Table of contents:

CNG (compressed naturaI gas).

CHARACTERISTICS OF NATURAL GAS

Abstract

Lay out CNG system

ORKING PRINCIPLE

Characteristics Comparison between GasoIine and CNG

TypicaI Composition of NaturaI Gas

CurrentIy the Ieading nations adopting CNG around
the worId

Uses
. Economi cs
. nevitable
. Envi ronmental Eff ect
V. Saf ety

rawbacks

References

CNG {compressed natural gas_.

or ompressed atural as i s the compressed f orm of the gas
commonl y used i n homes throughout Paki stan f or domesti c cooking and
heati ng appliances. t consi sts mainly of methane (80 - 95%), a colorless,
odorless and tasteless gas. The di stinctive smell associated with natural
gas is in f act an additive which enables quick detection of leaking gas.
Methane is the lightest hydrocarbon havi ng a chemi cal composition of
and occurs naturally throughout the solar system and uni verse. atural gas
is not the same as Liquid Petroleum as (LP) whi ch is made up of a
vari et y of heavy petrol eum deri ved gases, mai nly Propane and Butane.
i stori call y natural gas was manufactured by coll ecting gas produced by
burning coal ("Town gas"). Today natural gas i s ext racted f rom
underground and subsea deposits often but not always associated with oil
and coal deposits. Paki stan holds very l arge reserves of natural gas
deposits whi ch are expected to meet our energy requirements f or hundreds
of years to come. A major source of methane around the world is to date
largel y unharnessed. nstead i t is al lowed to leak in its raw f orm into the
atmosphere. Methane is a by-product of decomposing organic matter
including the rotting of dead plants, the rotti ng of garbage i n tips and
dumps, and also li vestock manure and sewage treat ment pl ants. Thi s i s
known as biogas and is likely to be harnessed to a much greater extent in
the future. atural gas i s consequentl y a renewable source of f uel. atural
gas is becoming an increasingly alternative and attractive fuel for many
transportation uses. Fuel costs are significantly less compare gasoline and the most
suitable fuel for bridge to hydrogen.
atural gas is found in large underground fields much like crude oil. owever, due to
its gaseous state overland transport of natural gas is not feasible. Rather, extensive
underground pipelines were developed to carry it from the wellhead to customers
thousands of miles away. These local pipelines provide gas at pressures ranging
from -50 psi. To provide natural gas at pressures up to 3600 psi, special
compressor stations are necessary. The station compresses, filters, stores,
and delivers fuel to a natural gas vehicle (V) in either of two ways, a fast fill or a
time fill. Fast filling provides for quick and convenient refuelling with a slight reduction
in volume due to the heat rise of the gas during compression. Time filling allows for
complete filling of the storage tank, but over a longer time --- up to eight hours.
CHARACTER8TC8 OF NATURAL GA8
atural gas is primarily methane (). This makes natural gas a very friendly fuel
for the environment. Methane as a hydrocarbon is considered non-reactive. That
means hydrocarbon emissions of natural gas do not react with sunlight to create
smog. is non-toxic, non-carcinogenic, and non-corrosive. atural gas is also
lighter in weight than air. This provides for an increased safety factor as any leakage
will quickly dissipate into the atmosphere reducing the risk of a potential explosion as
compared to liquid fuels which pool on the ground, or pollute our ground waters.
When used as an engine fuel, the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) has
established a standard minimum methane content of 95% (SAE J1616).
AB8TRACT:

The compressed natural gas () cylinder pressure vessel become important in

V fuel driving system because demand in base as increase. pressure
vessel suitable for gas operated vehicles can be made of fully metal, hoop wrapped
with metal liner, fully wrapped with metal liner or fully composite. Fully metal
pressure vessel is cheap but it's the heaviest pressure vessel compare to others. For
weight sensitive application such as trucks, buses, and taxis fully composite tanks is
the most suitable but it comes with high price. So, many researchers had been done
to find the best solution to stored high volume of with lightweight and cheap
material. Even though the aim is clear but the development of pressure tank
must follow the standard requirement to prevent failure. n this paper, the trends of
research by manufacturers, research organizations and universities have been
analyzed to find the problems and difficulties regarding pressure vessel. The
result of the overview showed that all type of tanks had advantages and
disadvantages, it depends on the sector and industry require which type of
tanks suitable for their usage.



ORKNG PRNCPLE
As most of us are more accustomed to driving gasoline or diesel powered vehicles it
may be helpful to point out some of the minor differences between liquid fueled
engines and those that operate on a gaseous fuel.
First, most liquid fueled engines require some form of a fuel delivery pump to
transport the fuel from the tank to the engine. When operating on a fuel pump
is not used. nstead, system pressure provides for delivery of the fuel. vehicles
have at least one pressure regulator, which maintains a steady supply of fuel
regardless of fluctuations in system pressure. Second, the ignition system must
deliver a slightly higher voltage to ignite the gaseous mixture verses the liquid
droplets that make up the normal charge of gasoline. Finally, is high in octane.
With octane ratings up to 130, ignition timing may be increased without resulting in
spark knock. Modern V's use closed-loop computer controlled technology to
provide lower emissions and excellent drivability. Some equipment manufacturers
offer fuel injection versions to provide even more precise mixture control. With the
latest certification processes implemented by the U.S. EPA and other regulatory
agencies, systems are required to be calibrated for specific engine family
applications. When a properly calibrated system is correctly installed, many
drivers cannot notice a difference in the vehicle's driving characteristics.
The piston technology working principle is based on the equilibrium of the forces
between the spring and the pressure acting against the piston. n normal working
condition the flows through the nozzle section where the pressure falls from the
tank value (i.e. maximum 220 bar) down to the outlet pressure (i.e. 9 bar). The
pressure force (green arrows in the picture) in the low pressure volume (green area)
acts by pushing the piston up for reducing the nozzle section, thus limiting the flow.
The pressure force acts against the spring force (Fs red arrows in the picture) that
pushes the piston down, consequently enlarging the nozzle section. The whole
system is in equilibrium when the pressure force acting on the piston is the same as
the one given by the spring.
Characteristics Comparison between Gasoline and CNG

The octane rating of natural gas is about 130, meaning that engines could operate at
compression ratio of up to 16:1 without "knock or detonation. Many of the
PROPERTES ASOLE
Vapour density 3.5 0.68
gnition 30 700
Octane rating 96 130
Boiling point (Atm.Press) 27 -162
Air-Fuel Ratio (Weight) 1.5 17.2
hemical Reaction With Rubber Yes o
Storage Pressure Atm. Pressure 20.6Mpa
Fuel Air Mixture Quality Poor ood
Pollution O--ox igh Very Low
Flame Speed m per sec 0.83 0.63
ombust. ability with air 1-16% -1%
automotive makers already built transportation with a natural gas fuelling system and
consumer does not have to pay for the cost of conversion kits and required
accessories. Most importantly, natural gas significantly reduces O
2
emissions by
20-25% compare to gasoline because simple chemical structures of natural gas
(primarily methane

) contain one arbon compare to diesel (

15

32
) and
gasoline (
8

18
). Like methane and hydrogen is a lighter than air type of gas and
can be blended to reduce vehicle emission by an extra 50%. atural gas
composition varies considerably over time and from location to location. Methane
content is typically 70-90% with the reminder primarily ethane, propane and carbon
dioxide.

At atmospheric pressure and temperature, natural gas exists as a gas and has low
density. Since the volumetric energy density (joules/m
3
) is so low, natural gas is
often stored in a compressed state () at high pressure stored in pressure
vessels. To store in liquefied state (L), cryogenic tank is used and temperature at
-162 must be maintain to avoid natural gas from evaporated. t became the
drawbacks for cryogenic tank because the boil off of L can cause excessive
pressure built up in cryogenic tanks and boil off natural gas will be vent to the
atmosphere to maintain the pressure inside the tank.

Typical Composition of Natural Gas


ryogenic tanks also required large space compare to pressure vessels. t shows
that, L more suitable for heavy duty vehicles such as trucks and buses and not
suitable for cars. n Malaysia, were widely used as fuel driving system in public
transportation especially for buses and taxis. To store , pressure vessels must
be used to hold and store high pressure of compressed natural gas () at
pressure of 200 bar (2.06 x 10
7
Pa).








contents hemical formula % content
Methane

70-90%
Ethane
2

6
0-20%
Propane
3

8
0-20%
Butane

10
0-20%
arbon Dioxide O
2
0-8%
Oxygen O
2
0-0.2%
itrogen
2
0-5%
ydrogen Sulphide
2
S 0-5%
Rare as A,e,e,Xe Trace
Currently the leading nations adopting CNG around
the world is as follows;
orId Standing Country VehicIes FueIIing Stations
1 Argenti na 1.5 mi ll ion 1,00
2 Brazil 1.1 Mi ll ion 1,200
3 Pakistan 1.0 Mi ll ion 1,000
tal y 0. Mi ll ion 500
5 ndi a 0.25 Mi lli on 200
6 USA 130,000 1,300
7 ran 115,000 10
8 hi na 97,000 360
9 Ukrai ne 67,000 150
10 Egypt 63,000 100

U8E8
. EnvironmentaI Effect
atural as i s the cl eanest readil y avail able transport f uel.
atural gas vehi cles do not cause respiratory ill ness and produce
f ar less greenhouse gases.
Electri c Vehi cles are not so green.
Ethanol production is not energy effi cient and utilises l and that
could produce food.
atural gas will not destroy surroundi ng ecosystems should an
accident occur.
Volatil e Organic ompounds (VO s) in Petrol eum product s pose
a risk to publ ic health and the Ozone.
2. Safety
atural gas as a f uel f or vehicl es i s f ar less hazardous than
conventional petroleum products such as petrol and LP.
oncentrated natural gas is not f lammable.
atural gas dissipates rather than pooling around a leak.
ompressed natural gas storage cylinders have a very high f actor
of safety.
ompressed atural gas equipment and facili ties must meet the
highest safety standards.
. Economics
Because of its abundance and reduced processing requirements, the price
of natural gas i s very low ompared to petrol, a vehicle running on
using a domesti c compressor would be paying about 26% f or the
equi valent of 1 l iter of petrol or about 19% f or the equivalent of 1 liter of
LP which has much less energy per liter than petrol. LP pri ces generally
f luctuate in response to world crude oi l prices. By rel yi ng on our national
natural gas resources consumers can expect consi stent, low f uel
prices which are not subj ect to international f luctuati ons.
. InevitabIe
The Worldwide rise of natural gas as a vehicle f uel is not onl y inevitable, i t
is already underway. atural gas offers a range of advantages to Australia
over traditional petroleum f uels and alternati ve fuels.
atural gas is cheap, abundant, high octane, easily combusti ble, and
widely availabl e throughout Australia through an extensive pipeline
distribution i nf rastructure.
t i s renewable in the form of bi ogas production. The harnessing of
biogas production resulting f rom human dumping and waste wil l help
reduce the emi ssion of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere f rom
such sources.
As a f uel, natural gas offers signif i cant environmental and publ ic
heal th advantages through reduced vehi cular greenhouse gases
emi ssi ons including particul ate emi ssions.
Use of natural gas as a vehi cl e f uel off ers Paki stan independence
f rom oi l producing countries and oil market f luctuations resulting
f rom international political and market influences.
atural gas off ers a cheaper alternative to any other avail able
vehicle f uel . Most signi f icantly Paki stan natural gas reserves are not
subject to the inf luences that result in f luctuating oil pri ces.
atural gas i s produced by decomposing organic materials and is a
by-product of human waste treat ment and dumping. This ef fectivel y
makes natural gas a renewable f uel and natural gas vehicl es
greenhouse neutral .
Vehicle and Engine manuf acturers are increasing production and
marketing of natural gas vehicles. These incl ude onda, Toyota,
suzu, Vol vo, Ford, VW, Mitsubi shi, Fi at, ummins and Mercedes
Benz.
RABACK8
ompressed natural gas vehicles require a greater amount of space for fuel storage
than conventional gasoline powered vehicles. Since it is a compressed gas, rather
than a liquid like gasoline, takes up more space for each gasoline gallon
equivalent (E). Therefore, the tanks used to store the usually take up
additional space in the trunk of a car or bed of a pickup truck which runs on .
This problem is solved in factory-built vehicles that install the tanks under the
body of the vehicle, leaving the trunk free (e.g. Fiat Multipla, ew Panda,
Volkswagen Ecofuel, Volkswagen addy Eclogue, and hevy Taxi - which sold in
countries such as Peru). Another option is installation on roof (typical on buses),
requiring, however, solution of structural strength issues. -powered vehicles are
considered to be safer than gasoline-powered vehicles.




REFERENCE8

1. www.cleanenergyfuels.com/pdf/Fuel_Matrix-sp.pdf
2. J. K. Parker, "A Freshman Engineering Design Project. 2002, Alabama, US
3. Q. S. hen, J. Wegrzyn, V. Prasad, "Analysis of Temperature and Pressure
hanges in Liquefied atural as (L) ryogenic tanks, 200, Y, US
. ice Academy, "V Technical Training V haracteristics and Safety
2006, Malaysia
5. ^
a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

i

j
"atural as Vehicle Statistics: V ount - Ranked
umerically as at December 2009". nternational Association for atural as
Vehicles. Retrieved 2010-0-27.
6. ) Envocare: Environment, Recycling, Ethical nvestment, Alternative Energy
7. ) "hugging along: After 13 years, apa Valley Wine Train rolls to a profit -
Jim Doyle - ovember 22, 2002". The San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved
2008-11-09.
8. http://www.naturalgas.org/overview/background.asp
9. courtesy BAF Technologies