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2. a) b) c) d) 3. a) b) c) d) 4. a) b) c) d) 5. a) b) c) d) 6. a) b) c) d) 7. a) b) c) d)
8. a) b) c) d)
The atoms in the compound calcium carbonate are held together by Ionic bonding only Ionic and covalent bonding Covalent bonding only Ionic, metallic and covalent bonding
9. The flow of charge per second in a circuit is measured using a) an ammeter connected in parallel. b) an ammeter connected in series. c) a voltmeter connected in parallel. d) a voltmeter connected in series. 10. An electric kettle has a resistance of 24 while using the 240 V power supply. What is the current that flows through this appliance? a) 5760 A b) 264 A c) 10 A d) 0.1A 11. Three 10 resistors can be connected to give a total resistance of less than 4 by connecting them in which way? a) c)
b)
d)
12. 10mA of current passes through the battery in the circuit shown below. What are the readings on the ammeters A1, A2 and A3 respectively?
a) b) c) d)
13. The SI unit for capacitance is: a) Coulombs b) Amperes c) Farads d) Ohms 14. A 20 resistor in parallel with a 40 resistor would have a combined resistance of: a) 60 . b) 30 . c) 0.075 . d) 13.3.
15. The graph below shows the relationship between voltage (x) and current (y) across a resistor. Current (A)
y 6 4 2
Voltage (V)
4 8 12 16 20 24 x
16. Which of the following statements is correct for the circuit shown.
a) b) c) d)
17. In the circuit drawn below, the value of the second resistor (X) is: a) b) c) d) 50 . 100 . 200 . 6 .
18. Which of the following represents a functional adaptation of an organism? a) Baby mammals producing the enzyme lactase so they can digest sugars in their mothers milk. b) Butterfly fish have fake eyespots near its tail. c) North American bears hibernate in winter. d) None of the above.
19. Which of the following represents a behavioural adaptation of an organism? a) Chameleons change their colour depending on the background. b) Cheetahs hunt by approaching their prey slowly and silently. c) Humans with one copy of the sickle-cell anaemia gene have a resistance to malaria. d) None of the above.
20. Which of the following ideas is most closely associated with Jean Baptiste Lamarcks theory? a) sudden speciation followed by long periods of stability b) evolution by natural selection c) evolution by inheritance of acquired characteristics d) evolution as a result of a change in the frequency of certain genes in a population
21. Alfred Russell Wallace and Charles Darwin were the first to: a) explain the source of the natural variation occurring within a species b) challenge the idea of the fixity of species c) suggest that characteristics acquired during a lifetime could be passed on to offspring. d) propose the idea of natural selection to explain how organisms evolve 22. Wombats and koalas are different but related species of Australian marsupial. They represent an example of: a) divergent evolution. b) convergent evolution. c) parallel evolution. d) mutation.
23. Dolphins and sharks share a common environment, but are from different classifications of animals. Sharks are cold-blooded fish, but dolphins are warm-blooded mammals. This is an example of: a) divergent evolution. b) convergent evolution. c) parallel evolution. d) mutation.
24. A cattle farmer introduces a special breeding program in an effort to produce cows with the most desirable characteristics. The farmer only selects those cows for breeding that produce a lot of muscle and little fat, and that convert feed into muscle efficiently so that growth is rapid. Such a breeding program is an example of: a) natural selection. b) Darwin's theory of 'survival of the fittest'. c) mutation. d) artificial selection.
25. In humans there are a number of vestigial structures, such as the appendix and muscles behind the ears. These serve no function in humans, but do resemble functional structures in other species. Which statement below best describes why these structures still remain? a) The structures remain because one day humans might need these structures again. b) The structures remain because humans dont need to adapt to environments. c) There is an advantage in having these structures, so there has been a selective pressure to evolve with them. d) There is no real disadvantage in having these structures, so there has not been selective pressure to evolve without them.
Section 3: Definitions Give a term to fit each of the following definitions. This section is worth 5 marks. 1. The family of hydrocarbons in which the compounds contain only single covalent bonds. 2. The term for reactions that result in 2 or more products forming from a single reactant. 3. The SI unit of resistance. 4. Represented by the silver or gold bands on resistors 5. The genetic process that causes variation in genes.
c) Using the valency table on the data sheet, what are the chemical formulae for: i. ii. silver nitrate Copper(II) nitrate
The Molecular formula of fructose is C6H12O6. a. What type of bonding exists between the atoms in the fructose molecule?
c.
(1 + 1 + 2 + 1 + 1 = 6 marks)
4. Propane and octane are two hydrocarbon compounds derived from crude oil. a) State the formula of octane.
b) Which of the two compounds above has the lowest boiling point?
d) What are the two products of the complete combustion of propane in oxygen?
(1 + 0.5 + 0.5 + 1 = 3 marks) 5. The following questions refer to the circuit diagram below.
A c) (Circle the correct response.) The current at point G is: Greater than at point A The same as at point A Less than at point A
DG:
DE:
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CD:
GH:
DG:
h) Calculate the current through each branch of the parallel part of the circuit: Current through E:
Current through J:
(2 + 2 + 0.5 + 2.5 + 3 + 2 + 2 + 2 = 16 marks) 10
6. The diagram below shows some of the different species of finch found by Charles Darwin on the Galapagos Islands and a possible evolutionary history of these species. (The Galapagos Islands are geologically very young, being made of a number of active volcanoes, over a thousand miles from the mainland South American continent.)
a) Explain what it means for the woodpecker finch and the warbler finch to be two different species.
b) Of the different species shown in the diagram, which do you think is the oldest species and why?
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c) How are these different species of finch adapted to their respective environments? Give an example.
(2 + 1 + 2 = 5 marks) 7. The following is an excerpt from an article about the rise of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.
The first antibiotics were prescribed in the late 1930s, beginning a great era in discovery, development and prescription. Bacterial infection, as a cause of death, plummeted. Between 1944 and 1972 human life expectancy jumped by eight years - an increase largely credited to the introduction of antibiotics. Many experts were confident the tide had turned in the war against bacterial infections. Indeed, in 1969, the then US Surgeon General, William Stewart, boldly told the US Congress it was time to "close the books on infectious diseases." Some experts, however, were uncomfortable with these predictions including Alexander Fleming: "The greatest possibility of evil in self-medication is the use of too small doses so that instead of clearing up infection the microbes are educated to resist penicillin and a host of penicillin-fast organisms is bred out which can be passed to other individuals and from them to others until they reach someone who gets a septicaemia or pneumonia which penicillin cannot save." (New York Times June 26, 1945) By the 1950s, when antibiotics were still new, there was ample evidence of the emergence of resistance. In fact, within four years of penicillin being introduced onto the market, resistant infections were being reported.
source: http://www.abc.net.au/science/slab/antibiotics/history.htm
The diagram below shows Staphylococcus aureus (Golden Staff), one of the most dangerous causes of bacterial infections.
A pair of Staphylococcus aureus have gone through 2 cell divisions, producing a pair of tetrads. Cell division in this and other bacteria can occur every 20 to 30 minutes.
source: http://www.cellsalive.com/gallery.htm 12
b) Give two reasons why this evolution in bacteria occurs at a much more rapid rate than is noticeable in most other species.
(2 + 2 = 4 MARKS)
END OF PAPER
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Answers Section 1 1 2 a 9 10 b 17 18 c 25 d Section 2 1 2 3 T F F Section 3 1. Alkanes 2. decomposition 3. Ohms 4. (resistor) tolerance 5. Mutation
b c a
3 11 19
d d b
4 12 20
a a c
5 13 21
c c d
6 14 22
d d a
7 15 23
b b b
8 16 24
b d d
4 T
5 F
Section 4 (Only half marks if no calculations are shown!) 1. 2. a) b) a) b) c) d) An insoluble solid formed when 2 aqueous solutions react (1 mark) Filter the mixture through filter paper (1 mark) i) Copper, silver nitrate ii) Silver, copper(II) nitrate (1/2 mark) Displacement reaction (1/2 mark) AgNO3, Cu(NO3)2 (1/2 mark each = 1 mark)) Cu(S) + 2AgNO3(aq) 2Ag(s) +Cu(NO3)2(aq) (1 mark all species + 1/2 mark balanced + 1/2
mark states)=2 marks
3.
4.
a) b) c) d) e) a) b) c) d) a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h)
covalent. (1 mark) 180 (amu) (1 mark) 6 x 12x 100/180 = 40% (2 marks) 25/180 = 0.1389mol. (2 marks) 0.3 x 180 = 54 grams (1 mark) C8H18 (1 mark) Propane (1/2 mark) Octane is a liquid. (1/2 mark) Carbon dioxide & water are the products of combustion. (1 mark) 500 + 150 + 400 = 1050 (2 marks) 9/1050 = 0.0086A (2 marks) The same as point A (1/2 mark) CD: 500 x 0.0086 = 4.29 V, DG: 150 x 0.0086 = 1.29 V, DE: zero (1+1+0.5= 2.5 marks) 1/Rpara=1/150 + 1/(100+200)= 3/300 /Rpara =100,Rtot =500+100+400 =1000 (3 marks) I = V/R = 9/1000 = 0.009 A (2 marks) CD: 0.009 x 500 = 4.5V, GH: 0.009 x 400 = 3.6V DG: 9 (4.5 + 3.6) = 0.9V (2 marks) Current thru E: I = V/R = 0.9/150 = 0.006A, Thru J: 0.9/300 = 0.003 A (or 0.009 0.006 = 0.003A) (2 marks)
5.
6.
a)
b) c)
d)
These birds are different species because they have developed enough genetic variations (1) that they would be unable to successfully interbreed and produce fertile offspring (1). The large ground finch would be the oldest finch (0.5) as the other species all show evidence of having descended from that species (0.5). The species have different beak structures appropriate for finding food in different environments (1). For example the woodpecker finch has a long, sharp beak that allows it to bore holes in trees and remove insects (1). It would be very unlikely that the same species would be found anywhere else, due to the geographic isolation of the Galapagos Islands (1). It is possible though, that in a similar environment elsewhere, similar species have evolved in parallel (1).
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7.
a)
b)
Within the species, there will be some bacteria that are naturally immune to or less affected by a particular antibiotic (1). Over time, the proportion of these resistant bacteria in the population will increase, as the less resistant bacteria are more likely to be killed off (1). Two reasonable answers (one mark each) such as: Bacteria have a very rapid reproductive cycle (measured in minutes rather than months or years). The population is under a great deal of pressure from antibiotics. The large numbers in a bacterial population mean that the chance of beneficial variation occurring in a bacterium is higher. The genetic changes required for resistance in antibiotics arent as complex as those required for larger scale evolutionary changes in multi-cellular organisms.
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