DC 2011 Chapter 04

Discovering Computers 2011
Living in a Digital World
The System Unit

The system unit is a case that contains electronic components of the computer used to process data
Page 210 Figure 4-1
Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4
The System Unit

The inside of the system unit on a desktop personal computer includes:
Drive bay(s) Power supply Sound card Video card Processor Memory
Page 211 Figure 4-2 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 5
The System Unit

The motherboard is the main circuit board of the system unit
A computer chip contains integrated circuits
Page 212 Figure 4-3
MacBook Air
Mac Air motherboard (back)

Game Consoles Motherboards

XBOX 360 Nintendo Wii
Playstation 3 (American)
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iPad logic board
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THE PROCESSOR OR CPU (the brain of the computer)

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Processor
The processor, also called the central processing unit (CPU), interprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate a computer
Contain a control unit and an arithmetic logic unit (ALU)
Page 213 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 13
Processor
The leading manufacturers of personal computer processor chips are Intel and AMD
VIA
3RD largest
IBM
Video game consoles
Cell chip for PS3
ARM
Cell phones and mobile devices
Pages 216 217 Figure 4-7 14
Multi-core processor
Dual-core processor
Quad-core processor
Hexa-core processor
These chips generally runs at a slower clock speed, but increase overall performance
8-core chip? 12-core chips? 16-core chips?
15
Intels Core 2 Duo Processor (demo) AMDs Dual Core Opteron
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Worlds fastest processor test video
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Processor
The control unit is the component of the processor that directs and coordinates most of the operations in the computer The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs arithmetic, comparison, and other operations
Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 4, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Control Unit below Chapter 4
Page 214
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Processor
For every instruction, a processor repeats a set of four basic operations, which comprise a machine cycle
Page 215 Figure 4-5
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Processor
Most current personal computers support pipelining
Processor begins fetching a second instruction before it completes the machine cycle for the first instruction Also known as pipeline processing
Pages 215 216 Figure 4-6 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 20
Processor How do you measure its speed?

The processor contains registers, that temporarily hold data and instructions
The system clock controls the timing of all computer operations

(small quartz crystal circuit)
The pace of the system clock is called the clock speed, and is measured in Hertz (ticks/second). Current PC processors: gigahertz (GHz) & superscalar The faster the clock the more performance you get
Page 216 21
Processor
A processor chip generates heat that could cause the chip to burn up Require additional cooling
Heat sinks Heat piples Liquid cooling technology
Faster clock speed and less noise
Pages 219 - 220 Figures 4-9 4-10 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 24
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Some mobile computers and devices often use Low Voltage or Ultra Low Voltage (ULV) processors
HEAT PIPE FOR NOTEBOOKS (LAPTOPS OR PORTABLE PCS)

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DATA REPRESENTATION
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Data Representation
Analog signals are continuous and vary in
strength and quality
Digital signals are in one of two states:

on or off
Most computers are digital The binary system uses two unique digits (0 and 1) bit (binary digits) is the smallest unit of data the computer can process, but it is not very informative
Data Representation
A computer circuit represents the 0 or the 1 electronically by the presence or absence of an electrical charge
Eight bits grouped together as a unit are called a byte.

A byte represents a single character in the computer
Origins 1956
Page 221 Figures 4-12 4-13 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 30
Data Representation
ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) is the most widely used coding scheme to represent data
Up to 256 characters and symbols
Page 221 Figure 4-14
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Unicode
16-bit (216 = 65,536 characters) Coding scheme capable of representing all worlds languages
30.000 reserved for future use (e.g. Egyptian hieroglyphs)
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A four-megabyte RAM card measuring about 56 by 38 centimeters (twenty-two by fifteen inches); made for the VAX 8600 minicomputer (ca. 1986)
MEMORY
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Memory
Memory consists of electronic components that store instructions waiting to be executed by the processor, data needed by those instructions, and the results of processing the data Stores three basic categories of items:
The operating system and other system software
Page 223
Application programs
Data being processed and the resulting information

35
Memory
The system unit contains two types of memory:
Volatile memory
Loses its contents when power is turned off
Nonvolatile memory
Does not lose contents when power is removed Examples include ROM, flash memory, and CMOS
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Example includes RAM
Pages 223 - 224
Memory
Three basic types of RAM (main memory) chips exist:
Dynamic RAM (DRAM) Static RAM (SRAM) Magnetoresistive RAM (MRAM)
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Memory
Each location in memory has an address Memory size is measured in kilobytes (KB or K), megabytes (MB), gigabytes (GB), or terabytes (TB)
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Memory
RAM chips usually reside on a memory module and are inserted into memory slots
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Laptop Memory SODDIM slots
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SODDIM installation on laptop
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Memory
The amount of RAM necessary in a computer often depends on the types of software you plan to use
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Memory
Memory cache speeds the processes of the computer
because it stores frequently used instructions and data
saves a trip all the way back to slower main memory
Some processor chips now include all 3 types of cache
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Cache Memory
L1 cache built into processor L2 cache slower but has larger capacity L2 advanced transfer cache is faster, built directly on processor chip L3 cache is separate from processor chip on motherboard (L3 is only on computers that use L2 advanced transfer cache)
Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 45
Memory
Read-only memory (ROM) refers to memory chips storing permanent data and instructions
Firmware
Many household appliances use this chip. EEPROM
Page 228 46
CMOS technology
Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor memory

Uses battery power to retain information when other power is turned off Helps store
High speed technology
chip
date, time, and computers startup information
p. 200
Next
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CMOS Batteries
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Memory
Access time is the amount of time it takes the processor to read from memory
Measured in nanoseconds or MHz
The fewer ns, the faster is the RAM.
Page 229 Figures 4-24 4-25
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Learn for the test
CPU Registers
Fast access but very little storage
Level 1 cache Level 2 cache Level 3 cahce Physical RAM Virtual Memory Optical Disc Drives Hard Drive
Huge amounts of storage but slow speeds
A computer systems memory has many different levels, ranging from the small amounts in the CPU to the much slower but more plentiful storage of a hard drive.53
EXPANSION SLOTS AND ADAPTER CARDS

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Expansion Slots and Adapter Cards

With Plug and Play, the computer automatically can configure adapter cards and other peripherals as you install them
Pages 230 231 Figure 4-27
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Expansion Slots and Adapter Cards

Removable flash memory includes:
Memory cards, USB flash drives, and PC Cards/ExpressCard modules
Mac Air 64GB

Page 231 Figure 4-28 57
Ports and Connectors

A port is the point at which a peripheral attaches to or communicates with a system unit (sometimes referred to as a jack) A connector joins a cable to a port

On a notebook computer, the ports are on the back, front, and/or sides
Pages 232 - 233 Figure 4-30
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A Bluetooth wireless port adapter converts a USB port into a Bluetooth port
A smart phone might communicate with a notebook computer using an IrDA port
Page 235 Figures 4-33 4-34
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A USB port can connect up to 127 different peripherals together with a single connector
You can attach multiple peripherals using a single USB port with a USB hub
USB ports eliminate the need to install cards in expansion slots like older computers.
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Wireless USB
allows up to 127 devices to connect directly to the host computer
SuperSpeed USB 3.0

480Mbps at 3 meters and 110Mbps at 10 meters.
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Buses (electrical channel)

A bus allows the various devices both inside and attached to the system unit to communicate with each other
Data bus (transfer actual data) Address bus (transfer info about where data should reside in memory)
FSB or system bus is the most important.
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The wider the bus the faster the transfer of data (bus width) Every bus has a clock speed (MHz)
Power Supply
The power supply converts the wall outlet AC power into DC power Some external peripherals have an AC adapter, which is an external power supply
Factors that affect the speed of the processor

The clock speed (clock rate) Type of processor chip Amount of cache memory Memory access time Bus width (measured in bits) Bus clock speed (system bus or FSB) Heat and Heat dissipation
Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 71
End of Chapter 4
Remember: There will be a computer ad from which you will have to answer questions on the next test.
Chapter 8 and Open quiz from chapter 4 on next class. Second Partial test: Next week (5, 6 & 7)
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Summary
Components of the system unit
How memory stores data, instructions, and information
Sequence of operations that occur when a computer executes an instruction
Comparison of various personal computer processors on the market today
How to clean the exterior and interior of a system unit
Page 241
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Discovering Computers 2011

Living in a Digital World
Chapter 4 Complete
Silicon wafer
Chips are packaged so

they can be attached to a circuit board How chips are made videoclip AMD video
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Available chip packages

dual inline package (DIP)
single edge contact (SEC) cartridge
flip chip-PGA (FC-PGA) package
pin grid array (PGA)

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Discovering Computers 2011

Living in a Digital World

The System Unit

Page 210 Figure 4-1

Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

The System Unit

The System Unit

Page 212 Figure 4-3

Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

Mac Air motherboard (back)

Game Consoles Motherboards

iPad logic board

Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

THE PROCESSOR OR CPU (the brain of the computer)

8-core chip? 12-core chips? 16-core chips?

Intels Core 2 Duo Processor (demo) AMDs Dual Core Opteron

Worlds fastest processor test video

Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

Page 215 Figure 4-5

Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

Processor How do you measure its speed?

The system clock controls the timing of all computer operations

Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

HEAT PIPE FOR NOTEBOOKS (LAPTOPS OR PORTABLE PCS)

Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

Digital signals are in one of two states:

Eight bits grouped together as a unit are called a byte.

Page 221 Figure 4-14

Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

Data being processed and the resulting information

Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

Example includes RAM

Pages 223 - 224

Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

Page 225 Figure 4-19

Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

Page 225 Figure 4-20

Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

Laptop Memory SODDIM slots

Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

SODDIM installation on laptop

Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

Page 226 Figure 4-21

Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

saves a trip all the way back to slower main memory

Some processor chips now include all 3 types of cache

Page 227 Figure 4-22

Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor memory

High speed technology

date, time, and computers startup information

Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

Page 229 Figures 4-24 4-25

Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

Learn for the test

Fast access but very little storage

EXPANSION SLOTS AND ADAPTER CARDS

Expansion Slots and Adapter Cards

Pages 230 231 Figure 4-27