International Rice Research InstituteInternational Rice Research Institute AnnualReport:‘The International Rice Research Institute (IRR!) was established in 1960 by the Ford and Rockefeller Foundations with the help and approval of the Government of the Philippines. Today IRRIis one of 13 nonprofit international research and training centers supported by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). The CGIAR is sponsored by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, the Inter- national Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank), and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). The CGIAR consists of 50 donor countries. international and regional organizations, and private founda- tions. IRRI ro including: ives support, through the CGIAR, from a number of donors, the Asian Development Bank the European Economic Community the Ford Foundation the International Development Research Centre the International Fund for Agricultural Development the OPEC Special Fund the Rockefeller Foundation the United Nations Development Programme the World Bank land the international aid agencies of the following governments: Australia Belgium Brazil Canada China Denmark Fed. Rep. Germany India Italy Japan Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Philippines Saudi Arabia Spain Sweden ‘Switzerland United Kingdom United States ‘The responsibility for this publication rests with the International Rice Research Institute.International Rice Research Institute Annual Report for 1984 1985 INTERNATIONAL RICE RESEARCH INSTITUTE LOS BANOS, LAGUNA, PHILIPPINES P.O, BOX 933, MANILA, PHILIPPINESContents ‘TRUSTEES PERSONNEL ABOUT THIS REPORT RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS GENETIC EVALUATION AND UTILIZATION (GEU) PROGRAM Genetic resources program Agronomic and physiological characteristics Grain quality and nutritional value Disease resistance Insect resistance Drought tolerance Adverse soils tolerance Deep water and flood tolerance Adverse temperature tolerance Innovative breeding methods ‘Computerized data management International Rice Testing Program Integrated GEU program CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT OF RICE PESTS Diseases Insects Weeds IRRIGATION WATER MANAGEMENT SOIL AND CROP MANAGEMENT Soil characterization Management of soil and fertilizer nitrogen Nitrogen fixation and azolla management vii xiii 7 3 45 65 85 101 11 115 12s 139 143 155 175 175 189 217 231 457 273Management of other nutrients International Network on Soil Fertility and Fertilizer Evaluation for Rice (INSFFER) Rice crop cultural practices Tillage and management of soil physical conditions CLIMATIC ENVIRONMENT AND RICE CONSTRAINTS ON RICE YIELDS CONSEQUENCES OF NEW TECHNOLOGY CROPPING SYSTEMS PROGRAM Analysis of the physical and biological environment Analysis of the social and economic environment Pest control in rice-based cropping systems Design and evaluation of cropping patterns Selecting and testing varieties for rice-based cropping patterns Agronomic management in rice-based cropping systems Preproduction testing and technology transfer Asian Rice Farming Systems Network MACHINERY DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING ASSOCIATED TRAINING PROGRAMS COOPERATIVE RESEARCH INFORMATION RESOURCES, EXPERIMENTAL FARM, AND SERVICE LABORATORIES PUBLICATIONS AND SEMINARS FINANCES STAFF CHANGES. WEATHER SUMMARY 293 305 315 319 331 343 361 31 371 377 383 395, 399, 4 433 441 451 463 415 498, 499 502si IRRI ANNUAL REPORT FOR 1984 Trustees DR. FORREST F. HILL Chairman of the Board Emeritus 701 The Parkway Ithaca, New York 14860, USA DR. KENZO HEMMI Chairman 1-12-42 Utsukushigaoka Midori-ku, Yokohama-shi Japan 227 MIN. SALVADOR H. ESCUDERO III Vice Chairman Minister of Agriculture and Food Ministry of Agriculture and Food Diliman, Quezon City Metro Manila, Philippines Members DR. M. S. SWAMINATHAN Director General International Rice Research Institute P.O, Box 933 Manila, Philippines MRS. TAHRUNNESSA A. ABDULLAH 4-B Amynabad Co-operative Housing Society Siddheswari Dacea 17, Bangladesh ATTY. EDGARDO J, ANGARA President University of the Philippines System Diliman, Quezon City Metro Manila, Philippines DR. ALMIRO BLUMENS' Director Centro Nacional de Pesquisa - Arroz, Feijio Caixa Postal 179 Goiania, Goias Brazil CHEIN DR. NORMAN R. COLLINS. Program Officer-in-Charge ‘The Ford Foundation 320 East 43d Street New York, N.Y, 10017, USA. DR. ROBERT K. CUNNINGHAM 35 Clarence Road Harpenden Herts ALS 4AH England DR. LLOYD T. EVANS Division of Plant Industry Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization P.O. Box 1600 Canberra City, ACT 2601 Australia DR. JAAP J. HARDON Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Director for Agricultural Research Wageningen Office Manshottlaan 4, Wageningen The Netherlands DR. LETITIA E, OBENG 56 West Park Avenue Kew, Surrey United Kingdom DR, IDA NYOMAN OKA. Bogor Research Institute for Food Crops (BORIF) Jalan Merdeka 99 Bogor, Indonesia DR. M. V. RAO Deputy Director General Indian Council of Agricultural Research Krishi Bhavan, New Dethi India DR. YOOKTI SARIKAPHUTI Director General Department of Agriculture Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives Bangkok, Thailand DR. XU GUAN-REN Director General Institute for Application of Atomic Energy in Agriculture Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences P.O. Box No. 5109, Beijing, China or Ma-Lian-Wa, Beijing, ChinaPersonnel OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR GENERAL M.S. Swaminathan, Ph D, director general Marcos R. Vega, Pht D, deputy director general Dennis J. Greenland, D Phil, deputy director general Mano D. Pathak, Ph D, director, research and training Hugh T. Murphy, MBA, director, administration Faustino M. Salacup, BS, CPA, director, protocol and lizison** Paul A. Cooper, BA, director, budget and accounts J. Ritchie Cowan, Ph D, consultant*** Yoshiko Yamamoto, MA, consulianr**** ADMINISTRATIVE AND PROFESSIONAL STAFF Rebecca C. Pascual, MS, manager, food and housing services Zosimo Q. Pizarro, LLB, manager, personnel and legal offices Pedro G. Banzon, LLB, manager, security. purchasing. and shipping offices Purita M. Legaspi, BBA, CPA, manager, accounting office LIAISON SCIENTISTS Manuel J. Rosero, Pt D, IRRI liaison scientist, Latin America Walter C. Tappan, BS, IRRI liaison scientist, Indonesia and ‘Malaysia Dioscoro L. Umali, Ph D, IRRI liaison sciemuist, China (consultant) Kaung Zan, Ph D, IRRIliison scientist, Africa COOPERATIVE RESEARCH STAFF AFRICA Kaung Zan, Ph D, IRRU liaison scientist BANGLADESH Frank Sheppard, Jr, D Eid, research systems analysi/ IRE representative ©. Thomas Brackney, MS, rice production specialist Dwight G. Kanter, Ph D, plant breeder Clarence J. Mille, Ph D, agricultural economisr® BURMA Makolm M. Hammond, Diploma, Agr. E, agricultural engineer Rosendo K. Palis, Ph D, agronomist Pedro B. Escuro, Pht D. plant breeder CHINA Dioscoro L. Umali, Ph D, IRRI liaison scientist (consultant) EGYPT Ebrahimali A. Siddig, Ph D. plant breeder Leo Dale Haws, Ph D, rice production training specialist Salvador C. Labro, BSME. EE, mechanization specialis#*** INDIA Fred E. Nichols, BSAE, agricultural engineer**** INDONESIA Walter C. Tappan, BS, IRRI liaison scientist Jerry L. Melntosh, Ph D. agronomist Venkat R. Reddy, MS, agriculniral engineer IRRI ANNUAL REPORT FOR 1984. vi JAPAN ‘Yasuo Takahashi, Ph D, part-time IRRI representative LATIN AMERICA Manuel Rosero, Ph D, IRRI liaison scientist MADAGASCAR B. B. Shahi, Ph D, plant breeder James R. Hoopper, PhD, agronomistr*** Michael Loevinsohin, Ph D, consultant*#** PHILIPPINES Robert E. Stickney, Ph D, agricultural engineer Dennis M. Wood, Ph D. erop production specialist THAILAND Donald W. Puckridge, Pht D. agronomist H, David Catling, Ph D, entomologist Billy J. Cochran, Ph D. agricultural engineer AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS John C. Flinn, Ph D, agricultural economist and head Edwin C. Price, Jr, Ph D, agricultural economist Cristina C. David, Ph D, agricultural economist Leonardo A. Gonzales, Ph D, agricultural economist (IRR) IFPRI) Clarence Miller, Pt D, agriculnaral economist® Marlin G. van der Veen, Ph D, network economist Albert Polak, Ph D, vsiring scientist Robert E. Huke, PhD, visiting scienssr**** Laurian J. Unneveh, Ph D, visiting scientist Joyotee Smith, Ph D, visting scienisi**** ‘Amanda Te, Ph D, visiting scientist™™ Jennie M. Dey, Ph D, consultanr*** Violeta Cordova, MS, assistant scientist ‘Abraham Mandac, MS, assistant scienist Pedro Bueno, MS, assistant scientisr**** Piedad Moya, MS, senior research assisuant Nicostrato Perez, MS, senior research assistant Thelma Paris, MS, senior research assistant Othaniel Coloma, MS, senior research assstant™**#* Nicanor Roxas, MS, senior research assistant Emesto Bautista, MS, senior research assstant***** Virginia Sandoval, MS, senior research assistans*~"**** Anita Frio, BS, research assistant Adelita Palacpac, BS, research assistant Ricardo Guino, MS, research assistant Gloria Umali, MS, research assistani Lourdes Velasco, MS, research assistant Estrella Antonio, BS, research assistant Raymundo Gonzaga, BS, research assistant Julius Feraren, BS, research assistant Vivencio Marfori, BS, research assistant Constancia Maranan, MS, research assistant Leonida Yambao, BS, research assistant Cecile Yaptenco, BS, research assisiant* Luisa Bambo, BS, research assistant Vivencio Marciano, BS, research assistantvid IRRI ANNUAL REPORT FOR 1984 Policarpio Masicat, BS, research asiiant Fe Gascon, BS, research assistant CCresencia Bantilan, BS, research assistant Gloria Mafioza, BS, research asitant Leticia Pua, MS, research asistant™™ Leah Acefa, BS, research asssiant** May Mercado, BS, research assistant™*' ‘Clemen Gonzales, MS, research assistant” Lolita Garcia, BS, research aide** Esther Marciano, BS, research aide ‘Aida Papag, BS, research aide Milagros Obusan, BS, research ade ‘Venancio Acebedo, BS, research aide** Celia Opeia, BS, research aide™* Macario Genesila, BS, research aide" Napoleon Viado, BS, research aide" AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING ‘Clarence W. Bockhop, Ph D, agricultural engineer Jack Barton Duff, MS, agricultural economist Makoto Ariyoshi, MS, agricultural engineer Robert E. Stickney, Ph D. agricultural engineer* ‘Amir U. Khan, Ph D, agricultural engineer Jeon Yong Woon, Ph D, associate agricultural engineer**** Venkat R. Reddy, MS, agricultural engineer Malcolm H. Hammond, Dip. Agr. E, agricultural engineer* Billy J. Cochran, PhD, agricultural engineer” Fred E. Nichols, BS, agricultural engineer**** Salvador C. Labro, MS, mechanization specialst* Ignacio C. Manali, BS, assistant engineer Nemelito N. Langam, BS, senior research assisiant** Pilar C, Lim, MS, senior research assistant Godofredo C. Salazar. MS, senior research assistant'* Alejandro L. Caballes, MS, senior research assistant Lawrence C. Kiameo, BS, research assistant Herbert T. Manaligod, BS, research assistant** Leonarda 2. Ebron, MS, research assistant Fleurdeliz S. Suarez, MS, research assistant Celerina L. Maranan, BS, research assistant Mamerto M. Aban, BS, research assistant Miguelto S. Diestro, BS, research assistant Inigo R. Camacho, MS, research asssiant® Leonides S. Halos, BS, research assistant** Faith C. Camacho, BS, research assistan* Edwin J. Calilung, BS, research assistana** Artemio B. Vasallo, BS, research asssiant Alfredo M. Mazaredo, BS, research assistant Myra Gina Palacpac, BS, research assistant” Alexis T. Belonio, BS, research assistant**** Ma, Rosario Pineda, MS, research asistant™ Eulito U. Bautista, MS, research assisranr**** Rustico C. Bautista, BS, research assistant Lami R. Atienza, BS, research assisiant* ‘Agnes P. Saloma, BS, research assistant Alice A, Lucas, BS, research asistant™* AGRONOMY Surajit K, De Datta, Ph D. agronomist Keith Moody, Pht D, agronomist ohn C. O'Toole, Ph D, agronomist® Cesar P. Mamasil, Ph D, agronomist and INSFFER coordi- Donald W. Pucksidge, Ph D, agronomist™ Roland J. Buresh, Ph D, soil scientist-IFDC3** Rober L. Zimdahi, PhD, visting scietisr**** Jose A, Malabuyoe, MS, assistant scientist Emesto L, Aragon, MS, asistont scientist ‘Wenceslo P. Abilay, Jt, MS, senior research asssiant™ Alfredo N. Calendacion, MS, senior research asiuant Evelyn Flordeliz, MS, senior research assistant Paul C. Bemasor, MS, senior research assistant Felipe V. Garcia, MS, senior research asistant* ‘Wilma N. Obcemea, MS, senior research assistant JJovencio M. Alcantara, BS, research assivant™ Serafin T. Amarante, MS, research assiant Jenny C. Calabio, MS. research assistant Ernesto G. Castillo, BS, research assistant Eduardo M. Castn, BS, research asistant Rebecea Salome C. Chavez, BS, research assistant Bemabe S. Ci, BS, research assistant Rolando T. Cruz, MS, research assistant Marilou det Rosario, BS, research assistant Josue P. Descalsota, BS, research assistant Patricio C. Eliot, MS; research assiuant ++ Rowena C. Evangelista, MS, research assistant Joel D. Sanya, MS, research assistant Euftocino V. Laureles, MS, research asistant Rosario. Lubigan, BS, research assistant Maxima ©. Mabbayad, BS, research assisiani*® Manolo A. Maguling, BS, research assistant “Teodoro T. Migo, BS, research assistant Domingo C. Navarez, BS, research asstant*® Ricardo P. Nowero, BS, research assistant Paquito P. Pabico, MS, research assistant Jaime L. Padilla, 5, research assistant oselito G. Real, BS, research assistans**e* Cristo A. Redulla, BS, research assistant Rogelio T. Rosales, MS, research assistant Marianne . Samson, BS, research assistant Elizabeth B, Yambao, MS, research assistant Leopoldo E. Estorinos, Jr, BS, research aide Ferdinand F. Fajardo, BS. research aide®##*-*"~ Rodrigo M. Gusto, BS, research aide Marian A. Liagas, MS. research aide™* Isabel C. Reyes, BS, research aider*#*-* Marilyn B. Sobreviias, BS, research aide** Rodolfo R. Villapando, BS, research aide* CEREAL CHEMISTRY Bienvenido O. Juliano, PhD, cereal chemist Mercedes B. de Mosqueda, D St, visting sensi Consuclo M. Perez, MS, assiam scientist Ma, Laisa Francisca C. Basta, BS; research asssiani**** Ma, Gracia B, Ibabao, MS, esearch assivtant Milagros R. Momongan, MS, research assistant Corazon P. Villareal, MS, research asistantIRRI ANNUAL REPORT FOR 1984 x About this report This 23d annual report includes research conducted during 1984. After carefully summarizing their work, scientists submitted more than 1,800 pages of documentation for this report, Further condensation produced this volume, necessarily abbreviated in style as well as detail. Although scientists’ names do not appear in the text, chapter and section headings identify departments responsible for the work reported. Scientists also report through Research Highlights, the International Rice Research Newsletter (IRRN), the institute's research paper series (IRPS), and conference proceedings, books, and technical journals. Each year, the institute intensifies its cooperative work with national and international agencies, based on the priorities expressed at work plan meetings. Although every section of this report makes specific mention of this collaboration, it is best described in the Cooperative Research section, p. 475. Other sections on cooperative work include those in the International Rice Testing Program (IRTP), p. 143; the International Network on Soil Fertility and Fertilizer Evaluation for Rice (INSFFER), p. 305; the Asian Rice Farming Systems Network (ARFSN), p. 441; the Machinery Development and Testing Program of Industrial Extension, p. 451; and the Associated Training Programs, p. 463. The amount of detail presented requires many abbreviations, which may disconcert readers, We therefore spelled out all names and terms on first use in each section and used abbreviations thereafter. This report refers to three fundamental types of rice culture. Upland culture means rice grown without irrigation in unbunded fields. Rainfed culture means rice grown without irrigation but in fields that are bunded to impound water. Irrigated culture means rice ‘grown with irrigation in bunded fields. The adjectives upland and lowland describe rice and rice-growing soils ‘The reportis ona metric basis and uses the International System of Units (SI), with a few exceptions. Monetary units are usually in U.S. dollars ($) but sometimes in Philippine pesos (exchange rate P 14 = $1). Control or check normally means an untreated control. Grain yield is calculated as rough rice at 14% moisture, and protein content as a percentage of brown rice at 14% moisture, Yield refers to grain yield unless otherwise noted. Most fertilizer amounts are converted from various formulations (POs, KO, etc.) to N, P, K, Zn, etc. Pedigrees are indicated by a slant bar (/) rather than by a multiplication sign (). For example, PTB33 X 1R30 is written PTB33/1R30. The sequence of crosses is illustrated by the number of slant bars. (PTB33 X IR30) X 1R36 is written PTB33/1R30/ /1R36. Fourth and further crosses are designated /4/, /5/ and so on. Backcrosses are indicated by a superscript numeral Unless otherwise noted, scoring of morphological characters and of damage attributed to rice pests and physiochemical stresses is based on scales in Standard Evaluation System for Rice (SES), 2d ed., 1980. Copies are available from the IRTP, IRR single asterisk (*) means difference at the 5% level of significance, and a double asterisk (#*) means significant difference at the 1% level. Unless otherwise stated, separation of means in table columns is by Duncan's multiple range test at the 5% level. This report normally uses generic names for chemicals. Use of a commercial or brand name does not constitute endorsement. ‘A thumb index on the back cover provides access to each section. To use it, bend the book slightly and follow the margin index to the page with the black-edge marker.