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DR JOHN COLEMAN
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are realities rooted in still deeper realities. God reveals through His
beings. Eastern religions including the Baha’i Faith teach that the
ultimate source of all being is the unknowable God Whose purpose for
creation is that He be known. God is the Creator but not the Cause of
the universe. The Word of God is the Cause of creation, Who is endowed
the Word of God that is the basic substance of all contingent matter and
spirit. The material and spiritual worlds are created for each other,
how this process by which thoughts and ideas emanate from the
which into neural vibrations occur in the brain. After translating these
neural vibrations into language or other outputs, we can see why the
main function of the brain is the intermediary between our body and the
world of our soul, including our mind, heart, will and consciousness. We
also realize that our spirit is more than just reflecting the Word of God,
Where science has failed most has been its inability to cope with the questions of mind, will and
consciousness.
As the twentieth century unfolded, discoveries in relativity and quantum physics electrified
the world. These discoveries excited imaginations and changed our notions of our place in the
universe. Such discoveries also displaced and reduced man’s self-image. Most people followed the
evolution theories, and left them, already suffering from their remoteness of God, with no place for
God in the emptiness of space, no place for Him to be and no role for Him to play.
II. What Is The First Cause Of The Universe? Although every creation must
have a creator, God is the Creator but not the Cause of the universe. A cause implies a dependency
with its effects. Since God is unchangeable God cannot be a cause. As Baha'u'llah explains, it is the
"Word of God which is the Cause of the entire creation, while all else besides His Word are but the
Baha’u’llah said that “Once in an age the Mighty God sent a Soul to earth endowed with the power
of the Great Ether and that such a Soul had all power and was able to do anything.”
III. What Is The Reality Of Ether? In 1887, physicists Michelson and Morley tried
to measure the difference in the speed of light while the point of measurement moved towards the sun
in the morning as well as away from the sun in the evening. This experiment assumed that if space
was filled with ether, the measurements should indicate a higher speed of light as the earth moved
through the ether towards the sun as well as a lower speed of light as the earth moved through the ether
away from the sun. But no change in the velocity of light was ever observed! Later, Einstein declared
the speed of light is constant regardless of the velocity of the observer. He also proposed that ether
does not exist. Abdu'l-Baha, however, explained that ether does exist as an intellectual reality but is
not measurable. He stated that ether is known through the forces it exerts such as electromagnetic
radiation. The all-pervading ether is a spiritual reality filled with an infinity of attributes that give rise
to particles and energy and whatever else is born. Ether is a spiritual manifestation of the Word of God
that is the basic substance and potential generator of all created things, both material and spiritual. It is
an eternal reality that is spiritual in nature and corresponds to the constituent substance of all things
IV. What Are The Attributes Of Creation? “What is the origin of this world? `Ether’, `he
replied. For all these beings take their rise from the ether and return into the ether. Ether is older than
The Creator creates through the Word of God the existence of creatures that manifest Its attributes.
The Word of God possesses all of the attributes of God, where each is of infinite capacity. Ether, an
intellectual substance, can also be thought of as consisting of all the attributes of God, where each is
infinite in potentiality.
There is a possible equating of the Word of God with ether. However, as Baha'u'llah says in His
Tablet of Wisdom, the Word of God "is higher and far superior to that which the senses can perceive,
for It is sanctified from any property or substance. It transcendeth the limitations of known elements
and is exalted above all the essential and recognized substances. It became manifest without any
syllable or sound and is none but the Command of God which pervadeth all created things. It hath
“Brahman [The Word of God] is that from which the origin, subsistence and dissolution of this
world proceed . . . an omniscient, omnipotent cause.” Further, “the world originates from Brahman by
thought. He wished, may I be many.” (Taitt. Upanishad 2, 6) Then, “Brahman emanates the world from
“Let every Brahamana, concentrating his mind, fully recognize in the Self all things, both the
real and the unreal, for he who recognizes the universe in the Self, does not give his heart to
unrighteousness…The universe rests on the Self; for the Self produces the connection of these
“How resplendent the luminaries of knowledge that shine in an atom and how vast the oceans of
wisdom that surge within a drop! To a supreme degree is this true of man who among all created
things hath been invested with the robe of such gifts and hath been singled out for the glory of such
distinction. For in him are potentially revealed all the attributes and names of God to a degree that no
other created being hath excelled or surpassed. All these names and attributes are applicable to him.
(Gleanings, p 177)
“He therefore who meditates on Om, meditates on the spirit in man as identical with the spirit in
nature…but that meditation on Om alone, or that knowledge of what is meant by Om alone can
procure true salvation or true immortality. Thus the pupil is led on step by step to what is the highest
object of the Upanishads, viz. the recognition of the self in man as identical with the Highest Self or
Our usual awareness of self, however, is our awareness of our mind, which is the cognitive faculty
of our soul. Most of the time we usually do not distinguish between our mind as the cognitive power
of our soul and our soul as itself. Nevertheless, our mind as a power of our soul continues as such
beyond the existence of our body. It is eternal. As `Abdu’l-Baha’ states: “The mind which is in man,
the existence of which is recognized – where is it in him? If you examine the body with the eye, the ear
or the other senses, you will not find it; nevertheless, it exists. Therefore, the mind has no place, but is
into speech. Then the crossing from spiritual reality to physical reality and vice versa is crossed
repeatedly in most communications. It is this mind that finds scientific knowledge, not by fabricating
it, but by being part of a higher level of understanding that is more profound than the visible part of the
`Abdu’l-Baha makes clear distinctions regarding the mind, the body and the spirit. And Shoghi
Effendi spoke of these concepts in which “the mind forms a link between the soul and the body, and
the two interact on each other.” He further states: “The spirit in the soul is the very essence of life…
The second faculty of the soul expresses itself in the world of vision, where the soul inhabited by the
spirit has its being, and functions without the help of the material bodily senses. There, in the realm of
vision, the soul sees without the help of the physical eye, hears without the aid of the physical ear, and
travels without dependence upon physical motion. It is, therefore, clear that the spirit in the soul of
man can function through the physical body by using the organs of the ordinary senses, and that it is
able also to live and act without their aid in the world of vision.”
The spirit emanates from the soul and sustains and empowers the soul. The soul is the intermediary
in the sense that it is the mechanism, or organism, by which the spirit can cause us to bring about good
works. This implies that we all emanate from the same source! When Baha’u’llah states: “Of one tree
are all ye the fruit, and of one bough the leaves.” Baha’u’llah isn’t merely asserting an image about
unity of humankind but is characterizing our essential nature. Consequently, all our souls of humanity
are animated by the very same spirit. We have no existence apart from this spirit, this source of our
existence.
While we are all dependent of the same spirit, this concept does not mean a form of Pantheism
where all contingent beings such as us are parts of God. To put all this in perspective, `Abdu'l-Baha
discusses the three levels of existence: "The first emanation from God is the Bounty of the Kingdom
which emanates and is reflected in the reality of the creatures like the light which emanates from the
sun and is resplendent in creatures; and this bounty [the Word of God] which is the light is reflected in
infinite forms in the reality of all things and specifies and individualizes itself according to the
capacity, the worthiness and the intrinsic value of things.” (Some Answered Questions, p, 295)
Since the First Cause of the universe is the Word of God, Who is modified by the results of causing
all contingent realities, then every such being has a corresponding reaction to the First Cause’s changes
that each experienced in being brought into and maintained as being: Causes are always changed by
their effects, as the Upanishads state: “Mind, impelled by Brahma’s desire to create, performs the
work of creation by modifying itself, thence ether is produced… Om means ether (akasa) and that ether
is the origin of all things may still sound to us more physical than metaphysical; still the description
given ether or akasa shows that more is meant by it than physical ether and that ether is in fact one of
the earlier and less perfect names of the Infinite, of Brahman, the Universal Self.” (Upanishads vol. 1)
“The substance and primary matter of contingent beings is the ethereal power which is invisible and
only known through its effects, such as electricity, heat and light – these are vibrations of that power,
and this is established and proven in natural philosophy and is known as the ethereal substance. This
ethereal substance is itself both the active force [the names and attributes of God] and the recipient
[primary matter]; in other words, it is the sign of the Primal Will in the phenomenal world…
V .What Is Primary Matter?: Plato stated all contingent things consist of both primordial matter, the
primary substance of the universe and a subtle counterpart, the form or fashioner which fashions the
At the very beginning of fashioning God created "formless" primary matter within which God's
attributes fashioned this “formless” matter into individual beings according to their appointed
capacities. All are made either as spiritual beings abiding with God or as beings moving in time and
place.
VI. What Fashioned Creation? “It is the command of Him who always covers this world, the
Knower, the Time of time, Who assumes qualities and all knowledge. It is at His command that this
work (creation) unfolds itself, which is called earth, water, fire, air and ether; He Who after He has
done that work and rested again has brought together one essence (the Self) with the other (matter)
with one, two, three, or eight, with time also and with the subtile qualities of the mind..” (Upanishads,
vol. 2, Svetasvatara-Upanishad),
Baha'u'llah said that two principles are inherent in the Word of God, the active force and its
recipient. He states:"The world of existence came into being through the heat generated from the
interaction between the active force and that which is its recipient. These two are the same yet they are
different…Such as communicate the generating influence [the collective attributes of God as the
Fashioner] and such as receive Its impact [primary matter] are indeed created through the irresistible
“The people of Truth [Baha’is] recognize three realms of existence: God, Command (which is
the Primal Will) and creation. The Primal Will [the Word of God], which is the realm of Command, is
the inner reality of all things, and all beings are therefore the manifestations of the Divine Will, and not
the manifestations of the Divine Essence and Reality itself.” (`Abdu’l-Baha, Min Makatib 1:275-77)
At every instant contingent beings including the fundamental particles of the universe and
spiritual realities such as the soul are recreated through the Eternal Word of God. As `Abdu'l-Baha
says on this, "All things are subject to transformation and change save only the cause of existence
Itself."(Selections, p 157)
VII. How Is The Universe Expanding? According to the standard Big-Bang theory the universe
started in a moment of nearly infinite temperature and density some fifteen billion years ago. Then the
universe was infinitely or near infinitely hot; it exploded and has been expanding ever since the
VIII. What Happened Before The Last Big Bang? Imagine the pre-Big-Bang universe as
featureless, timeless, without attributes or forms. No time, no space, no contingent spirits except those
formed in previous cycles and no particles existed! Such entities without forms or attributes are
primary matter. ”He created Himself – at that time there was no other. He consulted Himself for
advice and what He did came to pass. At that time there were no Akashic records, no nether regions,
nor the three worlds. At that time only the Formless Lord Himself existed – there was no creation. As
it pleased Him so did He act; without Him there was no other.” (Shri Guru Granth Sahib, Section 9)
“In the Primal Void the Infinite Lord assumed His Power. He Himself is unattached, infinite and
incomparable. He Himself exercised His Creative Power and he gazes upon his creation; from the
Primal Void He formed the Void. From this Primal Void He fashioned air and water. He created the
universe and the king in the fortress of the body. Your light pervades fire, water and souls; Your Power
rests in the Primal Void. From this Primal Void Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva issued forth. This Primal
Void is pervasive throughout all the ages…From this Primal Void the earth and the Akashic Ethers
were created. He supports them without any visible support by exercising His True Power.” (Shri Guru
At the very beginning once the attributes and forms are united with this primary matter the
resulting union starts to explode into an ethereal world of rapidly expanding space, time and whirling
vortices of ether that began to evolve into the present day universe.
IX. Why Strings Versus Points? In classical descriptions of natural forces, mathematical infinities
arose from point particles getting too close to other particles. Unpleasant mathematical infinities arise
as spatial regions are shrunk to zero. If particles are not considered as points but are extended like tiny
strings the problem of infinities goes away. It has been recognized that theories in which the most
elementary objects are "strings" rather than points make sense and avoid erroneous infinities.
With respect to lines or strings, Baha'u'llah alluded to the process of creation in terms of lines: "Know
then, that God, praised and glorified be He, took a line, split it lengthwise into two, rotated the one about
the other, and so made from them the universe. The line, however, formeth only from the point when you
move it. Conceive ye then our meaning" (unpublished Tablet, provisionally translated by Keven Brown;
see references). In a sense, nature denies the existence of a point. As an attempted point starts to exist
from pre-space, an infinitesimal elapse in time also forms. Since space and time are interconnected, the
A string possesses an infinite number of modes of vibrations just like the harmonics of a violin
string. The energy of each different mode corresponds to different elementary particles. Most string
vibrations will have unobservable high energies but others include lower energies and attributes of
known elementary particles. Such strings would have a greater dynamical behavior especially if these
In one string theory concept strings occupy eleven dimensions but the extra dimensions are micro-
compacted to extremely small sizes. These extra dimensions manifest themselves as some internal
properties of particles. The excitement roused by string theory is that it explains how forces and
particles interact. This theory might unite space, time, matter and forces into one unified theory.
These strings can be either open with two free ends or closed into loops like rings. The more
promising approach is to regard them as closed. The diameter of a string loop or ring is estimated at
the Planck quantum length of 10-33 cm. The mathematical string moves and rotates in ordinary space
but also vibrates in other space dimensions. These vibrations produce energy and angular momentum
Imagine now that ethereal matter has whirling motions like the air or water in such familiar
vortices as tornadoes or the little whirlpools at the bottom of a draining sink. A possible model of a
fundamental particle is then a vibration mode of a tiny loop or invisible vortex ring rapidly rotating and
Imagine billions upon billions of such vortex patterns whirling and curling in all directions in the
ether. Ether and ethereal rings have attributes of elasticity, density, pressure, mobility, etc. Sensible
matter is not the rings but the combined modes of rapid vibrations of the ethereal rings that generate
energy, matter and electromagnetic waves. The ether which is around us is the same as the ether which
is within us. And the ether which is within us includes the ether within our heart.
The meaning of the term heart used in Baha’i Writings indicates a state of human consciousness that
is beyond ordinary feelings, beyond thought. It is within the soul and is not the physical heart. When
this spiritual heart is purified it’s capable of reflecting the Word of God. In a state of union with the
Word of God new purposes can develop in our soul. This may mean new insights into the universe in
our quest for knowledge from which we can possibly discover new relationships in or about the
universe.
however, the experience of images, ideas, words, and thoughts that play
the sky, the taste of sweetness as it fills the mind, the pain of love that
found the key to the soul. Can we now say what consciousness is?
needs no words and needs no things. Since all insights and information
our ability to use this function of the mind can be affected by the
As Shoghi Effendi states, “the mind forms a link between the soul
and the body, and the two interact with each other.” Since the basic
substance of the soul is the same as that of ether, our thinking and
within our minds. Since some neurologists place the locus of the mind-
the mind, this triggers the neurons to produce extremely small currents
pulsating fields.
it does not have any important effect on our consciousness nor our
generally do not interfere with each other. The osmotic forces at the
boundary of neurons that govern neural impulses and the forces that
govern chemical reactions handle the flow of data. These are all tightly
bridge between the spiritual realm and the realm of the associated
Most of the brain’s activity that filters, sorts, identifies, and makes
sense of the river of information coming into the brain either from our
He states, “I think you will find that learning is much better described as
It might be pointed out, however, that since the soul includes the
heart as well as the mind and the will, science with a given code of scientific
methodology unfortunately is usually done without using the heart. This means that the scientific
method never in itself is self-sufficient. It may reduce an otherwise open mind which should constitute
a pure heart that could reflect the reality inherent in the truth of whatever we are investigating.
This same state of mind Buddha dealt with as He defined the conditions of mindfulness necessary
for meditation. “He who delights in subduing thoughts, he who meditates on impurities of things, he
who is ever full of mindfulness, - It is he who will make an end of suffering and destroy the Mara's
[The Tempter’s] bond…. The meditative one who walks this path is released from the bonds of Mara.”
The Upanishads State: “Ether in the heart (as Brahma) is omnipresent and unchanging.… In the
ether everything is born... As large as this ether is also large is that ether within the heart… what is
called ether (Akasa) is the revealer of all forms and names. These forms and names are contained in
Brahma, the Immortal, the Self.… He who understands all and who knows all, He to whom all this
glory in the world belongs, the Self, is placed in the ether in the heavenly city of Brahma (the heart).
He assumes the nature of mind and becomes the guide of the body of the senses. He is the beginning,
producing the causes which unite (the soul and the body) and being above the three kinds of time (past,
present, future). He is seen as without parts after we have first worshipped that adorable God who has
many forms and who is the true source (of all things) as dwelling in our own mind.” (Upanishads,
vol.2)
“He who thus vows his soul to the Supreme Soul, quitting sin, passes unhindered to the endless
bliss of unity with Brahma. He … sees the Life-Soul resident in all things living and all living things
XI. How Is Ether Related To The Human Spirit? All religions state that man is made in the image
of God. We incorporate all the names and attributes of God. In His Tablet of Wisdom Baha'u'llah
infers that ether bears the closest likeness to the human spirit. Referring to Socrates, Baha'u'llah states:
"He it is who perceived a unique, a tempered, and a pervasive nature in things, bearing the closest
likeness to the human spirit, and he discovered this nature to be distinct from the substance of things in
their refined form. He hath a special pronouncement on this weighty theme. Wert thou to ask from the
worldly wise of this generation about this exposition, thou wouldst witness their incapacity to grasp
it."(Tablets, p 146)
The human soul has all the attributes of God but with finite capacities for each while ether has all of
the attributes of God each with unlimited capacity. The Blessed Lord Krishna said: “I am the Self,
seated in the hearts of all creatures. I am the beginning, the middle and the end of all beings…I am the
transcendental Om.… There is no being - moving or unmoving - that can exist without Me.”
The human soul that animates the human body becomes an attractor for human attributes in the
ether. `Abdu'l-Baha illuminates: "As the spirit of man is the cause of the life of the body...these
members, these elements, this composition, which is found in the organism of man, are an attraction
and a magnet for the spirit: it is certain that the spirit will appear in it.”
Ether may be thought of as continuous in the sense that it exists everywhere. Just as the flow of air
creates pressure or suction forces, similarly the flow of ether creates electric, magnetic, light, heat, and
XII. What Are Quantum Realities? In 1900, physicist Max Planck proved energy is absorbed and
emitted in discrete amounts called quanta. This started quantum theory. Einstein interpreted Planck's
hypothesis saying that light waves consist of quanta of energy he called photons. Thus began notions
that waves have quanta associated with them. Erwin Schrodinger transformed classical equations of
particle motion into a wave equation relating position, momentum, time and energy of a material
particle as a probabilistic theory. In his model all dynamical variables have probabilistic values. His
quantum theory restricts how precisely one can specify position versus momentum and time versus
energy. These restrictions correspond to the famous Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle. (Notes) The
photons carry the energy, but they do not carry that energy as though it were attached baggage on the
electromagnetic train.
XIII. What Happened At The Beginning? Quantum Physics can resolve the dilemma of a Big-
Bang for which some think there may have been no “before”. What occurs from moment to moment
Let us imagine a universe within the first second of its history. Before the universe began there was
no time, no space, no matter and no concept of "before." Only the initial primary matter existed. Then
the Word of God caused this primary matter to be joined with the eternal attributes of God.
Physicists say matter and energy that we observe or measure today initially occupied a volume
smaller than the dimensions of an atom! [But before the union of the active force with primary matter
everything was initially spiritual!] Matter and energy were caused by the creation of extremely
superheated ether vortices. The temperature that was generated by the heat of reaction of the active
force (the attributes of God) on the passive recipient (primary matter) was enormous, about 1032
degrees Kelvin. Consequently primary matter was individualized into billions upon billions of ethereal
vortices sweeping out into the newly formed space and time attributes. Secondary components,
perhaps sequentially, were formed out of these spinning loops of extremely hot ethereal plasma (like
the element Plato called fire). When the extremely hot furnace of ether exploded the energy imparted
to ethereal matter was so great that this escaping and whirling ether formed a gaseous matter (the
element Plato called air) that was full of particles like electrons, positrons and neutrinos inside this
(GeV) or a trillion times the energy of the biggest particle collider than a physicist can imagine
building. Gravity roared in as a powerful but little understood influence at this microscopic scale.
While space was expanding the particles presence tended to reverse this expansion at rates inversely
proportional to the square of the distances between masses.Gravitation forces started a "tug of war"
After this beginning the expansion would cool this super-hot anarchy of colliding matter. As the
universe cooled further the collisions became less violent and began to coagulate into protons, neutrons
and other heavier particles. (These were like the first liquid state elements that Plato equated with
"water.") Earlier, such a union would have come apart in the violent collisions.
As universal cooling continued, collisions became gentler.After three minutes, temperatures had
fallen enough to allow protons and neutrons to combine into stable nuclei. This is called the
nucleosynthesis period.This corresponded to the first solid state (that Plato called the "earth" element),
all of which began to rule the growth and formation of our baby universe. Atoms (nuclei plus
electrons) didn't form until the temperature fell enough to permit electrons to organize themselves
around nuclei. The correct temperature for this occurred about 300,000 years later! Before that time
no atoms existed. Since we know a lot about nuclear physics we can determine the relative
abundances of the chemical elements that did form. Initial nuclei were nuclei of very light elements.
Nuclear reactions in stars produced elements whose nuclei were tightly bound and these elements
included carbon, oxygen and calcium. Once neutral atoms formed photons could move freely and that
is why the microwave photon information arrived so late. This nucleosynthesis theory and resulting
When faith is activated in man through man’s belief in the Manifestation of God he becomes
potentially connected to all of reality. The reality of all things is spiritually present within us. Reality
resonates in our soul. As we then resonate with all things we may come to understand these realities
more deeply. We can discover that the world in which we live is alive! “All things are living!” Spirit
and life exist according to the requirements of whatever stage they are in. So why not enjoy the
company of nature in a dialogue rather than conquer it and appropriate it for our own purpose?
XIV. What Is The Mind-Body Connection? Since ether has the same substance as the human
spirit our spiritual attributes we usually associate with matter come from the same source. The soul
indeed animates the body. The mind can manifest suggestions or commands to the body either
voluntarily or automatically. Manifestation is a major capability of our spiritual soul. As far as present
ideas are concerned, we can consider those spiritual realities emerging from the mind such as ideas,
thoughts and information. The mind and the heart are faculties of the soul. The soul employs the mind
For thought processes there is active information serving as a link between our two [material and
spiritual] sides (The age-old mind-body issue). What is proposed is that there are not two processes; it
The mind-body issue has stumped experts over the ages as to how this mind-body boundary is
crossed. Before the "crossing," our thoughts and conscious decisions originate in our etheric soul. But
the mind is incorporeal yet is capable of being influenced by matter and of influencing matter. The
neurons with their action potentials represent the bottom layer that interacts directly with the body.
The next layer, the electromagnetic wave fields (produced by neural activities) represent the
unconscious part of our mind. But the mind is really part of the soul that initiates electromagnetic
waves that can produce automatic neural activities that function as an unconscious field. And in the
last layer, that is, the conscious mind, our conscious mental intensities and our conscious experiences
are capable of interacting through electromagnetic patterns with these unconscious electromagnetic
force fields.
These concepts resonate strongly with the idea emphasized by Baha’u’llah about Socrates statement
that the soul has the same substance as the ether in which electromagnetic waves persist. Consequently
thinking and decision-making manifest ethereal waves, which are basically electromagnetic waves that
Some of the laws of physics and some of the attributes of matter might be applied to spirit, ether
and the human soul. For example, since ether is of the same substance as the human soul we can apply
some of the attributes of ether as a medium for the propagation of electromagnetic waves. Some
attributes of the ether are elasticity, density, permeability, pressure, etc. Such attributes provide an
exciting opportunity to investigate ether, the human soul and other spiritual entities.
The future unfolding of knowledge will be of things that we have not previously known.
Baha'u'llah states, "In the days to come ye will verily behold things of which ye have never heard
before. Thus hath it been decreed in the Tablets of God, and none can comprehend it except them
We are participants in the creative unfoldment of God’s Primal Will so that humanity could be
connected with its inner reality. There is no more beautiful experience than when our participation in
Reality goes beyond its accustomed limits. In such times reality takes on new glory or splendor. This
becomes an exhilarating experience of the human soul. This experience of oneness with the Eternal
some call ecstasy. This heightening sense of realization exposes us to life as it really is.
REFERENCES
`Abdu'l-Baha. "Tablet of the Universe," provisional translation by Dr. Ahang Rabbani of `Abdu'l-
"Some Answered Questions" Baha'i Publishing Trust, Wilmette, Illinois, 60091, 1994.
"Selections from the Writings of `Abdu'l-Baha," Baha'i Publishing Trust, Wilmette, Illinois,
60091, 1989.
"Promulgation of Universal Peace," Baha'i Publishing Trust, Wilmette, Illinois, 60091, 1987.
"Tablet to August Forel," Baha'i Publishing Trust, Wilmette, Illinois, 60091, 1985.
Baha'u'llah and `Abdu'l-Baha. "Baha'i World Faith," Baha'i Publishing Trust, Wilmette, 60091, 1964.
Baha'u'llah. "Tablets of Baha'u'llah," Baha'i Publishing Trust, Wilmette, Illinois, 60091, 1990.
______. "Gleanings from the Writings of Baha'u'llah," Baha'i Publishing Trust, Wilmette, Illinois,
60091, 1976.
______. “Kitab-i-Iqan 192,” Baha'i Publishing Trust, Wilmette, Illinois, 60091, 1990.
Keven Brown, “A Baha’i Perspective on the Origin of Matter.” Journal of Baha’i Studies, 2.3 (1990):
15-44.
Plato, Volume 7, "Great Books of the Western World," published by Encyclopedia Britannica, 1952.