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AED Exam Study Guide Basic Physiology: Heart Flow - The process: superior vena cava right atrium

m tricuspid valve right ventricle pulmonary valve pulmonary arties lungs(oxygen exchange blue to red blood) pulmonary vein left atrium mitral (bicuspid) valve left ventricle aprtic (left semilunar) valve aorta

Genetic: 4 nucleosides Guanine, Cytosine, Adenine, and Thymine

Cell cycle: 24 hour cycle State quiescent/ senescent Phase Gap 0 Abbreviation G0 Description A resting phase where the cell has left the cycle and has stopped dividing.

Gap 1

G1

Cells increase in size in Gap 1. The G1 checkpoint control mechanism ensures that everything is ready for DNA synthesis.

Interphase Synthesis

DNA replication occurs during this phase. During the gap between DNA synthesis and mitosis, the cell will continue to grow. The G2 checkpoint control mechanism ensures that everything is ready to enter the M (mitosis) phase and divide. Cell growth stops at this stage and cellular energy is focused on the orderly division into two daughter cells. A checkpoint in the middle of mitosis (Metaphase Checkpoint) ensures that the cell is ready to complete cell division.

Gap 2

G2

Cell division

Mitosis

Mitosis

Board members: Khoa Luong Co- President Cory Pham Co-President Joanne Thio Vice President Lisa Dao Secretary Shirley Quach Treasurer Karen-Rhubarb Wong Historian Mike Mahoney Scalpel John Sakakura Pledge Master Nicholas Do Pledge Trainer Brian Dang Pledge Trainer Justin Srithongrung Pledge Trainer Kathyrn Salvadora Sports Chair Iris Lin Community Service Chair Ali Rafatnia Fundraising Chair (Inactive) Mohini Patel Networking Chair Calvin He Webmaster Tiffany Meng Social Chair Valerie Ann Publicity Chair Julie Van Educational Resource Chair

Basic immunology B cells are lymphocytes that play a large role in the humoral immune response (as opposed to the cell-mediated immune response, which is governed by T cells). Humoral immunity refers to antibody production and the accessory processes that accompany it. The principal functions of B cells are to make antibodies against antigens (foreign molecule), perform the role of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and eventually develop into memory B cells after activation by antigen interaction. B cells are an essential component of the adaptive immune system. T cells belong to a group of white blood cells known as lymphocytes, and play a central role in cell-mediated immunity. The immune system was separated into two branches 1. Cell-mediated immunity is an immune response that does not involve antibodies or complement but rather involves the activation of macrophages, natural killer cells (NK), antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen Humoral Immune Response is the aspect of immunity that is mediated by secreted antibodies (as opposed to cell-mediated immunity, which involves T lymphocytes) produced in the cells of the B lymphocyte lineage (B cell). B Cells (with co-stimulation) transform into plasma cells which secrete antibodies. The co-stimulation of the B cell can come from another antigen presenting cell, like a dendritic cell.

2.

Innate immune system comprises the cells and mechanisms that defend the host from infection by other organisms, in a non-specific manner. This means that the cells of the innate system recognize and respond to pathogens in a generic way. (Always on) Adaptive immune system is composed of highly specialized, systemic cells and processes that eliminate or prevent pathogenic challenges.

General history of AED All in Pledge Notebook Founded 1926 at University of Alabama Current headquarters: Texas Christian University

Biochemistry (3 irreversible steps of glycolysis) Irreversible Steps: Glucose Glucose -6 - Phosphate Fructose -6- Phosphate Fructose -1,6- Phosphate Phosphoenolpyruvate Pyruvate

Pink Enzymes Blue Products

General Chemistry Phase Diagrams and Water Characteristic

Melting point 0 C, 32 F and 273.15 K Boiling point 100C, 212 F and 373.13 K

Microbiology (what is the difference between gram negative and gram positive bacteria, peptidoglycan) Gram-negative bacteria are bacteria that do not retain crystal violet dye in the Gram staining protocol.[1] In a Gram stain test, a counterstain (commonly safranin) is added after the crystal violet, coloring all Gram-negative bacteria with a red or pink color. The test itself is useful in classifying two distinct types of bacteria based on the structural differences of their cell walls. Gram-positive bacteria are those that are stained dark blue or violet by Gram staining. Gram-positive organisms are able to retain the crystal violet stain because of the high amount of peptidoglycan in the cell wall. Gram-positive cell walls typically lack the outer membrane found in Gram-negative.

Peptidoglycan, also known as murein, is a polymer consisting of sugars and amino acids that forms a mesh-like layer outside the plasma membrane of bacteria forming the cell wall. The peptidoglycan layer is substantially thicker in Gram-positive bacteria (20 to 80 nanometers) than in Gram-negative bacteria (7 to 8 nanometers). In Gram-positive strains, it is important in attachment roles and stereotyping purposes.

Alithea ego dioko Latin (truth i pursue) Alpha Epsilon Delta Greek Treatment for TuberculosisBis isoniazid, rifampicin (also known as rifampin in the United States), pyrazinamide, and ethambutol for two months, then isoniazid and rifampicin alone for a further four months. Sample questions what the red blood cell made? Bone marrow Bilirubin the yellow breakdown product of normal heme catabolism. Heme is found in hemoglobin, a principal component of red blood cells (RBC). (Simple breaks down RBC) western blot (what does it measure?) Protein Intensity Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), also known as an enzyme immunoassay (EIA), is a biochemical technique used mainly in immunology to detect the presence of an antibody or an antigen in a sample.

Physics: Kinematics in 2-Dimension If an object moves in a straight line with constant acceleration, the velocity v and position x are related to the acceleration a, the elapsed time t, the initial position si ,and the velocity vi .

where... is the body's initial velocity is the body's initial position

, The velocity at the end of the interval , the position at the end of the interval (displacement) , the time interval between the initial and current states , the constant acceleration, or in the case of bodies moving under the influence of gravity, g. PLUG AND CHUG~!

Force

force

mass

acceleration

Newton's laws of motion consist of three physical laws that form the basis for classical mechanics. They describe the relationship between the forces acting on a body and its motion due to those forces. They have been expressed in several different ways over nearly three centuries,[1] and can be summarized as follows: 1 First law: Every body remains in a state of rest or uniform motion (constant velocity) unless it is acted upon by an external unbalanced force. [2][3][4] This means that in the absence of a non-zero net force, thecenter of mass of a body either remains at rest, or moves at a constant speed in a straight line. 2 Second law: A body of mass m subject to a force F undergoes an acceleration a that has the same direction as the force and a magnitude that is directly proportional to the force and inversely proportional to the mass, i.e., F = ma. Alternatively, the total force applied on a body is equal to the time derivative of linear momentum of the body. 3 Third law: The mutual forces of action and reaction between two bodies are equal, opposite and collinear. This means that whenever a first body exerts a force F on a second body, the second body exerts a force ?F on the first body. F and ?F are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. This law is sometimes referred to as the action-reaction law, with F called the "action" and ?F the "reaction". The action and the reaction are simultaneous. Weight refers to the gravitational force on an object, and is equal to the product of the object's mass m Free body diagrams http://www.studyphysics.ca/2007/20/02_dynamics/21_free_body.pdf this is a good tutorial in making free body diagrams. PQRST electrocardiogram: http://www.tveatch.org/ekgs/pqrst.html and the acceleration of gravity g. FG=mg

6 successful ways to be a cancer cell:

PQRST Wave Sinus rhythm is a term used in medicine to describe the normal beating of the heart, as measured by an electrocardiogram (ECG). It has certain generic features that serve as hallmarks for comparison with normal ECGs. There are typically six distinct waves (identified by the letters P, Q, R, S, T, and U) in a single beat of the heart in sinus rhythm, and they occur in a specific order, over specific periods of time, with specific relative sizes. While there is a significant range within which variations in rhythm are considered normal, anything that deviates from sinus rhythm by more than a certain amount may be indicative of heart disease.

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