Convection 3

Energy equation
First law of thermodynamics
dW dQ dE + =
dE increment in the (kinetic plus thermal energy) of the system
dQ heat transfer to the system
dW work done on the system
Internal energy per unit mass of the fluid consists of the sum of the
kinetic energy ( ) and thermal internal energy e = c
v
T
Writing the above equation in the substantial derivative form, so that
it applies to transport of E by a moving system
2
2 2
v u +
Dt
DW
Dt
DQ
Dt
DE
+ =
x
1
y
1
z
1
dx
dy
dz
x
y
z
Rate of increase
of energy E of
fluid element
Rate of heat transfer
to fluid element
Rate of work done
on the fluid element
by surface and body
forces
Rate of increase
of E in CV
Rate at which E
enters through
surface of CV
Rate at which E
leaves through
surface of CV
+

Rate of heat transfer

into CV by conduction
Rate of surface and body forces do
work on CV
Rate of increase
of E in CV
dxdydz
t
E
c
c
=

Rate at which E
enters through
surface of CV
Rate at which E
leaves through
surface of CV

( ) ( )
dxdydz
y
Ev
x
u E
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=

( )
dxdydz
x
u E
uEdydz
c
c
+

o x
o y
o z
j
i
K
dydz E u
dxdz E v
( )
dydxdz
y
Ev
vEdxdz
c
c
+

Rate of increase
of E in CV
Rate at which E
enters through
surface of CV
Rate at which E
leaves through
surface of CV
+

( ) ( ) ( )
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
= dxdydz
y
Ev
x
u E
t
E
CV showing rate of transport of
energy through the faces
normal to the x and y axes
Rate of increase
of E in CV
Rate at which E
enters through
surface of CV
Rate at which E
leaves through
surface of CV
+

( ) ( ) ( )
dxdydz
y
Ev
x
u E
t
E
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
=

dxdydz
y
E
v
y
v
E
x
E
u
x
u
E
t
E
t
E
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=

dxdydz
y
E
v
x
E
u
t
E
dxdydz
y
v
E
x
u
E
t
E
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=

dxdydz
y
E
v
x
E
u
t
E
dxdydz
y
v
x
u
t
E
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=

dxdydz
v u
e
t D
D
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+ =
2
2 2

dxdydz
t D
DE
dxdydz
y
E
v
x
E
u
t
E
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
Rate of heat transfer
into CV by conduction
o x
o y
o z
j
i
K
dydz q
x

dxdydz
x
q
dydz q
x
x
c
c
+

dxdz q
y

dxdydz
y
q
dxdz q
y
y
c
c
+

dxdydz
y
q
x
q
y
x
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=

dxdydz
y
T
k
y x
T
k
x
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c

c
c
+
|
.
|

\
|
c
c

c
c
=
Negative sign arises because heat
transfer is counted as positive in the
positive coordinatedirection
Rate of doing work = force velocity
o x
o y
o z
j
i
K
( )u dydz P
dxdydz
x
uP
dydz Pu
c
c
+
( )v Pdxdz
dxdydz
y
vP
dxdz Pv
c
c
+
dxdydz
y
vP
x
uP
dxdydz
y
vP
dxdz Pv Pvdxdz dxdydz
x
uP
dydz Pu dydz Pu
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c

Outward normal stresses are positive. Positive normal
stresses are tensile stresses; that is, they tend to stretch
the material. Compressive normal stress wil give positive
value for p
RATE OF WORK DONE BY PRESSURE FORCES
o
xx
o
xy
o
xz
o
yy
o
yz
o
yx
o
xy
o
xz
o
xx
First subscript denotes the direction of the normal to the
plane on which the stress acts
Second subscript denotes the direction of the stress
o x
o y
o z
j
i
K
( )u dydz
xx
o
dxdydz
y
v
dxdz v
yy
yy
c
c
+
o
o
dxdydz
y
v
x
u
dxdydz
y
v
dxdz v vdxdz dxdydz
x
u
dydz u dydz u
yy
xx
yy
yy yy
xx
xx xx
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+ +
c
c
+ +
o
o
o
o o
o
o o
v dxdz
yy
o
( )
dxdydz
x
u
dydz u
xx
xx
c
c
+
o
o
RATE OF WORK DONE BY NORMAL STRESSES
RATE OF WORK DONE BY SHEAR STRESSES
o x
o y
o z
j
i
K
vdydz
yx
o
dxdydz
y
u
x
v
dxdydz
y
u
dxdz u udxdz dxdydz
x
v
dydz v dydz v
xy yx
xy
xy xy
xx
xx yx
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+ +
c
c
+ +
o o
o
o o
o
o o
dxdz u
xy
o
dydz dx
x
v
v dx
x
yx
yx
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
o
o
dxdz dy
y
u
u dy
y
xy
xy
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
o
o
Rate of increase
of E in CV
Rate at which E
enters through
surface of CV
Rate at which E
leaves through
surface of CV
+

Rate of heat transfer

into CV by conduction
Rate of surface and body forces do
work on CV
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
2
2 2
v u
e
t D
D

|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
c
c
+
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
c
c
=
y
T
k
y x
T
k
x
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c

y
vP
x
uP
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
y
v
x
u
yy
xx
o
o
y x
xy yx
vf uf
y
u
x
v

o o
+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
x
zx
yx
xx
f
z y x x
P
Dt
Du

o
o
o
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
X- momentum equation
x
yx
xx
uf
y
u
x
u
x
P u
Dt
Du
u +
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
o

o

A
x
yx
xx
uf
y x
u
x
P u
Dt
u
D
Dt
Du
u +
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
o
o

2
2
x
yx
xx
vf
y x
v
x
P v
Dt
v
D
Dt
Dv
v +
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
o
o

2
2
y x
yy yx yx
xx
vf uf
y x
v
y x
u
y
P
v
x
P
u
Dt
v u
D
+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
o o

o
o

1
2 2
2 2
B
A -B
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c

|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
y
v
x
v
y
u
x
u
y
v
x
u P
y
T
x
T k
Dt
De
yy yx xy xx
o o o o

1
2
2
2
2
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c

|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=

|
o o o o
y
v
x
v
y
u
x
u
y
v
x
u P
y
T
x
T k
Dt
De
yy yx xy xx
1
2
2
2
2
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c

c
c
=
y
v
x
u
x
u
xx
o
3
2
2
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c

c
c
=
y
v
x
u
y
v
yy
o
3
2
2
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
= =
x
v
y
u
yx xy
o o
2 2 2
2
3
2
2 2
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c

|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+ |
.
|

\
|
c
c
=
x
v
y
u
y
v
x
u
y
v
x
u
|

P
e h + =
Dt
P
D
Dt
De
Dt
Dh
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =

|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+ = =
|
|
.
|

\
|
y
v
x
u P
Dt
DP 1
y
v
x
u P
Dt
DP 1
Dt
D P
Dt
DP 1
Dt
P
D
2 2

|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c

|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=

|
o o o o
y
v
x
v
y
u
x
u
y
v
x
u P
y
T
x
T k
Dt
De
yy yx xy xx
1
2
2
2
2
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+ + +
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c

|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
y
v
x
u P
Dt
DP 1
y
v
x
u P
y
T
x
T k
Dt
Dh
2
2
2
2

|

|

+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
Dt
DP 1
y
T
x
T k
Dt
Dh
2
2
2
2
| | 0 V

.
t D
D
= V +

|

+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
Dt
DP 1
y
T
x
T k
Dt
Dh
2
2
2
2
Assuming a fluid of constant specific heat T C h
P
=
| + +
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
Dt
DP
y
T
x
T
k
Dt
DT
C
P
2
2
2
2

n dissipatio viscous
work pressure
conduction
convection
P
Dt
DP
y
T
x
T
k
y
T
v
x
T
u
t
T
C | + +
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c


2
2
2
2
| + +
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
Dt
DP
y
T
x
T
k
Dt
DT
C
P
2
2
2
2
2
* * * * * * s
s
T T x y u v P
x , y , u v , P , and T
L L V V T T
V

= = = = = =

PRINCIPLE OF SIMILARITY
|
y
P
v
x
P
u
y
T
x
T
k
y
T
v
x
T
u C
P
c
c
+
c
c
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
2
2
2
2
For steady flows
2
2 3
2
2
2
2
2
L
V
y
P
v
x
P
u
L
V
y
T
x
T
L
T T
k
y
T
v
x
T
u
L
T T
V C
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
s
*
*
* s
P

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c

|
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c

|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c

|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+ |
.
|

\
|
c
c
=
2 2 2 2
2
2
2 2 2 2
3
2
2 2
3
2
2 2
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
x
v
y
u
y
v
x
u
y
v
x
u
L
V
x
v
y
u
y
v
x
u
y
v
x
u
| |
( )
( ) ( )( )
2
2 3
2
2
2
2
2
L
V
T T V C
L
y
P
v
x
P
u
T T
L
V C L
V
y
T
x
T
T T
L
V C L
T T
k
y
T
v
x
T
u
s P
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
s P
*
*
*
*
s
P
s
*
*
*

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c

+
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
s P
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
s P
*
*
*
*
P
*
*
*
T T L C
V
y
P
v
x
P
u
T T C
V
y
T
x
T
V C L
k
y
T
v
x
T
u

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c

+
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c



|

2
2
2
2
2
Re
Ec
y
P
v
x
P
u Ec
y
T
x
T
Pr Re y
T
v
x
T
u
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
| +
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
2
2
2
2
1
Pr Re C
k
VL VLC
k
P P
1
= =

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
s P
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
s P
*
*
*
*
P
*
*
*
T T L C
V
y
P
v
x
P
u
T T C
V
y
T
x
T
V C L
k
y
T
v
x
T
u

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c

+
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c



|

2
2
2
2
2
( )
s P
T T C
V
Ec

2
Eckert number is measure of the dissipation effects in the flow. Since this grows in
proportionto the square of the velocity, it can be neglected for small velocities.
In an air flow, V = 10 m/s, Cp = 1050 J/kg.K and a reference temperature difference of
10 K, Ec ~ 0.01.
NONDIMENSIONALIZED CONVECTION AND SIMILARITY
When viscous dissipation is negligible, the continuity, momentum,
and energy equations for steady incompressible, laminar flow of a
fluid with constant properties
0
u v
x y
c c
+ =
c c
2
2
u u u P
u v
x y x
y

| | c c c c
+ =
|
c c c
c
\ .
2 2
2 2
p
T T T T
C u v k
x y
x y

| |
| | c c c c
| + = +
|
|
c c
\ . c c
\ .
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
At 0 0 0
At 0 0 0 0 0 0
As
s
x u , y u , T , y T
y u x, , v x, ,T x, T
y u x, u , T x, T


= = =
= = = =
= =
With the boundary conditions
2
* * * * * * s
s
T T x y u v P
x , y , u v , P , and T
L L V V T T
V

= = = = = =

0
* *
* *
u v
x y
c c
+ =
c c
2
2
1
* * * *
* *
* * * *
L
u u u dP
u v
Re
x y y dx
c c c
+ =
c c c
2
2
1
* * *
* *
* * *
L
T T T
u v
Re Pr
x y y
c c c
+ =
c c c
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
0 1 0 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 0 1
* * * * * * * *
* * * * * *
u , y , u x , , u x , , v x , ,
T , y , T x , , T x ,
= = = =
= = =
2 1 2 f 1 f
Nu Nu C C = =
2 1 2 1
Pr Pr Re Re = =
The number of parameters is reduced greatly by non-
dimensionalizing the convection equations
L
1
Re
1
L
2
Re
2
V
1
Water
V
2
Air
L,V ,T , , v o

Re, Pr
Parameters before nondimensionalizing
Parameters after nondimensionalizing
For a given geometry, the solution for u
*
can be expressed as
( )
1
* * *
L
u f x , y ,Re =
( )
2
0
0
*
*
*
s L
*
y
y
u V u V
f x ,Re
y L L
y

t
=
=
c c
= = =
c
c
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 3
2 2
2
2 2
* * * s
f ,x L l L
L
V L
C f x ,Re f x ,Re f x ,Re
Re
V V
t

= = = =
Friction coefficient for a given geometry can be expressed in terms
of the Reynolds number Re and the dimensionless space variable x
*
alone (instead of being expressed in terms of x, L, V, and ).
This is a very significant finding, and shows the value of
nondimensionalized equations.
L
*
x , f
Re , x C | =
Dimensionless temperature T
*
for a given geometry
Note that the Nusselt number is equivalent to the dimensionless
temperature gradient at the surface, and thus it is properly
referred to as the dimensionless heat transfer coefficient
( )
* * *
L
T g x , y ,Re ,Pr =
( )
2
0
*
*
*
x L
*
y
hL T
Nu g x ,Re ,Pr
k
y
=
c
= = =
c
( )
( )
( )
0
0 0
* *
* *
y
s
* *
s s
y y
k T y
k T T
T k T
h
T T L T T L
y y
=


= =
c c

c c
= = =

c c
Nusselt number is equivalent
to the dimensionless
temperature gradient at the
surface
m n
L
Nu C Re Pr =
*
y
0
*
*
*
y
T
Nu
y
=
c
=
c
*
x
*
T
Laminar
*
x L
x L
Local Nusselt number :
Nu f ( x , Re , Pr)
Average Nusselt number :
Nu f (Re , Pr)
=
=
A common form of Nusselt
number:
ANALOGIES BETWEEN MOMENTUM AND HEAT TRANSFER
Reynolds analogy and Chilton-Colbourn analogy
2
2
1
* * *
* *
* * *
L
u u u
u v
Re
x y y
c c c
+ =
c c c
2
2
1
* * *
* *
* * *
L
T T T
u v
Re
x y y
c c c
+ =
c c c
1 Pr =
( )
2
0
0
*
*
*
s L
*
y
y
u V u V
f x ,Re
y L L
y

t
=
=
c c
= = =
c
c
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 3
2 2
2
2 2
* * * s
f ,x L l L
L
V L
C f x ,Re f x ,Re f x ,Re
Re
V V
t

= = = =
( )
2
0
*
*
*
x L
*
y
hL T
Nu g x ,Re ,Pr
k
y
=
c
= = =
c
2
L
f ,x x
Re
C Nu =
REYNOLDS ANALOGY
p L
h Nu
St
C V Re Pr
= =
2
L
f ,x x
Re
C Nu =
2
f ,x
x
C
St =
* *
* *
* *
* *
y y
L
f , x x
Pr ofile : u T
u T
Gradients :
y y
Re
Ana log y : C Nu
= =
=
c c
=
c c
=
0 0
2
1 2
0 664
f ,x x
C . Re

=
1 3 1 2
0 332
x
Nu . Pr Re =
2
f ,x
x
C
St =
p L
h Nu
St
C V Re Pr
= =
Laminar flow over a flat plate
1 3
2
L
f ,x x
Re
C Nu Pr

=
2 3
2
f ,x
x
H
p
C
h
Pr j
C V
=

For . Here is called the Colburn j-factor. Although this

relation is developed using relations for laminar flow over a flat plate
(for which = 0 ), experimental studies show that it is also
applicable approximately for turbulent flow over a surface, even in
the presence of pressure gradients. For laminar flow, however, the
analogy is not applicable unless = 0.
0 6 60 . Pr < < H
j
*
*
P x c c
*
*
P x c c
Therefore, it does not apply to laminar flow in a pipe