 480.23 5 7.0 548.15 552.64 417 product
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Table 5-3: Viscosity of CMC samples Sample Sample 1 CMC (%wt) Viscosity (cP) Viscosity after 3 days (cP) 5.0 226.35 197.83 2 5.5 286.15 251.16 Sample 3 6.0 327.54 296.34 Sample Sample Targeted 4 6.5 376.83 328.67 5 7.0 411.15 382.82 417 product
According to Table 5-2 and Table 5-3, viscosity of sample 3 with 6.0%wt of Carbopol aqua and sample 5 with 7.0%wt of CMC closed to targeted product. But after 3 days, the viscosity of CMC decreased quickly. Meanwhile, the viscosity of Carbopol aqua increased a bit. The reason was the different structure of each thickener. Carbopol was a polymer with cross- link structure.
Figure 5-1: Cross- link structure of Carbopol polymer
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Thus, they made a stable three dimensional form when swelling in water. The viscosity of Carbopol solution increased just because of evaporation of water. Otherwise, CMC had a laminated structure
Figure 5-2: The two dimensional structure of CMC polymer CMC formed a two dimensional structure when swelling in water. Besides, CMC was derivation of cellulose, it was decayed by microbes easily. So, the viscosity of CMC solution was lower than viscosity of Carbopol solution and its viscosity decreased follow time. In short, Carbopol aqua was chosen as thickener with its suitable fraction was 6.0%wt. 5.1.1.2. Formulae of semi-product
With those results, ingredients of semi- formulae were as Table 5-4:
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Table 5-4: Formulae of semi-product
Ingredients
Content (%wt)
Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) 30% Cocamide propyl betain
33.33
1.00
(CAPB) 30% CDE Glycerin Ethanol Carbopol aqua 30% TEA Water 0.06 1.00 2.00 6.0 1.2 To 100
Beside SLS and Carbopol aqua, other agents had different roles to improve product. Cocoamide propyl betain (CAPB): was a synthetic surfactant derived from coconut oil. It was a medium strength surfactant which most often does not irritate skin or mucous membranes. It is compatible with other cationic, anionic, and nonionic surfactants. So, the role of CAPB in this product was reducing irritation main surfactants would cause.[18] Coconut Diethanolaamine (CDE): was a fatty acid of coconut oil. It was a nonionic surfactant. In this product, its role was making mild the skin and stable foam. But, it was used with a small quantity (0.06%) because of its high viscosity. With higher volume, it could cause cloudy product and greasy felling when washout.[18] Glycerin: was used as humectants because of its three hydrophilic hydroxyl groups. High volume of glycerin also could cause greasy felling when washout.
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Ethanol: was co-surfactant which made product transparent. Besides, it also dissolved Triclosan and essential oils and brought a cool felling when washing. But, the high quantity of ethanol could cause dried skin after washing.
TEA: neutralized Carbopol to make Carbopol swelled to maximum limit
Contents of above ingredients were chosen from documents and small experimental which not mentioned in chapter 3. The semi-product was very important. It was background to adding anti-bacterial agents. After preparing the semi-product, the next task was evaluating the semi-product about its stability against temperature and shocking.
5.1.2. Evaluating semi-formula

Some properties of semi- product at room temperature (30o C): That was an odorless and transparent liquid. Viscosity: 418.6cP Density: 1.0231 g/ml pH: 5-6
Because of equipment limitation, there were just surveying stability of semi-product against temperature and shocking. Two effects were important because they helped manufacturer chose the suitable storage condition and transportation to keep good state of product. After surveying stability of the semi-product and the target product, the result was presented as follows: Effect of temperature on semi- product and target product
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Table 5-5: Temperature effect on semi-product and targeted product
Temperature (o C) 30 Semiproducts 40 50 60 70 80 90 30 40 Targeted products 50 60 70 80 90
Density (g/ml) 1.0231 1.0229 1.0221 1.0219 1.0167 1.0128 1.0118 1.0219 1.0212 1.0168 1.0147 1.012 1.011
Viscosity (cP) 418.59 392.19 363.55 279.13 217.64 182.46 152.36 428.86 358.43 236.85 170.59 142.85 113.68
Turbidity (Ao ) 0 0.004 0.013 0.026 0.054 0.083 0.112
pH
5-6 5-6 5-6 5-6 5-6 5-6 5-6 5-6 5-6 5-6 5-6 5-6 5-6 5-6
0 0.001 0.006 0.019 0.063 0.092 0.107
1.0097
95.329
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Targeted product and semi-product have a similar of pH, density, viscosity and turbidity. When raising temperature, the density of both was decreased because of forming tiny foams in liquid.
Figure 5-3: Temperature effect on density of products
According to Table 5-5 and Figure 5-3, we could see that: The semi-product: When temperature raised from 60o C to 70o C, its density became changing much (from 1.0219g/ml at 60o C down to 1.0167g/ml at 70o C) The targeted product: period of temperature began to have large changing of density was 40o C-50oC (from 1.0212g/ml at 40o C down to 1.0168g/ml at 50o C). The reason was different thickener of each product. With targeted product, Cocoamide propyl betain and Coamide DEA were also thickeners. Formula of these chemicals was CH3 (CH2 )n C(=O)N(CH2CH2 OH)2 , where n can vary depending on the source of fatty acids. The long length of carbon chains in the molecules made the thickener of product. Binding of these chemicals and other ingredients of product was weak.
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In the other hand, Carbopol aqua was thickener of semi-product. The three dimensional structure of Carbopol was more stable than others. So, semi-product could keep its state better than targeted product when raising temperature. However, temperature effect on density was not much and it wasnt as important as temperature effect on viscosity.
Figure 5-4: Temperature effect on viscosity of products
The viscosities of those products also were decreased when raising temperature. That is suitable with Arrhenius model:
Where: T was temperature, 0 was a coefficient, E was the activation energy and R was the universal gas constant. Semi-product: period from 50o C to 60o C began to have a fast decreasing of viscosity.
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Targeted product: the viscosity began to have a fast decreasing when temperature decreased from 40o C to 50o C This phenomenons reason also was different thickeners of each product. The change of viscosity was very important because it affected on sensible evaluation of customers.
Figure 5-5: Temperature effect on turbidity of products
Turbidity of products increased because of tiny bubbles in product. But, this change was realized clearly at high temperature (over 70 o C) According above results, limit storage temperature of semi-product was 50o C and 40o C for targeted product to maintain their state in good condition. Effect of centrifugation on semi- product
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Table 5-6: Centrifugation effect on properties of semi-product and targeted product Time of Density (g/ml) 1.0231 1.0232 1.0233 1.0237 1.0240 1.0243 1.0219 1.0221 1.0223 1.0224 1.0229 1.0232 Viscosity (cP) 418.59 425.13 431.56 438.75 441.69 444.24 428.86 436.67 446.24 455.58 461.15 467.12 Turbidity (Ao ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5-6 5-6 5-6 5-6 5-6 5-6 5-6 5-6 5-6 5-6 5-6 5-6 pH
centrifugation (min) 0 Semiproduct 10 20 30 40 50 0 Targeted product 10 20 30 40 50
Under centrifugations effect, density, viscosity of both products had a little change. Their turbidity had no change.
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Figure 5-6: Centrifugation effect on density of products Under centrifugation, molecules in solution were compressed that made volume of solution was decreased. So, the density of both products was increased a bit. The difference of thickener of each product caused density of targeted product changed more than semiproducts.
Figure 5-7: Centrifugation effect on viscosity of products
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Otherwise, viscosity of products was increased because of the compression of molecules in solution. Follow time, compression was more increased, so density and viscosity of products increased by time. Temperature and shocking did not affect on pH. pH of products was 5-6 which was limitation for skin safeness. In short, the centrifugations effect did not make change the properties of products so much. Thus, products could stand shock of transportation. In conclusion, semi-product had similar physical characteristics with targeted product. Besides, with three dimensional structure of Carbopol, semi-product could stand effect of shocking and temperature better than targeted product. It was important background to mix anti-bacterial agents afterwards.
5.2. DISTILLATING AND EVALUATING ESSENTIAL OIL
Indirect steam distillation could make good some weak points of direct steam distillation, such as: avoid burning material, have good color and quality of essential oil Besides, this method could control and adjust pressure and flow of steam to raise yield of distillation and quality of essential oil. However, too high pressure could destroy essential oil. Thus, this was necessary to choose a suitable pressure of distillation. According to some documents, major agent of lemon essential oils was 90% limonene with boiling point was 176o C, lemongrass essential oil had 85-97% geraniol with boiling point was 229o C. So, the suitable pressure chosen was 2atm (about 120o C) to preserve those agents from decaying. Productivity of distillation and physiochemical properties of essential oils as follows:
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Table 5-7: Characteristics of Lemon and lemongrass essential oil
Lemongrass essential oil Color Odor Average volume of 0.7375 0.912 0.874 Light yellow, transparent Citronella odor
Lemon essential oil Light yellow, transparent Lemon odor
essential oil (ml)
0.9625
Density (g/ml) Yeild (weight of essential oil/ weight of dried
material)
1.64%
3.51%
Lemongrass essential oil
Lemon essential oil
Figure 5-8: Lemongrass essential oil and lemon essential oil
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Lemongrass essential oil: During distillating, a non- desired phenomenon was some agent of essential oil dissolved into water and caused losses essential oil (for example: solubility of Lina lool was 0.16g/100ml water). To reduce this phenomenon, circulation of water was necessary. However, some harmful agents of essential oil could be output. Borneol (a component of citronellas essential oil) was an eye, skin, and respiratory irritant; and was harmful if swallowed. Density of Borneol was 1.011g/ml. So, it was got out essential oil and settled down water. This was very useful when using lemongrass essential oil into skin product. According to documents, density of this essential oil was 0.885-0.9g/ml [1] and yield of distillation was 0.4-1.6%. But, in table 4-7, density and yield were higher than theorys because water mixed into essential oil. Essential oil had many hydroxyl functions. So, they could make hydro binding with water and kept wa ter into essential oil. Besides, a shortcoming of study was non-absolute dehydrating. However, quantity of water mixed into essential oil was little and didnt affect on product when using this essential oil as antibacteria agent. Lemon essential oil: The non-absolute dehydrating and hydro bindings of hydroxyl functions with water made water mixed into essential oil. So, its density was higher than theorys (0.849-0.855g/ml). The same as citronellas distillation, mixing into water and settling down water of some agents were non-desired phenomenon and caused losses essential oil. According to document, yield of distillation was 14.3-18.8% and higher than productivity of this study so much. The reason was non-suitable method of distillation. Lemon had a high content of essential oil. So, the suitable method was compression. After compression, lemon was distillated to take all remain essential oil. Because of equipment deprivation, the study only used distillation. Thus, the obtainable essential oil wasnt as more as compression. Essential oils of lemon and lemongrass were stored at cold temperature.
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In conclusion, quantity of essential oil in material was very little and it was stored carefully after extraction to avoid evaporation, decayingThat was drawback of using essential oil in reality. Steam distillation was a simple method, low cost and suit with locally production. But, this method wasnt suit with all materials. Choosing suitable pressure and steam flow was important to ensure quality and volume of essential oil.
5.3. PREPARING AND EVALUATING FINAL PRODUCTS

5.3.1. Preparing final products
Effect of anti-bacteria agents Rate of number of remained bacteria when washing by sterilized water and using product was displayed in below table Table 5-8: Surveying the suitable fraction of anti-bacteria agents in final products Rate of number of killed bacteria (%) Sample Fraction of anti-bacteria agent (%) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 86.70 95.94 98.18 98.13 98.03 98.00 98.04 56.80 70.85 76.26 82.33 85.79 91.71 91.71 72.63 73.63 82.11 89.27 94.17 93.72 94.18 SP1 SP 2 SP 3
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(%)
Figure 5-9: Effect of anti-bacteria agents on the rate of killed bacteria According to table 5-9, the suitable content of Triclosan in SP1 was 0.3%, 0.6% lemon essential oil in SP2 and 0.5% lemongrass essential oil in SP3. The bio-activity of SP1 was highest, the second was SP3 and the last was SP2. It means Triclosan had best bio-activity, at 0.3% wt, it could kill 98.18% bacteria. This was a strong point of synthetic anti-bacteria agents. Thus, manufactures usually use them in almost hygienic products. Anti-bacteria capacity of lemongrass essential oil was better than lemons essential oils. Although both essential oils were used with higher contents than Triclosan, their anti-bacteria capacity were lower than Triclosan. Concentration of essential oils could not rise because the higher concentration of essential oils caused irritation for skin. This was another weak point of essential oil when using in personal care products. After choosing the suitable concentration of anti-bacteria agents for three products, they were surveyed effect of time on bio-activity. The result was presented as follows:
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Table 5-9: Effect of time on anti-bacteria capacity of products
Ratio of number of killed bacteria (%) Week 1 Week 2 98.05 86.63 87.50 Week 3 97.57 79.48 85.15 Week 4 98.41 75.40 79.59
SP1(with 0.3% Triclsan) SP2 (with 0.6% lemons essential oil) SP3 (with 0.5% citronellas essential oil)
98.18 91.71 94.17
(%)
Figure 5-10: Time effect on bio-activity of final products While the activity of SP1 almost not changed, the bio-activity of SP2 and SP3 decreased follow time. When storing SP2 and SP3, a part of essential oils at surface evaporated and a another part could be decayed by microbe or sunlightThat caused the concentration of essential oils in SP2 and SP3 decreased, so the activity of SP2 and SP3 also decreased follow time. Essential oils could been wrap into polymer bag to protect them from loosing and maintain bio-activity of products
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In short, bio-activity of SP1 was higher than SP2 and SP3. Besides, the bio-activity of SP2 and SP3 was decreased follow time because of lighting and microbeSo, SP2 and SP3 were storage carefully. That was a limitation of nature essential oil as compare with chemical synthetic substances.
5.3.2. Evaluating final products

After choosing the suitable contents of anti-bacterial agent for each product, the final products were prepared. After that, they were evaluated about characteristics and commercial ability. 5.3.2.1. Evaluating characteristics of final products Table 5-10: Characteristics of three final products Characteristics S1 (Triclosan) Odorless and transparent gel 1.0238 1.0238 5-6 419.23 S2 (lemon essential oil) Light yellow gel with lemon essential oil odor 1.0242 1.0242 5-6 417.75 -Candida albicans<10 -S.aureus <10 -Aerophils <10 S3 (lemongrass essential oil) Light yellow gel with lemongrass essential oil odor. 1.0246 1.0246 5-6 420.17 -Candida albicans <10 -S.aureus <10 -Aerophils <10
Color & odor
Density (g/ml) Density (g/ml) pH Viscosity (cP) Bacterial infection (100g product)
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SP1
SP2 Figure 5-11: Three final products after preparing
SP3
SP1 with Triclosan was a ordorless and transparent gel. It was similar with semiproduct because Triclosan was colourless and odorless when soluting into ethanol. SP2 with lemon essential oil and SP3 with lemongrass essential oil Essential oil was good environment for development of microbe, so SP2 and SP3 were surveyed quantity of bacteria. Because some limits, SP2 and SP3 were just surveyed on three most popular misrobe, such as: Candida albicans, S.aureus and Aerophils. SP3 with lemongrass essential oil: was light yellow gel with citronella odor Three final products satisfied basic standards of hygienic product. Besides, SP2 and SP3 had natural odor and unwanted to use synthetic odor.
5.3.2.2. Evaluating commercial ability of final products Investigating viewpoint of customers about products
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Table 5-11: Result of investigating viewpoint of customers
Sum of points Criterions

Cleansed capacity Wash out capacity Foaming capacity Odor Feelling after using Skin irritation Acceptance SP1 150 146 78 90 126 150 118 SP2 150 126 112 146 150 150 142 SP3 150 130 128 92 150 150 90
Figure 5-12: Result of investigating viewpoint of customers in final products According to Figure 5-12, SP2 had the most of customer acceptances because its odor made comfortable. Although SP3 had the higher anti-bacteria capacity, it wasnt accepted much because citronellas smell wasnt popular. So, odor of personal care was very important. The wrong choosing of odor could go to the failure product.
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Although there were some drawbacks, hand cleaners with essential oils (SP2 and SP3) had some strong points in comparison to products with chemical synthetic substance (SP1). Especially, products with essential oil could restrict some harmful effect of product with chemical synthetic substance for customer health. Preliminary estimating price of products Price of each final product were reduce price of 350g product.
Table 5-12: Cost of product SP1
Component Distillated water SLS CAPB 30% Carbopol aqua TEA Ethanol CDE Glycerin Triclosan
Content (%) 78.44 10.00 1.00 6.00 1.20 2.00 0.06 1.00 0.30
Weigh per 100g product (g) 78.44 10.00 1.00 6.00 1.20 2.00 0.06 1.00 0.30
Price (VND) 156.88 450 60 762 54 32 3.6 20 270 1 808.48 6 329.68 12 659.36 18 989.04
Cost of material per 100g product Cost of material per 350g product Production cost of 350g product (200% materials cost) Cost of 350g product
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Component Distillated water SLS CAPB 30% Carbopol aqua TEA Ethanol CDE Lemons essential oil Methyl paraben Propyl paraben
Content (%) 79.04 10.00 1.00 6.00 1.20 2.00 0.06 0.6 0.05 0.05
Weigh per 100g product (g) 79.04 10.00 1.00 6.00 1.20 2.00 0.06 0.60 0.05 0.05
Price (VND) 158.08 450 60 762 54 32 3.6 4 200 55 50 5 824.68 20 386.38 40 772.76 61 159.14
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Component Distillated water SLS CAPB 30% Carbopol aqua TEA Ethanol CDE Citronellas essential oil Methyl paraben Propyl paraben
Content (%) 79.14 10.00 1.00 6.00 1.20 2.00 0.06 0.5 0.05 0.05
Weigh per 100g product (g) 79.14 10.00 1.00 6.00 1.20 2.00 0.06 0.50 0.05 0.05
Price (VND) 158.28 450 60 762 54 32 3.6 3 450 55 50 5 074.88 17 762.08 35 524.16 53 286.24
Because price of essential oils was higher than price of Triclosan so much, price of SP2 and SP3 was higher than price of SP1 and price of commercial products. However, price of materials was counted follow price of chemicals for laboratory, so it was very high. In real production, materials were industrial chemicals and were bought by a bulk, so the price would reduce a lot. Besides, if essential oil would be distillated by own producer, the price was lower than essential oil was bought in market. Combining with improvement in production would make the price of products reduce and their commercial ability would be higher.
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CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION AND INTENDING WORKS

6. This last chapter will conclude the results which got during the study. Besides, there were some proposals for followed researches in this field.
6.1. CONCLUSION
6.1.1. Essential oil distillation
Essential oils were distillated by indirect steam distillation at high pressure (2atm). This was a simple method, low cost and accommodated with local production. However, this method also had some weak points; such as essential oil dissolved in water, decayed by heatImportant thing of this method was choosing the suitable pressure and flow of waters circulation to get maximum essential oil with best quality. Among agricultural materials, lemon and citronella were the mos t popular in Vietnam. Many previous researches proved activity of their essential oil, so this was important reason to choose two essential oils. Reservation of lemons essential oil was more than citronellas. But anti-bacteria capacity of citronellas essential oil was higher. Both of them had special odor. Odor of lemons essential oil was accepted more because it brought relax and comfortable feeling when using. Citronella odor wasnt accepted more. Thus, odor was very important thing when choosing kind of essential oil to use in personal care products.
6.1.2. The final products

SP1 with Triclosan
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Table 6-1: Summary of product SP1
Formulae Component Distillated water SLS CAPB 30% Carbopol aqua TEA Ethanol CDE Glycerin Triclosan Content (%) 78.44 10.00 1.00 6.00 1.20 2.00 0.06 1.00 0.30
Mixing condition
Characteristics
- room temperature - time: 15min/batch
-transparent gel pH= 5.5-6.5
- speed of stirring: - anti-bacteria 750rpm -washing out quickly -not make skin irritation
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SP2 with lemons essential oil
Formulae Component Distillated water SLS CAPB 30% Carbopol aqua TEA Ethanol CDE Lemons oil Methyl paraben Propyl paraben 0.25 0.25 Content (%) 78.64 10.00 1.00 6.00 1.20 2.00 0.06 essential 0.6
Mixing condition
Characteristics
-light yellow gel pH= 5.5-6.5
- speed of stirring: lemon odor 750rpm - anti-bacteria, deodorize -make foaming -washing out quickly -not make skin irritation
SP3 with citronellas essential oil

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Formulae Component Distillated water SLS CAPB 30% Carbopol aqua TEA Ethanol CDE Content (%) 78.74 10.00 1.00 6.00 1.20 2.00 0.06
Mixing condition
Characteristics
-light yellow gel pH= 5.5-6.5
- speed of stirring: Citronella odor 750rpm - anti-bacteria, deodorize -washing out quickly -make foaming
Citronellas essential 0.5 oil Methyl paraben Propyl paraben 0.25 0.25
-not make skin irritation
6.2. EVALUATING FEASIBILITY OF STUDY

The study based on real demand of customers and followed the new tendency which was green production and using safe product from natural source. Washing hand has become a daily habit. Society has got interest in it with many programs, such as washing hand program to protect heath of Lifebouy-Unilever or a lot of hygienic programs to take care of heath of local governmentsThus, demand of anti- bacteria hand cleaner is very high. Nowadays, there arent any anti- bacteria products with natural essential oil (they just used natural substances or natural derivation as aromatic). So, this study accommodated with new tendency and can respond the high hygienic demand of customers. Essential oils in market are high cost because of high requirement and expensive materials. This study focused on essential oils had high reservation, easy growth and have many popular
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applications. Besides, essential oils were extracted from agricultural waste (lemons peel and citronellas trunk). So, the cost was reduced so much. Hand cleaner had a simple formulae and easy procedure (components were stirred follows time, unwanted temperature). It satisfied requirements of hygienic product, such as antibacteria, making lot of foam, getting moisture for skin and odor of nature essential oil made comfortable. Especially, essential oil helped customers prevented some harmful effects which chemical synthetic substances got. According to above considerations, this study can apply in reality to have a part in increasing value of Vietnams essential oil, developing agriculture and supplying the new product family which was not only safe for user but also friendly with environment.
6.3. INTENDING WORKS

Within the enable framework, this study just surveyed some basic properties of essential o il and products. Follow studies should improve requirements, as follows: For essential oil: Finding out the best method for each essential oil to get essential oil with higher quality and lower cost. For essential oils of lemon and citronella, it should be tested activity on various bacteria to develop anti-bacteria and antifungus range of their. It should be determined MIC for each bacteria and fungus to have exactly concentration of using. Surveying other materials, for example: oranges peel, pomelos peel, ginger For hand cleaner product: Surveying some parameters can affect on quality of product, such as: time of stirring, speed of stirring, temperature of stirring, kind of stirring arm, changing some components of formulae
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Testing technical and consume criteria, such as: heavy metal content, time and condition of storage, irritation and safeness for customers. Evaluating product base on viewpoint of every kind of customers and taking advice of experts. In the future, essential oils would be applied into various products to diversify products and increase values of essential oils. This is also my proposal for followed researchers about this yield.
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REFERENCES
[1] Vuong Ngoc Chinh. "Aromatic and Cosmetic". (2005). University of Technology, HCMC. [2] Nguyen Dinh Nga Nguyen Vinh Nien. "Parasitology ". Pharmacy Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, HCMC [3]. "Bacteriology". (2004). Medical Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, HCMC. [4]. "Histology". (2000). University of Medicine and Pharmacy, HCMC. [5] Louis Ho Tan Tai. "Detergent products". [6]. "Cosmetics science and technology" . Second edition volume 2. [7] Mare Paye Andre O.Barel, Howard I. Maibach. "Hand book of cosmetic science and technology". Marcel Dekler, INC New York Basel [8] Do Tat Loi. "Vietnam's essential oil". (1985). Medical Publishing Hous [9]. LB. Wilkinson. " Harry's cosmetic ology". Seventh edition. [10]. Ernest W. Flick "Cosmetic and toiletry formulations" . Second edition volume 7. [11]. Melissa Kaplan. "Triclosan- the news continues to get worse: Triclosan + Chlorinated Water = Chloroform."( December 18, 2009). from http://www.anapsid.org/triclosan2.html. [12]. "Skin." from http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Skin. [13]. "Learn More About Bacterial Infections "(07/13/2009). from http://antibioticsinfections.braveblog.com/. [14].). from http://www.livescience.com. [15]. "Antibacterial agents." from http://www.tufts.edu/med/apua/Q&A/Q&A_antibacterials.html. [16]. Ph.D. M. Angela McGhee, Biology and Marine Sciences. "Triclosan." from http://www.health-report.co.uk/triclosan.html. [17] from http://essentialoils.org/.
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[18] Ph.D. Kuo-Yann Lai. "Liquid detergent ". (1996). Colgate-Palmolive Companys Global Technology, Piscataway, New Jersey.
[19] Bo Jonsson Krister Holmberg, Bengt Kronberg and Bjorn Lindman. "Surfactants and Polymers in Aqueous Solution". (2002). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [20] from http://www.freepatentsonline.com/
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Bachelor Thesis

HAND CLEANER WITH ESSENTIAL OIL

Ho Chi Minh City, 01/2010

Huynh Thi Thao Nguyen

Huynh Thi Thao Nguyen

Huynh Thi Thao Nguyen

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2.1.1. 2.1.2. 2.1.3. 2.2.

2.2.2.1. 2.2.2.2. 2.2.2.3. 2.2.2.4. 2.2.3. 2.3.

Anti-bacteria mechanisms of human body.......................................................................... 9

2.3.1. 2.3.2. 2.3.3.

2.3.3.1. 2.3.3.2. 2.4.

ESSENTIAL OILS .............................................................................................................. 12 Value of essential oils..................................................................................................... 13 Page vi

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2.4.1.1. 2.4.1.2. 2.4.1.3. 2.4.1.4. 2.4.1.5. 2.4.2.

2.4.2.1. 2.4.2.2. 2.4.2.3. 2.4.3. 2.5. 2.6.

Some matters when using essential oil ............................................................................. 19

2.6.1. 2.6.2. 2.6.3.

4.3.1. 4.3.2. 4.3.3. 4.4.

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PREPARING FINAL PRODUCTS ..................................................................................... 44

CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION & INTENDING WORKS............................................................... 72 6.1. CONCLUSION.................................................................................................................... 72

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2.1.2. Skin components

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Figure 2-1: Structure of human skin [12]

2.1.3. Hygiene and skin care

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2.2. BACTERIA AND PARASITIC DISEASE ON SKIN

2.2.2. Some kinds of microbes on human skin

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2.2.3. Anti-bacteria mechanisms of human body

2.3. ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS

2.3.1. Anti-bacteria definition and classification

2.3.2. Useful and harmful effect of anti-bacteria agents

Figure 2-3: Triclosan structure 2.3.3.1. Using Triclosan

Figure 2-4: Some commercial products using Triclosan

2.4. ESSENTIAL OILS

2.4.1. Value of essential oils

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Figure 2-5: Some popular materials of essential oils in Vietnam

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2.4.2. Essential oil separation

Some common methods of essential oils separation: 2.4.2.1. Expression

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2.4.3. Some matters when using essential oil

2.5. REVIEWS OF SOME PREVIOUS STUDIES

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2.6. HAND CLEANER PRODUCTS

2.6.1. Some matters about washing hands

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2.6.2. Some hand cleaners on market

Figure 2-8: Some hand cleaner products on market

2.6.3. Some formulae of hand cleaners

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Triclosan Monamate RMEA-40 Disodium EDTA Citric acid

0.2 0.7 0.2 0.1