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DISASTER MANAGEMENT OF PAKISTAN
Issues anu Lessons fiom Woilu















AuLhor
1ayyaba Sahar
!une 30 2011


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Table of Contents
Introduction 1
Aim 1
What is Disaster Management? 1
Why Disaster Management? 2
Some Major Disasters in Pakistan 2
Floods 2
Earthquake 3
Drought 3
Cyclones 3
Civil unrest 3
Institutional Setup 3
National Disaster Management Commission 4
National Disaster Management Authority 4
Provincial Disaster Management Commission 4
Provincial Disaster Management Authority 4
District Disaster Management Authority 3
Local Authorities 3
National Institute oI Disaster Management 3
Issues in Disaster Management 3
Best Practices 7
Red River Flood Plain Canada 7
Philippine Resource Data Base 8
Kamra Model 9
Recommendations 10
Conclusion 10


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DISASTER MANAGEMENT OF PAKISTAN
Introduction
Disaster is something which cannot be avoided completely even by the most developed and
powerIul countries oI the world However the catastrophic eIIects oI these can be minimized to
considerable level Disaster risk reduction and management is now getting wider acceptance Ior
its known beneIits oI protection oI liIe and valued assets as well as the economy oI preventive
and preparatory measures as compared to reconstruction and rehabilitation UnIortunately,
developing countries are aIIected adversely by such hazards Iirstly Ior their increased
vulnerability due to lack oI knowledge and resources, and secondly Iailure to cope with such
calamities Pakistan Iaced a number oI disasters including Iloods, earthquakes, droughts,
windstorms, landslides etc. some oI them were so much in magnitude that they caused a real
challenge to Government oI Pakistan (GoP) to cope with The main issue beIore 2005 was un-
recognition oI disaster management Prior to earthquake oI 2005 GoP Iocused on relieI and
recovery options which has nothing to do with strategy Ior Iuture For the Iirst time it was
realized to have a national level organization to cope with emergency and plan Ior Iuture which
resulted into Iormation oI National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) Though NDMA is
working with a goal oI achieving sustainable Pakistan through risk and vulnerability reduction
and eIIective response to disaster but there is still a need to identiIy the issues and devise ways to
Ioster the implementation oI contingency planning in real sense For this purpose identiIying
loopholes in current process and learning lessons Irom the best practices oI the world can be oI
great help This essay is a humble eIIort oI identiIying the issues hindering the process and
suggesting ways to streamline the process by learning Irom the lessons learnt Irom the
international community
Aim
2To study the disaster management practices and issues in Pakistan and suggest appropriate
actions needed to improve the system
,t is Dis,ster M,n,ement?
National Disaster Management Ordinance (NDMO) 2006 deIines disaster as;
'a catastrophe, or a calamity in an aIIected area, arising Irom natural or manmade causes, or by
accident which results in a substantial loss oI liIe or human suIIering or damage to, and
destruction oI, property
4United Nations deIines disaster as;
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A serious disruption oI the Iunctioning oI a society, causing a widespread human, material, or
environmental losses which exceed the ability oI the aIIected society to cope using its own
resources (UN 2)
5Disaster management means managing the complete disaster spectrum including,----
(i) Preparedness;
(ii) Response;
(iii) Recovery and rehabilitation; and
(iv) Reconstruction;
(NDMO, 2006)
6Disaster management involves a cycle which should consist oI an organized eIIort to mitigate
against, prepares Ior, respond to, and recover Irom a disaster (FEMA, )
Dis,ster M,n,ement?
Disasters are not always unpredicted For example, areas adjacent to sea are always under
constant hazard oI tsunami and proper early warning system can be oI great help Ior nearby
community Similarly Ilooding depends on the rainIall intensity and ice melting which can be
Iorecasted and inIormed in time Moreover, a complete study oI hazard prone areas and
vulnerability can guide to the necessary steps needed Ior preparedness But the real question is
why there is a need to spend on disaster management? The need Ior disaster management can be
assessed by the losses and expenditures to reconstruct and rehabilitate According to a report:
'Natural disasters kill one million people around the world each decade, and leave millions more
homeless each year Economic damages Irom natural disasters have tripled in the past 0 years
rising Irom $40 billion in the 60s to $20 billion in the 0s (Peace Corp, Sep 200,
disaster preparedness and mitigation)
Ex chairman NDMA Lt Gen ( R ) Farooq Ahmad Khan, HI(M) quoted at Policy Dialogue
held on 'EIIectiveness oI Disaster Risk Management: Engaging Parliamentarians Dec , 200
that only money is needed Ior disaster preparedness but relieI takes 2 as preparedness can
decrease risk to very low level Post disaster relieI measures include provision oI shelter Ior
homeless, ensure access to clean water and Iood, provide medicines, devastated inIrastructure,
providing access to basic resources and compensation oI loss oI liIe and property and
rehabilitation oI livelihood which increase the Iinancial needs to maniIolds

Some M,or Dis,sters in P,ist,n
a Floods Floods are the most destructive oI natural hazards and the greatest cause oI large-
scale damages to liIe and property There is a growing consensus that the impact oI climate
change may well lead to an increase in both the magnitude and Irequency oI Iloods During
the last 6 years in Pakistan the total losses ascribable to Iloods are colossal, while more
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than ,200 people lost their lives Heavy Iloods causes direct damage to inIrastructure,
agricultural crops, damage to urban and rural property and public utilities Fourteen major
Iloods have hit the economic losses and damages worth US$ 6 billion Major Iloods oI
recent past were experienced in 2, 4, 6,200,2005,200, 200 and 200 Flood
oI 200 aIIected million people in Balochistan, and 50,000 people in Sindh The Ilash
Ilood leIt 50,000 people homeless, and resulted in 242 deaths In Ilood oI August 200
25,000 Iamilies were aIIected where Ilood destroyed 2,500 houses (One UN DRM Joint
Programme, 200)

b E,rt6u,e. Cities oI Peshawar, Islamabad and Karachi are located at the edge oI high
risk area Four major earthquakes have hit Pakistan in 20
th
century including: 5 Quetta
earthquake, 45 Makran cost earthquake, 6 northern areas and 2005 Kashmir/NWFP
quake Earthquake oI 2005 was deadliest earthquake oI 6 magnitude and killed ,
people It aIIected 2-5 million people and destroyed 20,5 houses The earthquake
caused colossal loss oI worth US$ 52 billion In October 200, an earthquake oI magnitude
65 hit parts oI Balochistan It killed more than 00 people and displaced 0,000
individuals Apart Irom this, it destroyed thousands oI houses and leIt people shelter less in
extremely cold weather (One UN DRM Joint Programme, 200)

c Drout. The worst drought hit Sindh and Balochistan in -2002, which severely
aIIected 2,200,000 people, and reduced economic growth oI the country to 26 It pushed
thousands oI people to migrate and killed a large number oI cattle (One UN DRM Joint
Programme, 200)

d clones. The worst cyclone hit Thatta and Badin in , which aIIected 600,000 people
and killed ,000 cattle Loss to inIrastructure was estimated at Rs 50 million Later on, in
200 Baloshistan was hit by a cyclone named Yemin b` which caused economic losses oI
Rs 24 billion to Baloshistan The heavy monsoon rain in the area leIt an estimated 250,000
homeless in Ketch district alone The cyclone inundated 40 villages and aIIected 00,000
people (One UN DRM Joint Programme, 200)

e ivil unrest. In 200, the challenge oI massive population displacement owing to terrorism
and civil unrest in some part oI Khyber Pakhtunkhawa displaced more than 25 million
people FATA suIIered a loss oI US$ 2,46 million, due to terrorism (One UN DRM
Joint Programme, 200)
Institution,l Setup
0BeIore NDMO 2006 three institutes were working with relieI oriented approach These
include Crisis Management Cell and Civil DeIense under Ministry oI Interior, Emergency RelieI
Cell under Cabinet Division These organizations were not primarily meant Ior disaster
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management and were working without capacity Immediate response to earthquake 2005
included Iormation oI Federal relieI commission and Earthquake Reconstruction and
Rehabilitation Authority
Realizing the importance oI disaster risk reduction Ior sustainable social, economic and
environmental development, the GoP has embarked upon establishing appropriate policy, legal
and institutional arrangements, and implementation strategies and programmes to minimize risks
and vulnerability In this regard NDMO 2006 has been passed This new legislation became the
base Ior an unambiguous setup Ior disaster management which was enacted later on in Dec 200
The institutional setup oI disaster management is as Iollows:
,. N,tion,l Dis,ster M,n,ement ommission
NDMC is chaired by Prime Minister and has the responsibility oI laying down policies on
disaster management, approve the national plan and plans prepared by the ministries or the
divisions oI the Federal Government, lay down guidelines to be Iollowed by Federal and
provincial authorities, arrange Ior and oversee the Iunds Ior carrying out disaster
management, provide support to other countries aIIected by disasters and take necessary
measures Ior disaster management
-.N,tion,l Dis,ster M,n,ement Autorit
NDMA is established as implementing, coordinating and monitoring body Ior disaster
management at national level Functions oI NDMA includes, preparation oI national plan,
lay down guidelines Ior preparing disaster management plans, provide necessary technical
assistance to provincial governments and coordinate response in the event oI any
threatening disaster situation Laying down guidelines Ior Ministries and Provincial
Governments and authorities regarding measures to be taken in response to a threatening
disaster is also responsibility oI NDMA Furthermore, it has to promote general education
and awareness In addition to these Iunctions NDMA is responsible Ior preparing minimum
standard Ior relieI
c. Provinci,l Dis,ster M,n,ement ommission
PDMC is responsible Ior the same Iunction as by NDMC with only exception oI the
jurisdiction as Provincial level
d.Provinci,l Dis,ster M,n,ement Autorit
Provincial Disaster Management Authority (PDMA) is responsible Ior Iormulation oI
policies, plans and guidelines at Provincial level and to coordinate and monitor the
implementation oI national plan, national policy and provincial plan Moreover, examining
the vulnerability oI diIIerent parts oI province and speciIying preventive and mitigation
measures, evaluation oI preparedness at government and non government level is also
responsibility oI PDMA PDMA is empowered by NDMO Ior coordinating response or to
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give direction to any provincial department regarding action needed in response
Furthermore, need Ior promotion oI general education, awareness and community training
is to be met by PDMA
e. District Dis,ster M,n,ement Autorit
A District Disaster Management Authority (DDMA) consists oI District Nazim, DCO,
EDO health and other oIIicer appointed by Government District authority has to prepare a
disaster management plan including disaster response Coordination and monitoring the
implementation oI higher order disaster management plans, ensuring vulnerability
assessment and proper measures to reduce vulnerability is responsibility oI DDMA The
authority should organize specialized training programmes, setup, maintain and upgrade
early warning system and disseminate proper inIormation to public It should coordinate
with and guide local authorities to ensure pre-disaster and post-disaster management
activities IdentiIication oI buildings to be used as relieI centers or camps and make
arrangements oI water supply and sanitation in such buildings, establish stockpiles oI relieI
material and ensure availability at a short notice, encourage involvement oI NGO`s and
volunteers, ensuring that communication system is in order and drills carried out
periodically is also among the Iunctions oI DDMA
1. oc,l Autorities
The Iunctions oI local authorities include ensuring training oI its employees Ior disaster
management, provision oI resources availability relating to disaster management in any
threatening situation Furthermore ensuring all construction projects to be in conIormity to
the standards and speciIications laid down Ior prevention oI disaster, and carry out relieI,
rehabilitation and reconstruction activities according to district and provincial plans is
responsibility oI local authority
. N,tion,l Institute o1 Dis,ster M,n,ement
Main purpose oI establishing National institute oI disaster management is to plan and
promote training and research Developing core competencies in the area oI disaster
management, documentation and development oI national level inIormation base relating to
disaster management policies, prevention mechanism and mitigation measures is the core
responsibility oI the institute
Issues in Dis,ster M,n,ement
2Though the National disaster management system is Iully Iunctional now aIter establishment
oI NDMA, PDMA and national, provincial and district plans But still the system is not mature
enough to handle the disasters eIIiciently Among the many reasons, some oI the issues are as
Iollows:

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a There is a dire need oI identiIying disasters and its eIIects in a broader range UnIortunately
disaster management has not been adopted in its true sense Ior which the main reason is
dearth oI understanding oI potential hazards At National level there is a need oI studies
and research about potential hazards identiIication, risk assessment and management, and
disaster preparedness
b There is a need oI eIIicient hazard monitoring, accurate Iorecasting and timely
dissemination oI inIormation and early warning system
c Long term approach and vision is the pre-requisite Ior disaster management which current
political setup lacks Uptill now the policies oI government have been Iocused on
immediate beneIits and Iame This approach is making the Government to pay a huge cost
on relieI and rehabilitation activities which could have been saved iI some sustainable
approach had been adopted
d National and provincial level policies and decisions are much inIluenced by ruling political
system Political instability oI the country results in discontinuous policies
e The perception oI the government oI disaster is largely inIluenced by event-driven
emergency with mainstream relieI delivery system The system based on compensation oI
victims and survivors is not a recommended solution with little or no attention to loss and
rebuild oI livelihood
I Disasters are viewed in isolation Irom the process oI main stream development,
environment management and poverty alleviation planning- which directly aIIects the
vulnerability It needs to be dealt as a system approach and should be integrated in main
stream development There are numerous examples oI large scale development projects
bringing new Iorms oI disasters and adding to vulnerability oI at-risk communities e,g,
impact oI Lahore Islamabad Motorway on Kot Nizam in district HaIizabad)
g Disaster preparedness and mitigation measures are heavily tilted towards structural aspect
(like construction oI embankments, building codes) and undermine non-structural elements
like capacity building oI local authorities and communities
h Community mobilization and empowerment is the base oI disaster management as
community is the basic response unit to any calamity UnIortunately, public lacks the
necessary inIormation to disaster mitigation, preparedness and response
i Immediate response can only be obtained Irom within the community For this purpose a
community resource proIile and response training is the key point
j Applied disaster management policy sometimes carries strategic biases that are aimed at
protecting locations and inIrastructure oI greater economic and political signiIicance at the
cost oI areas and communities with less political inIluence and economic importance
k Implementation oI the plans is a main concern Agencies lack competency and resources to
make the disaster management plans implementable It is a general practice oI local
authorities that plans keep laying on table as in case oI Master Plans oI cities and
development going on without consulting these There is likelihood Ior disaster
management plans to experience same Iate
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l RelieI activities needed to be streamlined by quality leadership and management Financial
matters and aids system needs transparency and must be under the management oI one
agency Individual`s distribution to be discouraged Moreover current distribution system
within the camps and aIter is Iavoring to inIluential`s and powerIul and not in reach oI
every one
est Pr,ctices
Red River Flood Pl,in ,n,d,
Red river Ilows northward through the Red River Valley and Iorms the border between
the US states oI Minnesota and North Dakota beIore continuing into Manitoba, Canada It Ialls
into Lake Winnipeg and ultimately Ilows into the Hudson Bay The Red River Ilows through
several urban areas along its path in the United States and in Manitoba Canada The River is
about 5 kilometers (550 miles) long, oI which about 65 kilometers (5 miles) are in the
United States and about 255 kilometers (55 miles) are in Canada

4Red river valley is prone to Ilooding and had Iaced many devastating Iloods in the history
Major Iloods include those oI 26, , 50, , and 200, and many years in between
have seen signiIicant Ilooding Flooding has been always a major concern to the government oI
Manitoba and continuous eIIorts oI the Manitoba government are seen by the world to save the
population Irom its impact

5To cope with the Ilooding a Iloodway had been constructed back in 62 aIter dreadIul Ilood
oI 50 which buIIered the Ilow oI water till Flood oI exceeded the capacity oI
Iloodway and caused $5 billion in damage and required temporary evacuation oI towns and
cities on both sides oI the border A temporary solution oI sand dikes was adopted but ultimately
the city and many other settlements around the river were evacuated with a huge economic loss
Government oI Manitoba took serious notice oI the Ilood and enhanced their management
capacity Flood management plans were prepared which were supported by legislation Subsidy
(deIined in regulations) was provided Ior mitigation oI potential hazardous aIIects oI Ilooding
Individual owners are asked to take preventive and preparatory measures within a certain time
period aIter which any damage to their building due to ignoring governments guidelines will be
subjected to penalty Community is highly trained and responsive to early warning systems

6In 200 the Red River Ilooded in early spring By Friday, March 2, the river at Fargo had
reached the highest level in recorded history, and its discharge at that location was Iar in excess
oI normal Ilows The water ended up cresting at the James Avenue pumping station in Winnipeg
at 225 Ieet (6 m) above datum making it the Iourth highest Ilood in recorded history but the
government`s timely investment in Ilood preparedness and mitigation has reduced the impact oI
the Ilood to normal
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Pilippine Resource D,t, ,se
According to the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, the Philippine is the
Iourth most accident prone country in the world The two institutions arrived at this conclusion
aIter Iinding out that some 5,0,6 Filipinos were killed or injured as a result oI disasters or
man-made calamities over a ten-year period (2-200) II not Ior its smaller population, the
Philippines could have been the world's second most accident-prone country aIter Iran Because
oI its large population, China topped the accident list, with ,,0 oI its citizens aIIected by
accidents during the ten-year period It was Iollowed by India, which reported 46,060,25
victims during the period Both China and India have a population oI over billion people Iran
was third in the list, with 6,46,50 victims Behind the Philippines was Ethiopia, with ,4,266
victims; and Pakistan, 2,2,02 victims The global report by International Red Cross said
55,46 people were killed in natural disasters and 6,4 others in industrial, transport and
other "technological disasters" worldwide Irom 2 to 200

Philippines is situated on two major tectonic plates oI the world the EURASIAN and
PACIFIC Plates, have 00 volcanoes and among them 22 are active volcanoes The country Iace
average oI 20 quakes per day and 20 typhoons a year Irom which Iive oI these are destructive
6,2 kms oI coastline area oI Philippines is vulnerable to tsunami

From 0 2006, direct damage to disasters ranged Irom PHP 5 Billion to PHP 5 Billion
(US $ 00 Million to US $ 00 Million), indirect and secondary impacts Iurther increase this
cost This cost oI direct damage is equivalent to more than 05 oI the national GDP

20Disaster management eIIorts date back to mid
th
century but the concrete step taken in this
regard is the establishment oI National Disaster Coordination Council (NDCC) under the legal
umbrella oI president`s decree no 566 on June The aim oI this new department was to
strengthen the Philippine Disaster Control Capability and Establish a National Program on
Community Disaster Preparedness

2The institutional setup Ior disaster management is almost same as oI Pakistan but the
diIIerence is in the maturity oI the system The lowest tier oI the system is Barangay Disaster
Coordinating Councils (BDCC) and in Philippines there are 4,56 BDCCs NDCC is the main
coordinating and planning body with other ancillary departments like police, health services,
civil deIense, NGO`s and other stakeholders under its control Government`s concern can be
seen by the Iact that NDCC is working on 24/ basis Moreover, continuous eIIorts to upgrade
the system include national policies in accommodation oI international assistance,
mainstreaming disaster risk reduction in development phase, eIIicient risk assessment and early
warning system, Knowledge management and education, vulnerability reduction and disaster
preparedness A remarkable eIIort in this regard is development oI web based disaster
coordination system which is a data base oI the available volunteers which are trained to respond
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to any disaster and Iunding which can be readily available to be used in case oI any emergency
At pre disaster preparation, community members are registering themselves as volunteer at
whatever capacity they can help which might be relieI and rescue, health consultant, engineer or
else These members are than trained to respond to any disaster and evaluated This system has
enabled the Philippines local government to have a resource proIile which can be put into
operation at any time
K,mr, Model
22The 'kamra model oI community-based Ilood preparedness is a very good example oI
empowerment oI community through mobilization Karma is a village oI Jhang district near river
Jhelum Kamra was physically and socially a marginalized low-income community with no
health Iacility Flood occurs seasonally in the area, displacing thousands oI people, wash away
their crops and livestock and destroy their houses It also aIIected loss oI mobility to nearby
market town which in turn had made Iacilities like hospital, schools and markets inaccessible
Economic losses were also very severe Flood management strategies oI past Iocused only on
emergency relieI and rehabilitation oI structural damage The river`s Ilood control mechanism is
geared to protect the city oI Jhang which results in the inundation oI smaller villages OIIicial
inIormation did not permeate down to local level and even iI reached the message could not be
easily understood by illiterate or semi-illiterate villagers This scenario resulted in noticing water
level and hurriedly evacuating to nearby higher ground

2A local NGO Doaba Foundation mobilized community Ior Ilood preparedness and proposed
Iollowing measures; a culvert to drain stagnant water Irom village and improve mobility,
engaging people in diversiIied livelihood and building capacity to respond to any disaster by
establishing early warning system ,social inIrastructure and a community hall This community
hall is located at highest point oI the village and serves dual Iunction First, it act as livelihood
support which trains community population in agriculture and animal husbandry, craIts centre
and a health centre Second, it is a Ilood shelter Ior people and their livestock Livelihood options
had been expanded Cultivation oI sugarcane, trained vaccinator, making oI Ieed block` (using a
local technology to Ieed cows and buIIalos in Ilood), and empowerment oI women has made
their economic condition better

24This imitative has become a model Ior scaling up and had been widely appreciated Its
proven success had made it as a replicable model and been adopted in more than 0 villages oI
Athara Hazari Union Council by OXFAM international

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Recommend,tions
25NIDM to be equipped with highly qualiIied proIessionals to conduct detailed studies oI
hazards and their relationship, Iactors aIIecting vulnerability oI each type oI potential hazard
Devise economic and eIIective ways oI mitigation and preparedness either by adapting Irom
international best practices or innovative sustainable ways Moreover, Ieasibility study should be
conducted inquiring at what level disaster management can be introduced in curriculum and to
inquire the need Ior producing quality proIessionals at National level
26Bringing disaster into mainstream oI development by collaboration oI all stakeholders
especially local planning authorities, environment department, disaster management
proIessionals and private sector For this purpose strict development and building control
practices and transparent Environment Impact Assessments might be oI prime milestone
2Community preparedness is the key to eIIective response to any emergency For this purpose
models as that oI Germany can be adapted where swimming is compulsory aIter
rd
grade so that
in case oI any Ilood people can save themselves Moreover, a complete resource proIile to be
made similar to the model oI Philippines disaster coordination system Ior immediate response
within the country
2Concerned authorities needs to broaden their vision Ior envisage beneIits oI long term
planning For this purpose each and every step oI management should be clearly deIined and
supported by the act, regulations, rules or bylaws These points might help making the procedure
transparent and out oI the inIluence oI powerIul
2Clear identiIication oI type oI hazard which an area Iaces, risk management plan or
alternative structural and non structural solutions to be identiIied
0Implementation oI the prepared plans to be emphasized to achieve the beneIits oI already
done work oI planning The progress oI the implementation needs to e Iostered otherwise every
solution how much good it may be would be in vain
onclusion
Establishment oI NDMA, PDMAs and DDMAs is a positive indication to the response oI
increasing threats oI disaster World`s paradigm shiIt Irom relieI and recovery to disaster
management and risk reduction is road map Ior Pakistan Though it is not logical to compare
mature systems oI developed countries- which took them a long time to be on its present
situation- to Pakistan`s system established Iive years beIore But only Ior this reason, the liIe oI
poor and innocent people cannot be put to risk This is the time now to Ioster the improvements
in current system and implementation oI concerned policies There is a very good opportunity to
learn Irom others` achievements and intelligent adoption oI world`s best practices

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i-lior,p
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), USA, 'Introduction to Mitigation
Independent Study Course ()
2 Madhavi M Ariyabandu and Amjad Bhatti, 'Becoming a Model: Community Managed
Flood Preparedness Project (paper presented at Livelihood Centred Approach to
Disaster Management: A Policy Framework Ior South Asia Islamabad, Pakistan: Rural
Development Policy Institute (RDPI), ITDG South Asia, and Duryog Nivaran Secretariat,
2005), ISBN:55-4-20-
Himayatullah Khan and Abuturab Khan, 'Natural hazards and disaster management in
Pakistan, (200) available at
http://mpraubuni-muenchende/052/ accessed on 2 Jun 20
4 National Disaster Management Ordinance, 2006
5 http://multimediapeacecorpsgov/multimedia/pdI/library/T024dpmistpdI accessed on
2 Jun 20
6 http://docsgooglecom/viewer?av&qcache:6e0DFRTjhFsJ:trainingIemagov/EMIWe
b/edu/docs/hazdem/Session25206--
DeIining2520Disaster2520SlidespptDEFINATIONoIdisasterbyUN&hlen&
glpk&pidbl&srcidADGEESiODU4ID4DI5IZ52i-
HRsxtdGgrrF6dJUx6R0Kw220dAKNBXUE0QHXbosCjDCnT2bjHtYPoyV2lK
0-
XGnSgnKrmqFyOajS6S5kIomaFsD4U5GcdMjq2dOMcbJ&sigAHIEtbTHpxnlm2
wzKABAnDZK56lOkK5aTA accessed on 2 Jun 20
http://wwwcsmonitorcom/World/Asia-South-Central/20/0622/One-year-aIter-its-
worst-Ilooding-is-Pakistan-ready-Ior-monsoon-season accessed on Jun 20
http://enwikipediaorg/wiki/RedRiveroItheNorth accessed on Jun 20
http://wwwgovmbca/Ilooding/indexhtml accessed on 2 Jun 20
0http://wwwproventionconsortiumorg/themes/deIault/pdIs/CRA/PakistanGNpdI
accessed on 2 Jun 20
http://wwwproventionconsortiumorg/themes/deIault/pdIs/CRA/PakistanpdI accessed on
2 Jun 20
2http://wwwtxtmaniacom/trivia/disastersphp accessed on 2 Jun 20
http://wwwadrcasia/aboutus/vrdata/countryreport/joseIina200crpdI accessed on 2
Jun 20
4One UN DRM Joint Programme, BrieIing notes provided at Policy Dialogue held on
'EIIectiveness oI Disaster Risk Management: Engaging Parliamentarians in Pearl
Continental Hotel Lahore Dec , 200