Tacite: User's Guide

TACITE 4.
1
Users Guide
TACITE 4.1 Users Guide
The software described in this guide is furnished under a written agreement and may be used only in accordance with the terms and conditions of the license agreement under which you obtained it.. The technical documentation is being delivered to you AS IS and Invensys Systems, Inc. makes no warranty as to its accuracy or use. Any use of the technical documentation or the information contained therein is at the risk of the user. Documentation may include technical or other inaccuracies or typographical errors. Invensys Systems, Inc. reserves the right to make changes without prior notice. 2006 Invensys Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of the material protected by this copyright may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, broadcasting, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from Invensys Systems, Inc. PIPEPHASE, NETOPT, and Invensys SIMSCI-ESSCOR are trademarks of Invensys plc, its subsidiaries and affiliates. TACITE is a trademark of Institut Franais du Petrole (IFP). Windows 98, Windows ME, Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows 2003, and MS-DOS are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. Compaq Visual Fortran is a trademark of Compaq Computer Corporation. Adobe, Acrobat, Exchange and Reader are trademarks of Adobe Systems, Inc. All other products may be trademarks of their respective owners. U.S. GOVERNMENT RESTRICTED RIGHTS LEGEND The Software and accompanying written materials are provided with restricted rights. Use, duplication, or disclosure by the Government is subject to restrictions as set forth in subparagraph (c) (1) (ii) of the Rights in Technical Data And Computer Software clause at DFARS 252.227-7013 or in subparagraphs (c) (1) and (2) of the Commercial Computer Software-Restricted Rights clause at 48 C.F.R. 52.227-19, as applicable. The Contractor/ Manufacturer is: Invensys Systems, Inc. (Invensys SIMSCI-ESSCOR) 26561 Rancho Parkway South, Suite 100, Lake Forest, CA 92630, USA. Printed in the United States of America, March 2006.
Copyright Notice
Trademarks
Contents
Introduction
About This Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii About TACITE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .viii About SIMSCI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .viii Where to find additional help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ix Online Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ix Online Help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ix Technical Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ix
Chapter 1 Overview
Main Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-1 Unique Advantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-1 Application Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-2 Assistance to Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-2 Optimization of Pipeline Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-4 Anticipation of Emergency Actions Consequences . . . . . . . .1-5 Specification of Operating Control Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-6 Training of Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-6 Production Allocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-7
Chapter 2 GUI Input

Fluid Characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-1 Specifying Process Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-2 Entering Transient Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-3 Scenarios Definition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-6 Transient Source Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-7 Valve Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-11 Relief Valve Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-13 Separator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-14 PID Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-17 Pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-19 Injection Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-21 Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-23 TACITE 4.1 Users Guide iii
Pigging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-25 Link Segmentation Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-27 Thermodynamic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-29 Transient Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-29
Chapter 3 Running Transient Simulations

Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1 Build the model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2 Initial conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3 Boundary conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3 Results Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4 Summary Description of Files Generated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5
Chapter 4 Transient Results Access System

Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1
Chapter 5 Tutorial Problems

About This Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1 Example 1 - Flow Variation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1 Problem Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1 GUI Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2 Specifying the Link Segments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4 Transient Data Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6 GUI Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-9 Example 2 - Terrain Slugging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-13 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-13 Problem Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-13 GUI Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-14 GUI Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-19
Chapter 6 Technical Reference

Modules Organization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1 Transport Equations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1 Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3 Thermodynamic Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3 Lumping Procedure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5 Hydrodynamic Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6 Numerical Scheme. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-7 Resolution Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-8 iv Contents
List of Available Equipments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-9
Chapter 7 Component Data Summary

Category Heading Statement (required) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-1 Component Definition (conditional - Section 1.2) . . . . . . . . . . . .7-1 SIMSCI Component Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-1 Non-library Components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-2 Petroleum Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-2
Appendix A Keyword Data Specifications

Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1 Initiating Transient Simulations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-2 Keyword Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-2 Defining Transient Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-3 Keyword Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-3 Component Lumping Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-3 Component Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-3 Thermodynamic Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-4 Unit Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-4 Psuedo Component Data Libraries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-5 Referencing CMP Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Defining Transient Simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Boundary Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pipeline Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-5 A-6 A-8 A-8
Appendix B Input Values for TACITE Appendix C Error Messages

Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-1
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Contents
Introduction
About This Manual
The TACITE User's Guide describes the capabilities and use of the TACITE add-on program within PIPEPHASE. It is designed to help you get the most out of the program. An outline of the manual is provided below.
Introduction Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Overview GUI Input Introduces the manual, the program, and SIMSCI. Explains the applications and advantages of TACITE. Describes the step-by-step method for entering transient data into the TACITE GUI. Explains the execution procedure and conditions for TACITE simulations. Provides a detailed description of the Transient Results Access System. Provides a step-by-step tutorial of two typical applications of TACITE. Provides detailed background information of the models used in TACITE. Provides an overview of the Component Data Category (extracted from the SIMSCI Component and Thermodynamic Data Input Manual).
Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7
Running Transient Simulations Transient Results Access System Tutorial Problems Technical Reference Component Data Summary
Appendix A Keyword Data Input Provides statement-by-statement Specification descriptions of the TACITE keyword input. Appendix B Input Values for TACITE Provides input values for TACITE code and user interface.
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About TACITE
The TACITE code, developed by IFP as a part of the EVE Consortium, is a compositional transient, multiphase flow simulation tool, for the design and control of oil and gas production pipelines and wells. The TACITE module within PIPEPHASE, has the ability to accurately predict a wide variety of flow scenarios. The program simulates the transient behavior of a fluid flowing through a single-link flow system. The source flowrate and sink pressure are specified as time-dependent boundary conditions. TACITE supports a multi-component fluid model. As such, the user-specified definition of the fluid in the pipeline, based on a complete slate of pure component fractions, is converted to a lumped mixture using state-of-the-art lumping techniques. Composition tracking allows for a local determination of the fluid composition, producing a good estimate of the fluid properties and local equilibrium conditions. The TACITE module allows you to enter data and review output results from the TACITE transient simulation within the PIPEPHASE environment.
About SIMSCI - ESSCOR

TACITE is backed by the full resources of Simulation Sciences Inc. (SIMSCI), a leader in the process simulation business since 1967. SIMSCI - ESSCOR provides the most thorough service capabilities and advanced process modeling technologies available to the process industries. SIMSCI- ESSCORs comprehensive support around the world, allied with its training seminars for every level of user, is aimed solely at making your use of TACITE the most efficient and effective that it can be. SIMSCI - ESSCOR is a member of the Intelligent Automation Division, an Invensys company. Invensys plc is a world class automation and controls company with its head office in London, England. The Intelligent Automation Division provides advanced software and computer based systems, instrumentation and flow controls for the petrochemical, food, beverage, power, rail, utility and general process industries. The Industrial Drive Systems Division supplies and services power drives, factory automation and engineered equipment for general industrial applications. The Power Systems Division supplies power control and energy management products and services for telecommunications, factory
viii Introduction
automation, computers and office equipment. The Controls Division supplies motors, sensors, controls and complete building management systems for the appliance, residential and commercial building markets. The Automotive Division supplies a broad range of seals, vibration controls, fluid systems, engineered polymers, and drive train components.
Where to find additional help

Online Documentation
TACITE online documentation is provided in the form of .PDF files that are most conveniently viewed using Adobe Acrobat Reader 5.0 or Acrobat Exchange 5.0. You can install Adobe Acrobat Reader 5.0 from the product CD, which requires 5 MB of disk space beyond that required to for PIPEPHASE . Online manuals are stored in the Manuals directory and they remain on the CD when you install the program. To access these files, open the PIPEPHASE ONLINE HELP.HLP file in the Bin directory and click the appropriate link to navigate to the corresponding PDF.
Online Help
TACITE comes with online Help, a comprehensive online reference tool that accesses information quickly. In Help, commands, features, and data fields are explained in easy steps. Answers are available instantly, online, while you work. You can access the electronic contents for Help by selecting Help/Contents from the menu bar. Context-sensitive help is accessed using the F1 key or the Whats This? button by placing the cursor in the area in question.
Technical Support
SIMSCI - ESSCOR and its agents around the world provide technical support and service for TACITE. If you have any questions regarding the use of the program or the interpretation of output produced by the program, contact your local SIMSCI- ESSCOR representative for advice or consultation. When calling one of the Technical Support Centers, be prepared to describe your problem or the type of assistance required. Also, to expedite your call, complete the following steps before calling Technical Support:
Have the installation CD and all provided documentation available.

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Determine the type of computer you are using. Determine the amount of free disk space available on the disk on which the product is installed. Note the exact actions you were taking when the problem occurred, as well as the steps you took leading up to that point. Note the exact error messages that appear on your screen, as well as any other symptoms.
Introduction
Chapter 1 Overview
TACITE is a compositional transient simulation tool designed for use in multiphase production pipelines and wells. TACITE is able to simulate transient and steady-state multiphase flows, for the design and control of oil and gas production pipelines. This chapter describes the advantages and industrial application areas of TACITE.
Main Features
TACITE is a modular code containing three main modules:
An integrated thermodynamic model which computes fluid physical properties. A sophisticated hydrodynamic model which computes the slip between the gas and liquid phases. A high performance numerical scheme which computes the conserved variables at each time step and in each pipeline cell.
Unique Advantages
The TACITE composition tracking approach allows for local determination of the fluid composition. The main advantages are:
A better estimate of the local phase behavior, fluid properties and local flow. Valuable information describing variations in source composition over time or within different links (for network simulations) can be taken into account.
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Predicted liquid and gas compositions at the outlet of the pipe, which can be useful for production allocation, downstream process calculation, plant operation and design. Implementation of an internal flash algorithm ensures robustness and accuracy of the simulation, in particular for conditions close to the phase envelope. Good prediction of phenomena such as local accumulation of the heavy components in the low points of the line and subsequent changes in fluid properties can be predicted.
Application Areas
The main goal in the oil and gas industry is to cut costs while increasing production. TACITE can predict the transient conditions under which any operation will proceed and help optimize operational efficiency through better safety and control.
Assistance to Operations
TACITE provides:

Better knowledge of the pipeline dynamic behavior. Good control perspective of the transient operations. Development of special operating procedures and schedules for operations, such as increases/decreases in flow, shut-down, restart, and depressurization. Preventive action to eliminate difficulties in operation and safety.
TACITE is effective in anticipating the causes and effects of changes in operation, as exemplified below.
Pipeline Packing/Depacking (or packing/drafting)
When pressure or inlet flow in the line increases, more gas/oil is stored in the line this is line packing. In the opposite situation, it is line depacking (or drafting). Several problems may occur:
Low temperature can result due to a high pressure drop (JouleThomson effect) combined with heat transfer with the environment (sea water or air). A change in liquid hold-up can occur; big liquid slugs may form due to the line profile (liquid in low points) or a change in flow or flow regime.
Overview
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TACITE can be used to anticipate a transport requirement, or to respond to one. It provides a good estimate of the gas or liquid stored in the line and is therefore very useful for forecasting line behavior for a fluctuating demand.
Change in Operating Conditions
The simulation of pipeline operating conditions involves changes in inlet flowrates and outlet pressure. The simulation of transient flow through TACITE allows you to anticipate dynamic effects, to react to changes in operating conditions, and to operate more smoothly, in an effort to prevent undesirable consequences.
Shut-down / Start-up of a Line
In shutdown and restart situations, problems may be caused by the accumulation of liquid along the line, mainly in the low points, which may produce big liquid slugs and a high pressure drop requirement at restart. TACITE simulations helps you to define the operating procedures (rate of flow increase or decrease) to minimize undesirable effects and avoid operating problems.
Valve Closure at Outlet
Valve closure very often occurs in relation with emergency action. However, in a link, it can also be a common operation. TACITE simulations can depict what will happen over time and along the pipeline in terms of pressure, temperature and liquid accumulation.
Prediction of Severe Slugging and Terrain Induced Slugging
In particular operating conditions or pipeline topology, it may be useful to know the flow regime in order to formulate a preventive action. For instance, TACITE is useful in predicting the severe/ terrain-induced slugging flow regime where there is periodic forward and reverse flow. This occurs mainly in slopes, risers, or lines with rough, irregular topological profiles containing low points where liquid can accumulate. This is a result of low fluid speed and low fluid energy, which make it difficult to maintain steady flow conditions.
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Special Transient Operation: Depressurization
For depressurization in a pipeline, TACITE simulates the heat transfer with the environment, and provides an accurate fluid thermodynamic state. TACITE is also able to predict the true thermodynamic behavior of the fluid in the pipeline and to anticipate potential problems, such as:
Low temperature due to Joule-Thomson expansion effect, and ice formation as a consequence. Effects of heat transfer with the environment. Liquid slugs.
Such a study would allow you to define the depressurization procedure (sequences, duration, and various steps) to ensure safety.
Simulation of Operational Scenarios
TACITE allows you to simulate a variety of operational scenarios involving valves, lateral feeds, and multiple wells.
Optimization of Pipeline Design

TACITE can help in the:

Prevention of operating problems. Prevention of reduction in transportation capacity. Prevention of oil or gas production losses. Optimum operation of rotating equipment.
This forecasting technique can result in an overall production gain, and at the same time, reduce investment capital and operating expenses. Typical examples are outlined below.
Sizing Production Network / Transportation Systems
Under acceptable flow regimes, TACITE allows you to avoid difficult flow conditions which generate very irregular outlet. You can also control pressure variations within certain limits. Under acceptable fluid speed, TACITE allows you to predict and prevent erosion.
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Overview
Sizing of Reception Installations
Transient flow conditions are very often the design conditions for certain sizing parameters of the pipeline and reception equipment. TACITE has the capability to predict the:

Capacity of the slug-catchers (gas pipeline). Capacity of separator units (oil pipeline). Sizing of inlet/outlet line, nozzles, valves, to avoid bottlenecks during transient flow situations.
Specification of Design Conditions for Pipeline and Equipment
TACITE allows you to model transient conditions due to threshold value actuated devices such as injection devices, relief valves, PID controllers, etc. From this information, the mechanical stress on elbows, T-connections, etc., as well as placement of pipe anchors and supports, can be determined.
Prediction of Risk Conditions for Solid Deposition and Line Plugging
Solid deposition and line plugging is mainly a result of low temperature or low flow rates. TACITE results can be used to effectively reduce the risk of hydrates formation, wax scaling, and sand deposit.
Anticipation of Emergency Actions Consequences

In existing systems, TACITE can help to evaluate safety systems to real life risks. In design studies, TACITE can be used to design operation schedules for the pipeline (pressure and temperature) and for online equipment (flowrate, flexibility, required discharge pressure, and temperature). TACITE can therefore be used to aid in the appropriate design of emergency/safety systems. It may be necessary at some point in time to employ various emergency actions, such as:

Valve closure downstream of the line Shut-down of production Shut-down of online rotating machines upstream the line Emergency depressurization
In order to control:
Pressure waves
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Overpressurization Low temperature Liquid slugs Hazardous events (line rupture for instance)
TACITE results can aid in predicting the likelihood and consequence of such events. This is especially important and useful in multiphase lines. This applies to liquid pipelines, when gas can appear, such as in depressurization, or abnormal flow conditions. It also applies to gas pipelines in situations when liquid can condense.
Specification of Operating Control Systems

With TACITE you can design the operating control system in accordance with the real pipeline behavior. Anticipation of any new situation in the pipeline network enhances the safety of the operation. TACITE is useful for:
Evaluating the adequacy of PID controllers or for designing PID controllers. Determining emergency logic system/alarm set points. Planning a production/transportation network, in relation with line packing and procedures developed for transient operations. Developing a real time simulator to visualize:

the trend of the pipeline behavior for the next few hours. what happens after a change is made to an operating parameter set point.
Planning operation strategies or training.
Training of Operators
Training concerns production operators and operators of transportation systems. The goal is to more easily control the interactions between the line and upstream/downstream equipment, while at the same time, attempting to operate the production/ transportation network in a safer manner. Operators must know about their pipeline dynamic behavior in a wide range of operating conditions.
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Overview
TACITE can be used as a training tool through the use of simulations and on-screen animation. It can also be used to study the sensitivity of the line behavior to various parameters, i.e., changes in flow, downstream pressure, inlet temperature, GOR, etc.
Note: Tacite does not converge incase of Blackoil, when the
GOR value is set to Zero or if the GOR value is not entered in source.Tacite requires two phase to run the simulation.
Production Allocation
TACITE can handle production allocation problems for multiple wells with inlet composition changes. TACITE can correctly and accurately allocate products leaving the pipeline to each producer using the pipeline to transport the production. This provides a accurate accounting of line hold-up and packing effect.
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Overview
Chapter 2 GUI Input

The PIPEPHASE installation program provides the option to install the graphical user interface (GUI) windows required to enter transient data and view the results. These calculations apply only if you have licensed the TACITE module. This chapter outlines the steps for entering transient data into the GUI for execution within the PIPEPHASE environment. The equivalent keyword input is described later in Appendix A.
Fluid Characterization
TACITE requires you to model fluids on a compositional or blackoil basis. For compositional simulations:

A detailed composition must be available. Accurate thermodynamic calculations are required. Vapor fraction is a major factor to consider. Clustering or Lumping must be ran prior to transient simulation. TACITE performance is optimal for four-seven components, in which case, either method can be used to create a reduced component slate: - Clustering may be used if you want to simulate a wide rate of (T-P) conditions - Lumping should be used if you require greater accuracy over a specified T-P range
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Run the lumping module to convert the N components composition into M pseudocomponents (N > M). Check that the characterization of the M pseudocomponents is correct by comparison with the N components data set. Compare the results for vapor fraction and liquid density. This lumping run will build the PVT file required for TACITE run. If N=M, still must run clustering to prepare data for TACITE.
Specifying Process Units

The first step in building a network involves entering the source and sink data. Refer to Chapter 5, Tutorial Problems, for a short review of this procedure.
To enter the Source data:
From the TACITE flowsheet, double-click on the Source. This brings up the Compositional Source window. Complete the Mandatory Data fields. Click OK. From the TACITE flowsheet, double-click on the Sink. This brings up the Sink window. Complete the Mandatory Data fields. Click OK.
To enter the Sink data:
After you have fully defined the source and sink properties within the main PIPEPHASE window, double-click on the link joining the two nodes. This brings up the Link Device Data window (Figure 21). Here you may enter all your device data (pipes, pumps, IPR, etc.). This step is similar to PIPEPHASE data entry. Some unit windows may have clearly indicated TACITE specific data entries. Additional transient scenario data is entered by clicking the TACITE button on the Link Device Data window.
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GUI Input
To enter the Link/Device data:
Double-click on the Link to bring up the Link Device Data window. Here you can specify the process units in your simulation.
Note: TACITE supported process units may require TACITE specific data.
Entering Transient Data

Transient simulations are allowed for compositional and blackoil fluid types. For these simulations, transient data may be entered by clicking the TACITE button in the Link Device Data window, shown below.
Figure 2-1: Link Device Data Window
Transient simulations are only allowed for links with TACITE supported equipment.
Note: If unsupported equipment is present in the link, you will not
be warned that the equipment will be ignored by the transient model before the Transient Simulation Data window is opened. Since only the compositional model and blackoil models are currently available in TACITE, the TACITE button will not be visible for the condensate, steam, gas and liquid models.
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Transient Simulation Input
Clicking the TACITE button brings up the main window for transient data input, as displayed in Figure 2-2. Within this window, you can access functional windows or TACITE windows for specifying the transient data.
Figure 2-2: Transient Simulation Data Window
A transient simulation starts with initialization, which will be run for a certain amount of time to allow for hydrodynamic, thermal, and thermodynamic stabilization. Compositions, liquid content, pressure, and temperature tend to become steady. Liquid content stability is a good criteria for stabilization.
Stabilization Time An oil line will be quicker to stabilize than a gas pipeline with condensates. The required initial stabilization time is estimated from the results obtained during the first run. Results are not stored during this period. If no value is specified, TACITE will determine the stabilization time based on an internal stationary flow criterion. This is the real time of simulation, from t=0, in addition to the stabilization. The restart option allows the simulation to start from the end of an existing simulation. In this case, simulation time includes time already simulated in previous run. The results file includes the overall results.
Transient Duration
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GUI Input
Both stabilization time and transient duration (both in seconds) must be specified.
Temperature Profile Drop-down Menu Items: Several options are available to model the thermal behavior during the transient simulations: User-Defined Simple model with user-defined temperature profile along the pipeline. This profile is determined from the outlet temperature of each pipe or tubing segment. This method uses a linear temperature profile between the inlet and outlet of the device. This information is entered in the Device Data screen. The steady state model computes the temperature profile at the steady state conditions and uses this profile for the duration of the transient simulation. (The configuration of the well is limited to a tubing string with one annulus.) The transient model predicts the temperature profile for each time step, neglecting the transient effects of the external heat loss. The configuration of the well is limited to a tubing string with one annulus. The rigorous transient model with wall inertia computes the temperature profile at each time step, including the transient heat loss through the pipeline wall and insulation layers. For wells, the transient heat loss through the tubing wall, annulus, casing, and external layers is considered. The heat loss to the formation is calculated using the Ramey model. This component of the heat loss is not updated during the transient simulation because the transient duration is small in comparison to the overall production time. This method has the same methods, data requirements, and limitations as the transient temperature profile, except it has additional effects of the transient heat transfer through the walls. (See Figure 2-17)
Steady
Transient
Transient w Wall
Default names are provided for the restart and component data files. You may select another name for the component data files so that clustering or lumping results may be used by more than one simulation. To bring up additional data windows:
Click on... Scenarios... To... Open the Transient Scenarios window (Figure 2-3) to specify the transient scenario.
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Click on... Device Data...
To... Open the Device Data window (Figure 2-19) to view the pipe segments you have defined. You have the option to specify the number of segments or segment length within this window. Open the Source Data window (Figure 2-5) to allow feed streams to be selected. This also allows access to Component Lumping and Component Clustering data. Open the Other Data... window (Figure 2-21) to specify the report frequency or report times. Open the Pigging window (Figure 2-17) to enable pigging. You can enter pigging data relating to launcher/trap location and size specifications.
Source Data...
Other Data... Pigging
Scenarios Definition
Click on the Scenarios button within the Transient Simulation Data window (Figure 2-2) to define a transient scenario. Click the Add button (Figure 2-3). This will bring up the Define Transient Scenario window (Figure 2-4).
Figure 2-3: Transient Scenarios Window
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GUI Input
Figure 2-4: Define Transient Scenario Window
If Source is selected, the Parameter list box will include various selections for Rate, Composition and Temperature. The latter selection will not be included if the Temperature Profile on the Transient Simulation Data window is specified as User-Defined. If the Sink is selected, the Parameter list box will include a single item, Pressure. When the Load Times button is clicked, it will provide default start and end times based on the problem. If Link is selected, you can select any device in the link which supports Transient Scenario specification (see each unit specification for details). The Parameter list box will show the parameters allowed for the selected equipment. Change data is entered on the grid to the right. Up to 100 changes are permitted, but only six are given on this window. The More Data... button opens a worksheet where you can enter additional data. You must specify the initial conditions on the first line, but the zero times may not be edited. Subsequent rows are optional. If a Start Time is entered, the time must be greater than any previous time and the Final Value is then required.
Transient Source Data

Entering data into the source and sink windows is no different than for PIPEPHASE simulations. The boundary conditions, however, are limited for transient simulations. You must enter the source feed rate, source temperature and sink pressure. You then have the option to use results from the last simulation or allow the program to estimate this data if it is not available from steady state calculations.
TACITE 4.1 Users Guide 2-7
User Interface
To run TACITE, first you should have defined a detailed composition, the main source, and all the auxiliary sources. Before running the transient simulation, you must perform a simulation of clustering or lumping to define an optimized set of a reduced number of components. To perform such a simulation, complete the Source Data window (Figure 2-5):
Figure 2-5: Source Data Window
Primary Feed is the main source that feeds the stream of a link. By default this source is the first source in the network. Auxiliary Feeds are additional sources that can be added as the links stream feed to the Primary Feed. In the GUI the user may add up to five auxiliary feed sources. TACITE supports modeling a transient simulation in a LINK within a PIPEPHASE network. Using Auxiliary Feed enables the user to specify more than one source to feed a particular LINK stream during transient calculations. Auxiliary source scenarios can be entered independently for all of the auxiliary feeds, in addition to the primary feed scenario. Among the parameters that can be changed in editing scenarios for auxiliary feeds are the following: Temperature, Total Weight Rate, Total Molar Rate, Total Standard Liquid Volume Rate, Total Standard Gas Volume Rate, and Component Mass Fraction.
Component Clustering is a simplified method to reduce the number of components to speed up transient calculations. The
GUI Input
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user specifies the number of pseudo components and the number of components at the beginning of the component slate that may be retained as pure components. When using this option, the CMP file will show all of the component properties. The default value for number of pseudo components is four, when more than four components are present in the simulation.
Component Lumping is a more rigorous method to reduce the number of components and to ensure accuracy. There are two possibilities:
You can impose the number of pseudocomponents desired, so you must complete the field Number of Pseudo Components in the component clustering part and, click (check) the box next to Use Number of Pseudos from Clustering. If you want TACITE to determine the number of pseudocomponents, make sure the Use Number of Pseudos from Clustering box is unchecked. Then you can impose an error tolerance on the objective function by filling the corresponding data: the default value is 0.02 (2%). This objective function is the minimum average error (between lumped fluid and detailed fluid) on less present phase volumetric fraction and most present phase density. The maximum number is set to seven to reduce calculation time, but you can impose a greater number as previously discussed. The Component Lumping is optimized over a given temperature and pressure range. Enter this data by clicking the Pressure and Temperature Points button and completing the points on the pressure temperature window. The Component Lumping may fail if you have not provided enough points in the two-phase region. You can also exclude some components from the lumping procedure; these components have to be at the end of the component list. If there is water in the fluid composition, the water has to be excluded. So if you have water, put it at the end of the component list.
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Figure 2-6: Conditions For Component Lumping
Important Notes for Lumping
The more pressure temperature points there are located in the two-phase region, the more accurate the lumping solution. The closer the temperature pressure points to the simulation conditions, the more accurate the lumping solution. If some points are in the monophasic region of the lumping procedure, try to modify them by putting them in the two-phase region. If there is no two-phase point, the lumping procedure will use a dynamic clustering method that is less accurate.
You can check the error obtained on the pressure temperature window for the determined lumping, by looking at the end of the lumping message file. If the dynamic clustering method has been activated, there will be no information about the error.
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GUI Input
Valve Specification
In TACITE, the valve is a pressure loss device. In the scenario setup, the stem position as a function of time can be specified over the following range: from full open (100%) to a minimum of 10% open. If the valve is the last device in the link then the stem position can be taken all the way to shut position (0 % open). The speed of valve opening and/or closing affects the pipeline transient behavior.
Typical Simulation Objectives
The simulation of different valve closing and opening schedules on eliminating the undesirable effects such as pressure spikes & severe slugging can be studied.
Device Window Interface
For transient simulations with a valve device, the Valve window allows you to select a transient valve by entering the coefficient and exponent values as shown in Figure 2-7. The GUI valve variables coefficient and exponent are equivalent to the keywords TRCOEFF and TREXPO on the VALVE statement. Enter the following data in the Valve screen (Figure 2-7):

Valve inlet diameter, Outlet diameter, K or KMUL (required for PIPEPHASE network simulations) Valve discharge Coefficient (CD0) and exponent (E) to model the effect of valve closure. CD = CD0 * (Valve opening)**E
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Figure 2-7: Valve Window
The transient valve variables, defined as TRCOEFF and TREXPO in the keyword input and Coefficient and Exponent on the Valve GUI (Figure 2-7) are defined according to the following theory. The pressure drop across the valve is defined as:
Vm Vm P = K ----------------2
where P
K = = = = pressure drop, P1 - P2 pressure drop coefficient fluid density center of mass velocity
Vm
The pressure drop coefficient K of a valve is computed by TACITE as a function of two variables associated with the valve opening: TRCOEFF (valve coefficient) and TREXPO (valve exponent [= 1 for a linear valve]). The pressure drop coefficient K describes the relation between P and the flowrate.
11K = ----- -------2 2 C d C d0
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GUI Input
The coefficient Cd is determined experimentally and is given by the manufacturer. It depends on the type of flow (turbulent or laminar), the type of valve, the diameter of pipe and the valve opening. There are two methods to determine Cd. The first is by means of the following equation.
C d0 Q C d0 V m C d = ------------------------------------------ = ------------------------------------------------1 1 2C 2 P + V 2 2 -----m d0 Q S Cd0
--
( 2S C d0 P + Q )
2 2
2 2
--
where
= = =
VmS = fluid flowrate

pipe cross-section valve coefficient (TRCOEFF)
The curve of Cd as a function of valve opening is not always a simple function. It can be simplified to the equation shown below, where the valve coefficient, Cd, is a function of the valve opening in percent.
C d = C d0 ( valve opening )
where
= valve exponent (TREXPO)
Notice that if the valve opening is 100%, then K is equal to zero, and so the pressure drop is also equal to zero. And if the valve opening is 0%, then 1/K is equal to zero, so Vm is also equal to zero and consequently the fluid flowrate Q is equal to zero. For a valve located at the pipe exit, this allows for the simulation of a transient shutdown by putting the valve equal to 0% in the valve scenario.
Relief Valve Specification

In TACITE, the relief valve device allows the pipeline to depressurize by allowing mass to flow out of the pipeline when pressure in the pipeline at the relief valve location has exceeded a pre-set relief pressure value. Relief valves may be located anywhere in the pipeline.

the sufficient emergency relief capacity in the pipeline the effects of the multi-phase flow during relief the effects of the relief valve location
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the set relief pressure

Figure 2-8: TACITE Relief Valve Window
Enter the Relief Valve inlet diameter.
Note: The relief valve diameters must be less than or equal to 1/
10th the diameter of the pipeline at that location.
Scenario Data Input Window Interface
After selecting the Device Type, Relief Valve, you must specify the Outlet (Outside) Pressure (or set relief pressure) as the initial conditions of the relief valve in the TACITE Scenario section of the data (Figure 2-4). The relief pressure can be changed as a function of time. If the pipeline pressure at the relief valve location goes above the set pressure, the relief valve will open. If the pipeline pressure at the location goes below the relief pressure, the relief valve will close. If the Valve is the Device Type, the user must also specify the initial conditions of the valve stem position in the TACITE Scenario section (Figure 2-4). The valve stem position with time can also be specified as part of the scenario.
Separator
The Separator is a cylindrical vessel with a user defined angle of inclination (0 degree is horizontal and 90 degree is vertical) and a separator diameter. Currently, the separator is allowed only as the last device in the link just before the sink.
Separator may get flooded or the separator pressure exceeds the design pressure during severe slugging.
GUI Input
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natural slugging terrain induced or flow rate change
Associated with the separator is a valve and a PID Controller for each of the separated gas and liquid streams. The characteristics of the PID Controllers can be specified by the user. The PID Controller will also enable the user to model the pressure changes in the separator as a function of time based on the PID Controller adjustments of the valves.
Enter the applicable data for the Separator (Figure 2-9) and click the TACITE Data button to access the TACITE Separator window (Figure 2-10).
Figure 2-9: Separator Window
Phase removed - Vapor or Liquid (Three phase separation not currently supported).
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Figure 2-10: TACITE Separator Window
Constant Geometrical Data is the Separator Length, Diameter, and Inclination Angle values. Separator Control Parameter Range is the Min. Oil Level, Max. Oil Level, and the Imposed Oil Level for Max. values. For the Imposed Oil Level, TACITE will set the liquid level to this value if the maximum liquid level is exceeded during the transient simulation. Valve Data is the user specified valve diameter, coefficient and valve exponent (to calculate the valve coefficient at various stem positions). Controller Parameters are the characteristic coefficients for each control components: Proportional, Integral, and Differential (PID). The controllers control the valves stem position.
Scenario Data Input
The user must specify the initial conditions of the separator data in the TACITE Scenario screen (Figure 2-4). All the available separator variables on this screen must at least be defined at time=zero. This variable may also be used to define the scenarios. The variables are:
2-16 GUI Input
Gas discharge pressure drop of the gas stream valve Liquid discharge pressure drop of the liquid stream valve Gas pressure set point in the separator Liquid level set point in the separator
PID Controller
The PID Controller is used to control measured conditions along the pipeline by adjusting operating variable setpoints in the pipeline equipment.
PID Controllers introduce transients in the pipeline that can be accurately modeled by TACITE. Transient simulations can be used to examine the effectiveness of the controller parameters and to optimize the design of the controller. The PID Controller is also useful in setting and maintaining boundary conditions anywhere along the pipeline.
The PID Controller is a device placed in the link at the location where measured data will be sustained at a specified set point. For example, a control device can be added as the last device in the link to control conditions at the link outlet.
Figure 2-11: TACITE Controller Window
Controller name
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Controlled Equipment Name - The controller equipment entered is not used for the separator. The separator has in-built PID Controllers to adjust the valve opening to control the gas stream pressure or the liquid level. Measured Variable - The set point for this variable is defined as a scenario. Valid measurements include:

Pressure Temperature Total Mass Flow Rate Gas Mass Flow Rate Oil Mass Flow Rate Gas Volumetric Fraction Oil Volumetric Fraction Gas Absolute Velocity Oil Absolute Velocity Gas Superficial Velocity Oil Superficial Velocity
Controlled Variable - Select the equipment variable to be adjusted to meet measured variable set point. Valid variables include:
Variable Pressure Temperature Total Mass Flow Rate Valve Opening Rotational Velocity Device Sink, IPR, Relief Valve Source, IPR, Injection Source, Injection Valve Pump
Controller Parameters - Enter the P Coefficient for proportional component of control, I Coefficient for integral component of control, and D Coefficient for derivative component of control.
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GUI Input
Scenario Data Input
One scenario is required to define the set point for the controller measured variable. The scenario selected must agree with the measured variable selected for the controller. This information should be specified on the TACITE Scenario screen (Figure 2-4).
Pump
Pumps are equipment devices used to increase the pressure in a liquid dominated line. TACITE uses the Poseidon multi-phase pump model developed under the Poseidon Project by IFP, Total, and Statoil. Transient thermal models may not be used when pumps are present in the link.
Pumps actuated transient behavior that can be accurately modeled by TACITE. Transient simulations can be used to examine the effectiveness of changing pump speeds to handle various startup and shutdown scenarios or to determine the transient affect of modifying pump speeds after a steady state condition has previously been reached.
The Pump is a device placed in a link at the location where pipeline pressure is to be increased. For example, a pump can be placed at the beginning of a upward sloping pipeline to ensure the pressures remain sufficient for complete transfer of fluid to the end of the pipeline. TACITE specific data required for the pump is entered in the TACITE Pump window (Figure 2-12) after clicking the TACITE Data button from the Pump window:
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Figure 2-12: TACITE Pump Window
Pump name The Name of the pump is displayed for information. The name can only be changed from the main pump window. Number of Stages The maximum number is 30. Push the Stage Data button to open the TACITE Pump Stages worksheet and complete the fields provided: Print, Input ID, Input OD, Output OD, and Angle Coefficient. Operating Conditions This includes the Nominal Rotation Velocity, Minimum Rotational Velocity, Maximum Rotational Velocity (not to exceed 150 rotations per second), and Maximum Pressure Drop.
Note: The Nominal Rotation Velocity value will be used for
the entire transient simulation unless a scenario has been specified. The rotational velocities must range between 0 and 150 rotations per second.
Note: The Maximum Pressure Drop value will be enforced
through the duration of the transient simulation.

Scenario Data Input Interface
Scenarios are not mandatory for the pump. You may vary the pump rotational velocity. Specify the start and end times for each velocity you wish to simulate. This velocity will be ramped up linearly
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GUI Input
between the times specified or will be held constant over the time specified if the velocity is the same as the ending velocity for the previous time segment.
Injection Device
The injection device is a means of introducing a separate stream in the middle of a link to flow with the main stream. If the injection flow rate (from the injection device) varies with time, the flow characteristics in the pipeline will change accordingly. The injector flow scenario can be modeled as a arbitrary user defined flow rate schedule or it can be automatically calculated if the you wish to model a finite volume, compressible fluid injector. If the finite volume compressible fluid option is activated, the flow rate through the injector will be controlled by the compressibility of a fluid contained in the finite volume injector. In this case the user must specify Injection angle (which affects the momentum transfer), the injection line length & diameter (to calculate the volume of the injector), Injector hole diameter and the threshold pressure drop.
To model the effect of gas lift (continuous or intermittent) in a well. Helps to model the effect of lateral pipelines flowing into the main line in a flow network with a user specified flow rate and flow composition scenario. The 'finite volume compressible fluid' injector option can be used to model pressure differential activated injection for example in intermittent gaslift in risers to reduce severe slugging effects.
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Figure 2-13: Injection Device Window
Define Injector pressure or temperature (not mandatory).
Note: For TACITE, the 'Mandatory data' for PIPEPHASE is not
required.
Figure 2-14: TACITE Injector Window
Injection Angle from Pipe Axis Injection Line Length
This is the angle of the injection from the pipe axis in the direction of flow. 0 < angle <90o This is the injector line length which is used to calculate the volume of the injector line and is used to activate the compressible injector volume option. If set to zero the incompressible option is used.
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GUI Input
Injection Line Diameter
This is the injector line diameter which is used to calculate the volume of the injector line. Set it to zero if compressible option is not required. Note: The calculated line volume must be less than 5000 m3.
Injector Hole Diameter
Required for the compressible injector option and has to be < the half the pipe diameter. This diameter is used to calculate the fluid pressure drop from the injector to the main line. Required only if compressible option is desired. When the pressure difference between the injector and the mainline is greater than this threshold pressure the injector will get activated.
Threshold Pressure Drop
Initial Conditions ( @ time = 0 ) & Scenario data
The user must specify the composition scenario, the injection flow rate scenario from the TACITE/Scenarios screen. Click Add and then click the Link Name radio button and change the Device Type to Injector. The injection temperature scenario if specified will be used only for the thermal calculation option. If the user really does not wish to model a real transient scenario for variations in the injector parameters, these values (component fraction and flow rate and temperature) must at least be set (specified) at time zero at a minimum.
Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR)

The IPR (inflow Performance Relationship) is used to model the effect of the flow in a reservoir into a well/pipeline system. TACITE supports the straight PI model. If the user specifies the PI value the steady state IPR is modeled.
For the steady state PI mode, the IPR is used to model the effect of the pressure decline in a reservoir on the well/pipeline performance. Here the Reservoir flow is at pseudo-steady state. Additionally, the reservoir production stream composition can be changed over time.
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Figure 2-15: IPR Window
Select PI model.
Figure 2-16: TACITE Steady State PI Window
Specify PI value if you want to model pseudo-steady state reservoir flow. Click OK.
Access the Define Transient Scenario window (Figure 2-4) and complete the following:

The user must specify the initial Pressure of the IPR at time=0. Optional scenario variables:

Pressure Temperature Component weight fraction or Component model fraction
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GUI Input
Additional IPR Notes for User Interface
The PI or IPR location L must satisfy 0 L pipeline length.
Pigging
A pig is a spherical or cylindrical (neoprene type material) ball which is dispatched through a pipeline. Typically, pigging is used to increase the gas flow efficiency in wet gas and gas dominated multiphase pipelines. This is done by the pig moving through the pipeline from a given launcher location to a given pig trap and pushing out the liquid in the form of a slug. The diameter of the pig is normally very close to the pipe diameter.
Typical simulation objectives
The pigging calculation predicts the quantity of liquids formed as multiphase fluid flows in a pipeline and helps determines the size of the liquid slug that is pushed out by the pig. This can be helpful in calculating the required volume of a Slug Catcher Tank. TACITE will also provide the liquid build up in the pipeline as a function of time after each pigging cycle. Other useful results include the time required for the pigging cycle to be completed, the pressure changes in the system, and estimating operational parameters.
User Interface
Click the Pigging... button from the Transient TACITE Simulation Data window (Figure 2-2) to bring up the TACITE Pigging window. Enable Pigging and enter the corresponding values for the following parameters (Figure 2-17):
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Figure 2-17: TACITE Pigging Window
Launcher location is the distance from the inlet of the pipeline where the pig is going to be entered. The launch location must be at a mesh point (should fall exactly at the end of the pipe) other than the entrance to the pipe. This location should be larger than the one SEGMENT of the pipe. Trap Location is the distance from the pipeline inlet where the pig is taken out. Hence, the trap location has to be less than the pipeline length.
Note: Equipment such as valve, injector, relief valve, and
pump or PI cannot be located on the pipe between launcher location and trap location during a pigging simulation

Diameter has to be less or equal to the pipe diameter. Length has to be equal or less than 1/5th the length of the shortest segment. Weight has to be entered in the simulations defined input units. Wall Friction Factor Coefficient is commonly taken to be 1.
Note: A few overall limitations are: The transient thermal options
are not available with pigging and the restart option is not available for a pigging simulation.
Scenario Data Input
Variable Parameters that can be specified in the TACITE Scenario window is shown in Figure 2-4.
2-26 GUI Input
Parameter for Pigging - Launch Status is the only parameter that needs to be specified and it can only accept values 0 or 1. Pig status in pipe is equal to 0 at time t=0 (steady-state computation) and equal to1at launching time (End Time).
Link Segmentation Discussion

To perform a simulation, you must divide the pipeline into cells or segments (Device window in Figure 2-2). The accuracy of the simulation is a function of the number of cells. A typical number of cells for a pipeline simulation is 30 to 60. A very detailed profile, with important and frequent changes in elevation, will require more cells to produce good accuracy, than a short pipeline, or than a pipeline with a flat profile. Your choice of the number of cells depends on the length of the pipeline. For example, 10 cells for a 100 mile long pipeline is not enough (too few). The dynamic behavior of the pipeline will be largely distorted. However, increasing the number of cells a lot will not necessarily produce a large change in the results. It will just decrease the cells size, and increase the simulation time by reducing the time step. This occurs because, for a transient simulation, the stable time step size is directly dependent on the smallest cell size. Conversely, when oversimplifying the profile, you have the possibility of neglecting some profile effects. As a result, the model may arrive at a inaccurate liquid content. The size of the smallest cell determines the time step of the simulation. When too small, it will lead to very small timestep and will increase the CPU time.
Note: Be careful with the risers. Sometimes, a short riser will
generate the smallest cell. A riser should not be divided in less than 2 or 3 cells, which is often enough for a short riser. The inside properties of the pipe device should be specified. This can be achieved from the Pipe window. Double-click the TACITE Data button to accessing the Thermal Wall Inertia window (Figure 2-18). Provide the pipe/insulation layer data for the pipe device, by entering the density and specific heat for the pipe wall and insulation(s).
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Figure 2-18: TACITE Data - Thermal Wall Inertia Window
Other properties of the pipe device should be specified to complete the pipeline configuration. The Mesh segmenting for transient simulations is controlled through the Device Data window shown in Figure 2-19. The device names, lengths and elevation changes are displayed. You may define either the number of segments or segment length for each flow device. Zero segments are allowed to indicate that a mesh point is not available for that pipe. Also indicate the Outlet Temp. degrees for the pipe device. This will only be active if you have the User Defined Temperature Profile enabled.
Figure 2-19: Device Data Window
Click the View... button to bring up a schematic of your pipeline configuration (i.e., distance versus elevation) and the generated mesh points.
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GUI Input
Figure 2-20: Pipeline Configuration With Marked Mesh Points
Thermodynamic
For TACITE transient simulations, the user must specify the TACITE thermodynamic method. This method is comprised of the following components:
K-Value, Enthalpy and Gas Density Liquid Density Transport Properties Kij Databank Peng-Robinson (Default) or Soave-Redlich-Kwong Peneloux Petroleum with Parachor method for surface tension PROCESS (default) or SIMSCI
Transient Output
You can specify the transient output through the Other Data... window. The Report Frequency option allows transient data to be stored at a specified frequency or in time intervals (the default is 10 seconds). You should note that if you specify a small time step, this will produce rather large results files. The Flash Tolerance is an optional entry for single-phase compositional models. You can generate complete transient reports at precise times, as specified in the cells of the Report Times list. You can enter a maximum of 10 report times.
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Figure 2-21: Other Data Window
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GUI Input
Chapter 3 Running Transient Simulations

Overview
This chapter describes the steps required to run TACITE transient simulations after the necessary data has been entered. All program calculations can be controlled from the Run Simulation window accessed by the Run button on the toolbar. This brings up the data window shown below, supporting:

Perform Component Lumping or Clustering Check and Run Simulation Link to View Transient Results Access System (TRAS) Stop the simulation with a restart file for future simulations Restart the simulation
Figure 3-1: Run Simulation and View Results Window
Chapter 3-1
Build the model
The first step is for the user to build a pipeline they wish to simulate, making sure to use a compositional source and to use equipment supported by TACITE. Equipment not supported by TACITE is ignored by the transient simulation. The following equipment is supported in this version of TACITE:

PIPE TUBING PUMP VALVE RELIEF VALVE PIGGING Operation INJECTOR PID Controller SEPARATOR IPR (device with Productivity Index Model)
You must fill out all required TACITE data in the associated data entry windows for each device before doing a TACITE simulation.
Define Simulation Details
For compositional systems with many components, you must first perform component lumping or clustering. Define the component lumping and/or clustering information located in the LINK window under the TACITE button. You will also need to supply scenarios for the TACITE transient simulation as well as segmenting details, transient duration, reporting frequency and other data needed for the transient simulation. See Chapter 2 for details on entering this data.
Chapter 3-2
Running Transient Simulations
Initial conditions
In general, the initial values of the variables are computed along the pipe by solving the steady-state set of equations for the initial boundary conditions. If steady-state does not exist, as it does in severe or terrain slugging cases, an approximate steady-state is determined by ignoring the geometry induced transients.
Boundary conditions
Before executing the simulation, ensure that you have specified the following boundary conditions:

At the inletcomponent mass flowrates and temperature. At the outletpressure.
Nonstandard boundary conditions may be simulated by using special equipment models. For instance, a transient shutdown may be simulated through the closure of a valve located at the pipe exit.
For Component Lumping and Component Clustering
With all the necessary information specified, you can now proceed to the run window and execute Component Lumping or Component Clustering. This step will generate an input file named name-lumping.inp or name-clustering.inp depending on the type of run you perform. Next it will begin the calculations to produce the .cmp and .pvt files which contain the lumped or clustered component information. If you dont specify a name for these files, the default names will be name-pseudo.cmp and name-pseudo.pvt. Once you have generated these files you are ready to begin the TACITE Transient calculation.
Chapter 3-3
Figure 3-2: Run Simulation and View Results Window
From the run window choose the TACITE Transient type of simulation and begin the run. Doing this will create several files necessary for the TACITE Transient calculation module to begin execution. Once the simulation is complete, several other files will have been generated which are used for examining the results. The user does not need to look at these files since the TACITE Results Access System (TRAS) is available which will graphically communicate these results. TRAS is started by selecting the TACITE Results Access System button on the run window.
Results Analysis
A TACITE simulation generates several results files which contain data dependent on space and/or time. Space-dependent variables are stored as a function of spatial location on each mesh side at the beginning of the simulation. These variables are location, absolute elevation, and cross-sectional area.
Chapter 3-4
Time-dependent variables are stored as a function of time, but only at specific time steps. They are not dependent on the location in the line. These variables are in real time from the start of simulation. They include cumulative produced gas mass, cumulative produced oil mass, total gas volume, total oil volume, total gas mass, total oil mass, and total mass of each component. Time and space dependent variables are stored on the upstream side, on each mesh cell center and on the downstream side, as a function of time at specific time steps. These variables are also in current time from the start of simulation. They include the position in space, flow pattern, slug fraction, pressure, temperature, gas volumetric fraction, oil volumetric fraction, superficial gas velocity, superficial oil velocity, gas mass flowrate, oil mass flowrate, mass flowrate of components, mass fraction of components in the gas, and mass fraction of components in the oil. The evolution of those physical parameters can be visualized through graphics or animation, either in space along the pipe at a given time, or at any given location as a function of time.
Summary Description of Files Generated

Through the course of a TACITE transient simulation, several files will be generated and will exist in the users directory after the calculations are complete. A brief description of these files is listed below along with how the most significant files are created and how they are used:
Clustering Files
INPUT name-clustering.inp OUTPUT name-clustering.out name-clustering.tho name-pseudo.cmp name-pseudo.pvt Output generated for users examination to see if an error has occurred. Complete thermo module output. Important parts of this file are reproduced in the .out file for users examination. Original components shown with results from clustering operation. Physical property file required for TACITE Transient calculation. Input file generated by the GUI to drive the simulation.
Chapter 3-5
Lumping Files
INPUT name-lumping.inp name-lumping2.inp OUTPUT name-lumping.out name-lumping.tho Output generated for users examination to see if an error has occurred. Complete thermo module output. Important parts of this file are reproduced in the .out file for users examination. Output from the TACITE Lumping module - showing errors if any occurred otherwise showing results of lumping operation. Lumping results file used in TACITE Transient calculations. Original components shown with results from clustering operation. Physical property file required for TACITE Transient calculation. Input file generated by the GUI to drive the simulation setup. Input file generated by the PIPEPHASE thermo module to drive the TACITE Lumping analysis.
name-lumping.err
name-lumping.mas name-pseudo.cmp name-pseudo.pvt
TRANSIENT TACITE Files

INPUT name-pseudo.pvt name-tacite.inp Physical property file generated by lumping or clustering step. Input file generated by the GUI to drive the simulation.
GUI generated files, required for tacite (assume name-tacite prefix)

.job .top .geo .the .msh .pp0, .pp1 .pvt .sc1 .sc2 .sce Information about other required files for the simulation. Flowline topography. Pipeline characteristics. Thermal properties of the flow-line. Spatial discretization of the flow-line. GUI database files Physical properties. Used to generate top portion of scenario file. Used to build bottom portion of scenario file. Scenario to be completed.
Chapter 3-6
.sto
Storage options for the results.
TACITE generated files containing results

.out .tit .rep .rtt .pp2 .pig .sep .xv .xn .tv .tn .txv .txn .inj Output from PIPEPHASE driver program. TACITE job title information. TACITE job output. TACITE restart file. If pump exists If pig exists If separator exists Transient results data (used by TRAS) Transient results data (used by TRAS) Transient results data (used by TRAS) Transient results data (used by TRAS) Transient results data (used by TRAS) Transient results data (used by TRAS) If injector with compressible option exists.
Chapter 3-7
Chapter 3-8
Chapter 4 Transient Results Access System

Overview
The Transient Results Access System (TRAS) is a post-processing feature in TACITE that allows you to configure and view tables and plots of transient results data. TRAS provides multiple formats to display the data in an effort to satisfy the range of available software to all users. To access this system, click on the Transient Results Access System button within the Run Simulation and View Results window (see Figure 3-1), after you run TACITE simulation successfully. This brings up the SIMSCI PIPEPHASE TRAS window (Figure 4-1).
4-1
Figure 4-1: SIMSCI PIPEPHASE TRAS Window
TRAS graphical interface is divided into tree view, chart view, and table view. Tree view is used to select process variables, while chart view presents transient data plots and table view presents transient data in spreadsheet format.
4-2
Transient Results Access System
Figure 4-2: X variable configuration
By clicking Profile, you select pipeline length as x variable. Using PipeLine Length group, you can change begin point, end point, and data percentage to view for x variable. By clicking Trend, you select time as x variable. Using Time group, you can change begin point, end point, and trend data percentage to view for x variable. Using Chart group, Print is to print the chart to your default printer. Clipboard is to make a snap shot of chart to clipboard memory. Print to File is to generate a bitmap file. Excel is to export data to excel application and plot the data in excel.
4-3
Data series selection

Figure 4-3: Select Time Window
To activate the time series selection, select Configure ...Time or press the corresponding icon on the toolbar. Single arrow is to move one time selection at a time. Double arrow is to move all available selection.
Figure 4-4: Select Location Window
To activate the location series selection, select Configure ...Location or press the corresponding icon on the toolbar. Single arrow is to move one location selection at a time. Double arrow is to move all available selection.
Output Units of Measure

Figure 4-5: Unit of Measure
4-4
X variable and y variable Units of Measure can be configured using SIMSCI standard UOM graphical interface. To activate the Convert Units of Measure window, click Units of Measure on chart view or right click on the unit of measure displayed on the plot. After selecting new Units of Measure, click Change Units.
Animation
Figure 4-6: Animation
To start animation, select Animation ...Start. To stop animation, select Animation ... Stop. To change Animation rate, select toolbar animation rate drop down box.
Flow Patterns
Figure 4-7: Flow Pattern
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To view Flow Pattern plot, click the Flow Pattern option in the tree view. The available flow patterns are Liquid Flow Dispersed Flow Slug Flow Annular Dispersed Flow Stratified Smooth Flow Stratified Wavy Flow Annular Flow Gas Flow
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
4-6
Chapter 5 Tutorial Problems

About This Chapter
One of the main objectives of TACITE is to accurately predict the propagation of liquid slugs. These slugs may occur during transient flow due to modifications to the boundary conditions such as inlet flowrates variation (Example 1), outlet depressurization, shutdown or restart. They may also appear due to transients created by heavy topography changes, such as terrain slugging or severe slugging phenomena (Example 2). This chapter shows you how to set up both these cases.
Example 1 - Flow Variation

Introduction
This example illustrates flow variation within a gas pipeline. The lumping method within TACITE is also exemplified.
Problem Description
This is a platform-to-shore gas pipeline configuration. The topography of the pipe is shown in Figure 5-1. We would like to be able to predict liquid outlet (slugs) after an increase in flowrate. This can be achieved using TACITE by allowing stabilization at the initial flowrate, then increasing the flowrate in x seconds, and finally allowing stabilization again. Some plots of interest may include the behavior of pressure and liquid holdup versus time after the flow increase, which depends heavily on the line profile, variation of flowrate, and its ramp.
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Figure 5-1: Topography of the Pipe: Platform to Shore
GUI Input
Building the Network
To select the nodes:
Click the icon of the desired node from the toolbar. button. button.
For the source, click on the For the sink, click on the
Move the cursor to the location on the main window where the node is to be located and click again. The node will appear in the main flowsheet area of the screen.
To connect two nodes:
Click the source with the left mouse button. A red square will appear on the node, and the border of the node will turn green to indicate that the node has been selected. Next, click inside the square with the left mouse button and, while holding the mouse button down, drag the cursor to the sink. The completed flow diagram is shown in Figure 5-2.
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Tutorial Problems
Figure 5-2: Process Flow Diagram
Defining the Source and Sink
To enter the data for the source S001:

Double-click on the node S001, and enter the data in Table 5-1. Click the Define Composition... button to enter the compositional data.
Weight % 0.0 2.8 1.5 75.2 7.8 4.0 1.6 1.5 1.1 0.8 1.2 0.8 1.7 85.5 97.1 120.0 0.690 0.730 0.770 MW SG
Table 5-1: Source Composition Component H2S N2 CO2 C1 C2 C3 IC4 NC4 IC5 NC5 KC6 KC7 C8+
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Table 5-1: Source Composition Component Weight % MW 323K 30 bar SG
Inlet temperature Outlet pressure
To enter the data for the sink D002:
Double-click on the node D002, and enter the outlet pressure. Both the source and sink are now bordered in blue, indicating that all required data have been entered.
Specifying the Link Segments

The last step in defining the network is to enter the data for each of the segments on the flowsheet. The pipe geometry, as shown in Figure 5-1, is given in Table 5-2
Table 5-2: Pipe Geometry Length (m) 140 840 325 685 275 260 475 500 500 500 500 Elevation (m) -140.0 46.1 -9.3 31.6 -11.3 12.8 12.4 3.0 12.7 15.5 11.5
To enter the data for this link:

Double-click on the link L001. This brings up the Link <L001> Device Data window. Click the Pipe button on the device palette to add a pipe to the link. This automatically brings up the Pipe data entry window. Enter the appropriate data, as outlined in Table 5-3.
5-4
Tutorial Problems
Table 5-3: Pipe Specifications Nominal diameter 24 schedule 40 Wall thickness Roughness Materials: 17.5 mm 0.0457 mm steel pipeline 6 mm coaltar layer Pipe Surroundings Water Thermal conductivity = 44.89 W/mK Thermal conductivity = 0.2 W/mK Temperature = 288 K
70 mm concrete layer1 Thermal conductivity = 4.06 W/mK
(in the vertical section) Convection coefficient = 2300 W/m2K (seabed)

1
Convection coefficient = 100 W/m2K
The vertical section of the pipeline is not insulated with a concrete layer.
The completed Pipe window for device E001 (the vertical section) should appear as in Figure 5-3.
Figure 5-3: Completed Pipe Segment for Vertical Section
Click on Heat Transfer Data... to enter the thermal conductivity and convection coefficients for the riser section. Figure 5-4 shows the completed window.
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Figure 5-4: Heat Transfer Data Window for the Vertical Section
Similarly for the remaining sections of the pipeline, which lie on the seabed, heat transfer data is entered as shown in Figure 5-5.
Figure 5-5: Heat Transfer Data Window for Main Pipeline
Transient Data Input

To enter transient data:
5-6
Click on Trans within the Link <L001> Device Data window to bring up the Transient Simulation Data window.
Tutorial Problems
Enter the first three data entries of Table 5-4. Enter a name for the binary component data file. The completed window appears in Figure 5-6.
Table 5-4: Transient Scenario Data Stabilization time Transient simulation Thermal option Flow Increase and Decrease Initial flowrate of 288 t/h Increase flowrate to 720 t/h Keep flowrate of 720 t/h Decrease flowrate to 288 t/h for 200 s in 200 s for 200 s in 200 s 200 s 1000 s Steady-state
Keep flowrate of 288 t/h until end of simulation Figure 5-6: Completed Transient Simulation Data Window
Click the Scenarios... button and enter the remaining data. You will need to click the More Data... button to open the spreadsheet to enter the complete set of data.
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Figure 5-7: Completed Scenario Data Window
Component Lumping
The lumping procedure is used to characterize the fluid, and will select the appropriate number of lumped components. To do this, a test grid is chosen, composed of the experimental points obtained by couples of pressure and temperature, as given in Table 5-5.

From the main Transient Simulation Data window, click the Source Data... button. Click the Pressure and Temperature Points... button and enter the experimental points in Table 5-5.
Table 5-5: Experimental Points Temperature (K) 273 293 313 333 273 293 313 333 273 293 313 333 Pressure (KPa) 2000 2000 2000 2000 4000 4000 4000 4000 6000 6000 6000 6000
5-8
Tutorial Problems
Table 5-5: Experimental Points Temperature (K) 273 293 313 333 273 393 313 333 Pressure (KPa) 8000 8000 8000 8000 10000 10000 10000 10000
The problem is now fully specified and can be executed.
GUI Output
For this transient application, where there is a step change in the source flowrate, we are interested in the resultant pressure and liquid holdup profiles over time. We are interested in viewing the behavior of the pressure as a function of both time and space. The plot of pressure versus length can be generated by selecting the "profile" radio button in the upper right corner of the screen. This provides a plot of pressure at multiple time slices, with the default being the start and end times. Select the Configure menu and choose Time. The time selection box at the bottom of the screen will appear. Select 220 seconds, 241 seconds and 272 seconds for display. The plot will appear as shown in Figure 5-8. Alternately, pressure as a function of time can be viewed by selecting the "trend" radio button in the upper right corner as shown in Figure 5-9. Both of these plots provide much of the same information but from different perspectives.
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Figure 5-8: Pressure versus Length
Figure 5-9: Pressure versus Time
5-10
Tutorial Problems
Other plots that may be of interest are those of oil and gas flowrates, along the profile and showing trends. These can be generated by selecting the Mass Flowrate tree and then Oil.
Figure 5-10: Oil Flowrate versus Length at various Times
The trend plot shows that the maximum oil flowrate of 23 kg/s occurs at 272 seconds and approximate 300 meters from the inlet. The time slices chosen may not represent the maximum oil flow. However, by switching to a profile plot, we see that the maximum oil flow of 32.5 kg/s occurs at 1142 m and 650 seconds.
5-11
Figure 5-11: Oil Flowrate versus Time at various Lengths
5-12
Tutorial Problems
Example 2 - Terrain Slugging

Introduction
In hilly terrain multiphase pipelines, liquid tends to accumulate at the low points of the pipe when the fluid velocities are low, thus leading to temporary blockage and increase in upstream pressure and liquid slug formation. This type of slugging is called terrain induced slugging. Severe slugging, which is a special case of terrain induced slugging, occurs typically offshore when a pipeline with a small negative slope (on the sea floor) flows into a near vertical riser (connected to a production platform). The liquid starts to collect at the base of the riser and with time, the liquid collects on the pipeline and the level of the liquid rises up the riser. During this time, the pressure in the pipeline builds up until a point is reached when the accumulated liquid gets pushed out as a large slug. If the slug is large, it can flood the separator in the production platform and disrupt operations. Large velocities may be reached during the slug delivery phase of the severe slugging cycle. Terrain induced slugging is a periodic phenomena even though the pipeline inlet flow rate may be a constant.
Problem Description
TACITE simulates severe or terrain slugging phenomena due to a riser or to a hilly pipeline topography. This example illustrates terrain slugging in a hilly terrain system. For the conditions listed below, develop a oil flow profile as a function of time. A sink pressure of 200 psig is desired. The topography of the pipe being studied is shown in Figure 5-12.
5-13
Figure 5-12: Pipeline Configuration
GUI Input
Property Set Definition
Begin a new compositional simulation. Click on the 'component library' option under ' General' in the menu bar. Enter the component data as indicated in the table below.
Figure 5-13: Component Data Window
5-14
Tutorial Problems
The following is the source stream compositions:

Table 5-6: Source Stream Composition Composition Mole % H2O C1 C2 PSEUDO-00 PSEUDO-00 0.269 0.479 0.067 0.172 0.013
The above stream composition will have the following equivalent Blackoil properties:
Table 5-7: Source Fluid Properties - Property Set 1 Oil, API Gas, specific gravity Water, specific gravity GOR Water cut (%) 28.00 0.615 1.00 855 scf/stb 5.16 %
Note: Tacite does not converge incase of Blackoil, when the
GOR value is set to Zero or if the GOR value is not entered in source.Tacite requires two phase to run the simulation.
Building the Network
To select the nodes:

Click the icon of the desired node (sink or source node) from the toolbar. Move the cursor to the location on the main window where the node is to be located and click again. The node will appear in the main flowsheet area of the screen.
To connect two nodes:
Click the source with the left mouse button. A red square will appear on the node, and the border of the node will turn green to indicate that the node has been selected. Next, click inside the square with the left mouse button and, while holding the mouse button down, drag the cursor to the sink.
5-15
Defining the Source and Sink
To enter the data for the source S001:
Double-click on the node S001, and enter the data in Table 5-8.
Table 5-8: Source Definition Source LV Flowrate Temperature Composition: 300 bbl/day 70F See table above
To enter the data for the sink D002:

Double-click on the node D002, and enter the outlet pressure (200 psig). Both the source and sink is now bordered in blue, indicating that all required data have been entered.
Specifying the Link Segments
The last step in specifying the network is entering the data for each link on the flowsheet. The pipe geometry is given in Table 5-9.
Table 5-9: Pipe Geometry Length (ft) 1000 1000 1000 1000 Elevation (ft) -200 200 -200 200
To enter the data for this link:

Double-click on the link L001. This brings up the Link <L001> Device Data window. Click the Pipe button on the device palette to add a pipe to the link. This automatically brings up the Pipe data entry window. Enter the data for each segment, as outlined in Table 5-10.
Table 5-10: Pipe Specifications Nominal diameter Roughness Pipe Surroundings 3 schedule 40 0.0457 mm Air Ambient temperature = 70F
5-16
Tutorial Problems
The completed Pipe window for device E001 (segment 1) should appear as in Figure 5-14.
Figure 5-14: Completed Pipe Segment for Section 1
Transient Data Input
To enter transient data:

Click on Trans within the Link <L001> Device Data window to bring up the Transient Simulation Data window. Enter the data in Table 5-11. The completed window is displayed in Figure 5-15.
Table 5-15: Transient Scenario Stabilization time Transient simulation Thermal option 3000 s 2400 s Steady-state
5-17
Figure 5-15: Completed Transient Simulation Data Window
3000
2400
Scenario data:
Click on 'Scenarios' and choose 'Add'. Then choose Node and Source name. Under parameter choose Total weight rate. Specify 3268 lb/hr (equivalent to 300 bbl/day LV rate) as shown in the Figure 5-16. Save and exit back to the 'Transient TACITE Simulation Data' window.
Figure 5-16: Define TACITE Scenario
Click the Device Data... button and specify the segment length as 200 ft within this window. Click the Source Data button and specify 5 clustered components (same number as the number of components).
Tutorial Problems
5-18
Click the Other Data... button. Set the report frequency time interval to 60 seconds. The problem is now fully specified and can be executed. From the run window choose 'Clustering Run' type and run clustering before you execute the transient run. After this is done choose 'TACITE Transient' to start executing TACITE.
GUI Output
We are interested in viewing the behavior of the liquid flow rate as a function of time at the various points in the pipeline (Figure 5-17). You will notice that the flow rate at the outlet has a periodic behavior even though the inlet flow rate is constant. Other plots that may be of interest are flow pattern and holdup as a function of time or length.
Figure 5-17: Oil Volume Flowrate
5-19
Keyword Input:
(Note: In general, all Tacite data may not be reproduced in the keyword file) (Note2: Existing keyword files can be imported with the exception of Blackoil problems and some minor features) $ SIMSCI PIPEPHASE Version 8.2 Transient TACITE Analysis keyword file... $ $ General Data Section $ TITLE PROBLEM=TACITE-EXAM2, USER=SIMSCI, DATE=11/19/99 $ DESCRIPTION Sample Problem for Terrain Slugging $ CALCULATION NETWORK, Compositional, TACITE, * CMPTAB, PRANDTL $ FCODE PIPE=TACITE $ DEFAULT IDPIPE=4.026, IDTUBING=4.026, IDRISER=4.026, * IDANNULUS=6.065, HAUSEN $ PRINT INPUT=FULL $ SEGMENT AUTO=ON, DLHORIZ(FT)=2000, DLVERT(FT)=500 $ $ Component Data Section $ COMPONENT DATA $ LIBID 1, H2O / * 2, C1 / * 3, C2 PETRO(API) 4, PSEUDO-001, 362.058, 31.067, 601.173 / * 5, PSEUDO-002, 1075.805, 10.038, 1205.007 $ $ Thermodynamic Data Section $ THERMODYNAMIC DATA $ METHOD SET=SET01 , SYSTEM=SRK , ENTHALPY=SRK , * DENSITY(V)=SRK $ WATER PROPERTY=Super $ PVT DATA FILE CMPFILE=BET-EXAM2-PSEUDO $ Structure Data Section $ STRUCTURE DATA $ SOURCE NAME=S001, PRIORITY=0, PRES(ESTI)=500, * TEMP=70, RATE(LV)=300, XCORD=25, * YCORD=-100, * COMP(M)=1, 0.269 / 2, 0.47855 / 3, 0.06719 / * 4, 0.17201 / 5, 0.0131 SINK NAME=D002, PRES=200, RATE(ESTI)=300, * XCORD=1958, YCORD=296 $ LINK NAME=L003, FROM=S001, TO=D002, * PRINT PIPE NAME=P005, LENGTH=1000, TRSEG=10, * ECHG=-200, NOMD=3, SCHED= 40, * AIR, TAMB=70 PIPE NAME=P006, LENGTH=1000, TRSEG=10, * ECHG=200, NOMD=3, SCHED= 40, * AIR, TAMB=70 PIPE NAME=P007, LENGTH=1000, TRSEG=10, * ECHG=-200, NOMD=3, SCHED= 40, * AIR, TAMB=70
PIPE NAME=P008, LENGTH=1000, TRSEG=10, * ECHG=200, NOMD=3, SCHED= 40, * AIR, TAMB=70 $ $ TACITE Data Section $ TACITE DATA $ TRANSIENT RESTART=BT1-tacite, THER=STEADY, STOP=2400, * STAB=3000 $ STORAGE TIMEPERIOD=10, ASCII $ CHANGE SOURCE=S001, TIME=0/3000, RATE(W)=3268/3268 $ End of TACITE Data Section $ END
5-21
5-22
Tutorial Problems
Chapter 6 Technical Reference

TACITE is able to simulate transient and steady state two-phase flow in a pipeline. TACITE is based on a compositional tracking approach which allows for the time and space computation of the local mixture composition and associated physical properties. This compositional approach leads to a better estimation of the phase physical properties, and can be useful to predict the hydrates formation conditions.
Modules Organization
The resolution algorithm involves three main modules:

The thermodynamic module The hydrodynamic module The numerical scheme module
Transport Equations
The mass conservation equation for the ith component is written as follows:
---- t
p i i i k R k x k + ----- k R k x k V k = x k = 1 k=1 p
The mass transfer between phases is taken into account through the assumption of thermodynamic equilibrium. The momentum transport equation is written for the mixture:
---- t p 2 k R k V k + ----- k R k V k + P = w g sin x k=1 k=1
p
The energy equation for the mixture is written as:

---- t
where
k=1
k Rk Hk P + ----- k Rk Vk Hk x
k=1
= ( Q w U M g sin )
xik ci xk P T Rk Vk k W g Hk Qw UM
= = = = = = = = = = = = = =
mass fraction of component i in phase k total mass fraction of component i total mass fraction of phase k pressure, Pa temperature, K volumetric fraction of phase k velocity of phase k, m/s density of phase k, kg/m3 wall shear stress, Pa/m local slope, degrees acceleration of gravity m/s2 mass enthalpy, J/kg rate of heat transfer exchange, Pa/s mixture velocity, m/s
UM =
Rk Vk
k=1
mixture density, kg/m3
k Rk
k=1
6-2
Technical Reference
VM
center of mass velocity, m/s
VM =
k Rk Vk k=1 ---------------------------
and where the subscripts k i = = phase index: g = gas; l = liquid; w = water component indice (1, 2,..., n)
Relations
In the mixture composed of N components and P phases, the following relations are verified.
P N
Rk
k=1
= 1 and
xk
i i=1
= 1 k [ 1, P ]
To close the system, two sets of physical closure laws are used: the first one is related to the thermodynamic model, the second one is related to the hydrodynamic model.
Thermodynamic Model
The thermodynamic closure law computes the equilibrium state of the mixture, and determines the transport properties such as viscosity, surface tension and heat transfer properties such as conductivity, heat capacity and enthalpy per unit mass for each phase. It is represented by the following equation:
( P, T, c
i = 1, N 2
, x k = 1, P , k, k, k, k, c pk, H ) = 0
i = 1, N 1
where
cpk = = = = kinematic viscosity of phase k, m2/s interfacial tension, N/m specific heat of phase k, J/kgK thermal conductivity of phase k, W/m K
6-3
TACITE uses an integrated flash algorithm and thermodynamic model that is solved at each time and space increment, which is very accurate and robust especially near the vicinity of the phase envelope (this is not the case when using the table interpolation approach). TACITE has one option for thermodynamic computation:
Flash single phase or three phases
This option has two equations of state which are available: Peng-Robinson or SRK. At each time step and each pipeline cell of calculation the thermodynamic module is called to perform a flash calculation for the specific fluid present in this cell at this time. This allows:

Variation of composition along the line Mass and heat transfer between phases Realistic modeling of fluid thermodynamic behavior
To reduce CPU time computation, specific flashes have been developed, integrated and optimized within TACITE. These are:
A standard P,T flash is used when pressure, temperature and mass fractions are known. This flash computes the equilibrium phase mass fractions. A T, V flash is used when temperature and masses are known. This flash computes the pressure and the equilibrium. A U, V flash is used when mixture energy and masses are known. This flash computes the pressure, temperature and equilibrium phase mass fractions.
These algorithms have been designed to meet the following objectives:

Accuracy of the computation Robustness near the phase envelope Computing speed
To solve the nonlinear hyperbolic system of conservation equations, the Jacobian of fluxes versus conservative variables has to be computed at each time step and at each space location. This
6-4 Technical Reference
computation is very time consuming, especially when numerical derivatives are performed. For robustness and computation efficiency, analytical derivatives of the thermodynamic properties versus conservatives variables are performed within the flash module. As a result of the flash optimization in TACITE, the transient simulation of a two-phase multi-component mixture consumes no more time when using these specific flash algorithms, than through interpolation in tables. To be able to use the thermodynamic module it is necessary to define the fluid composition with N lumped pseudo-components. A lumping technique was set up to optimize the fluid representation with two lumped pseudocomponents. The lumped component characterization is optimized to reproduce as well as possible, over a given (pressure, temperature) window, the fluid properties of the original mixture. The goal of the lumping module is to create a PVT file which provides data set for each pseudocomponent. This result file is used to run TACITE.
Lumping Procedure
In this version of TACITE, a specific module running as a preprocessor of TACITE does the lumping of the initial composition into the lumped components that will be fed into the TACITE flash algorithm. The lumping technique is briefly described in the next section.
Lumping method
The method used for lumping was developed by C. Leibovici2a,b. The idea of the lumping technique is to optimize the characterization of the lumped components in a pressure, temperature domain, consistent with the pressure and temperature profiles estimated for a given pipeline simulation. The user has the possibility to use the automatic procedure or to impose the wished number of pseudocomponents. The successive steps of the automatic procedure are: 9. Verification of pressure temperature windows: only two phase points are kept; for single phase points, they are moved inside the phase envelope if possible.
6-5
10. If the resulting number of two phase points is sufficient, lumping procedure is activated in the following ways:
Determination of the best clustering obtained for a given number of psuedocomponents between 2 and 7 using an objective function based on a and b equation of state phase parameters. Determination of the minimum number of pseudo-components determined in the previous step respecting minimum error values on the less present phase mass fraction and the most present phase density.
11. If the number of two phase points is not sufficient, the procedure determined seven pseudocomponents using the dynamic clustering method. The successive steps of the non-automatic procedure are: 1. Verification of pressure temperature windows: only two phase points are kept. For single phase points, they are moved inside phase envelope if possible. If the resulting number of two phase points is sufficient, lumping procedure is activated: the best clustering obtained for the given number of pseudocomponents is determined using an objective function based on a and b equation of state phase parameters. If the number of two phase points is not sufficient, the procedure determined the given number of pseudo-components using the dynamic clustering method.
2.
3.
Hydrodynamic Model
The hydrodynamic closure law computes the flow regime, the slip velocity between the phases and the friction terms. It is represented by the following equation:
( V M, x k, dV jk, ) = 0
A mechanistic slip model has been developed and widely validated against experimental data. TACITE considers eight types of flow regimes: single-phase liquid, dispersed, slug, annular dispersed, stratified smooth, stratified wavy, annular, and single-phase gas flow. TACITE also models flow regime characterization for all pipe slopes.
The transition between the regimes are modeled and an important effort has been made to ensure continuity of the slip solution when flow regime transitions occur. The hydrodynamic slip model3 has been validated on several data banks. Its originality lies in the choice of a limited set of closure laws continuous with respect to slope and fluid properties. As a consequence, TACITE produces good pressure drop/pressure profile estimations and liquid holdup and liquid slug volume predictions. The closure laws together with the flow regime transitions have been chosen in order to make the overall transport model hyperbolic.
Numerical Scheme
In TACITE the numerical scheme4 ensures a good front tracking with an optimized CPU simulation time. The TACITE numerical scheme is:
Based on a finite volume discretization in space to be conservative. Explicit in time on void fraction waves to ensure good front tracking. Implicit in time on pressure waves to reduce the time computation.
The scheme is conservative, so it provides excellent mass and energy balance along the pipeline cells and along the iteration loops. It is an approximate Riemann solver algorithm similar to the well-known Roe5 scheme, and its' modifications have been based on the ideas described by Gallout6. It is accurate to second order in space and time, implicit in time for the pressure waves and explicit for the description of void waves. This insures a good representation of steep void fronts with a reduced computing time. The emphasis of the numerical scheme implemented in TACITE is to obtain a fast and robust front tracking algorithm, in order to be able to detect large liquid slugs transported in the pipeline system and to predict correctly the amplitude of these slugs. A mixed implicit/explicit scheme is used to optimize the computing speed and front tracking capability. This is particularly important in the case of a terrain or severe slugging when void fraction waves travel in both directions.
Resolution Algorithm
The conservation equations are written in conservative form with W representing the conservative variables, F representing the flux, and S the source terms.
W + ------ = S ------- F t x
The resolution algorithm which encompasses all three modules is shown in Figure 7-1.
Figure 0-1: TACITE Resolution Algorithm
The time advancing scheme gives the mass per unit volume of each component and the total energy of the mixture, from which the pressure, the volumetric fraction of each phase and the temperature can be calculated by an internal flash algorithm. The time-advancing scheme also gives the total mass flowrate, from which the phase velocities and the frictional pressure gradient are computed using the hydrodynamic module. By knowing the phase velocities, the pressure, the temperature and the frictional pressure drop, the fluxes for the next time step as well as the source terms included in the momentum and energy transport equations can be determined. Thus the conservative variables can be computed for the next time step.
List of Available Equipments

Equipment modules
Pipe inlet.

Source with given component mass flow-rates Reservoir productivity index
Pipe outlet.
Sink with given pressure
Separator with controlled gas pressure and liquid level (two phase separator). Valve which can be located anywhere on the pipe except at the inlet. Lateral injector which can be located anywhere on the pipe except at the inlet and the outlet:

Injector with given fluid mass flow-rate Injector with compressible option using an injection volume to regulate the fluid mass flow-rate
Relief valve which can be located anywhere on the pipe except at the inlet and the outlet. It opens up when pressure in pipe exceeds the relief valve set point pressure. Pump7 with a two phase flow model. Pig8 which is moving all along the pipe from a given pig launcher to a given pig trap. PID controller9 which can operate on the main variables of the system. PI Model (IPR) which models the pressure drop in a reservoir.
References
1 Henroit, V. Pauchon, C., Duchet-Suchaux, P., Leibovici, C.F., TACITE: Contribution of Fluid Composition Tracking on Transient Multiphase Flow. Proceedings of the Offshore Technology Conference, held in Houston Texas, May 1997.
6-9
2-a
Leibovici, C.F., 1993, A consistent procedure for the estimation of properties associated to lumped systems. Fluid Phase Equilibria, Vol. 87, 1993, p 189-197. Leibovici, C.F., Govel, P.L., Piacentino, T., 1993, A consistent procedure for the estimation of pseudo-component properties. SPE Paper 26611 presented at the 68th annual technical conference and exhibition of the SPE held in Houston, Texas, October 1993. Pauchon, C., Dhulesia, H., Lopez, D., Fabre, J., 1993: TACITE: A comprehensive mechanistic model for two-phase flow . Proceedings of 6th International Conference on Multiphase Production, Cannes, France. Faille, I., Heintze, E., A Rough Finite Volume Scheme for Modeling TwoPhase Flow in a Pipeline. Computers and Fluids 28 (1999) 213-24. Roe, P.L.., 1981, Approximate Riemann solvers, parameter vectors and difference schemes. J. Comput. Phys.., 43, pp 357-372. Gallout T., 1996: Rough schemes for complex hyperbolic systems. Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Finite Volume for Complex Applications, Rouen (France),July 1996. De Salis, J., Heintze, E., Charron, Y., 1999: Dynamic simulation of multiphase pumps, Proceedings of 9th International Conference on Multiphase Production, Cannes, France. Coadou, L., Heintze, E., Henroit, V., Pauchon, C., Ferre, D., DuchetSuchaux, P., Gummuluri, K., 1999: Pigging operation: measurement and simulation, Proceedings of 9th International Conference on Multiphase Production, Cannes, France. Henroit, V., Courbot, A., Heintze, E., Moyeux, L., 1999: Simulation of process to control severe slugging: application to the Dunbar pipeline. SPE Paper 56461 presented at the annual technical conference and exhibition of the SPE held in Houston, Texas, October 1999.
2-b
4 5 6
6-10
Technical Reference
Chapter 7 Component Data Summary

This section provides an overview of the Component Data category. Detailed documentation, along with examples of common usage of all the component features, is contained in a separate document, the SIMSCI Component and Thermodynamic Data Input Manual. Unless noted otherwise, sections referred in this chapter refer to sections in the SIMSCI Component and Thermodynamic Data Input Manual.
Category Heading Statement (required)

COMPONENT DATA
Component Definition (conditional - Section 1.2)

LIBID i, library name, library number, alias/..., {BANK=PROCESS, SIMSCI, DIPPR, bankid...} {FILL=SIMSCI} i, name/... {FILL=SIMSCI} i, name, MW, std liquid density, NBP/ ... DEFAULT= VL or LS or S or VLS, {VL= i, j,..., LS= i, j,...,}
NONLIBRARY PETROLEUM (densunit, tunit) PHASE
SIMSCI Component Library

SIMSCI comes with an extensive pure component data base of over 1,750 components, tabulated in Sections 1.3-1.5. All components capable of vapor-liquid phase behavior have sufficient information
to be used with generalized K-value predictors and density calculations. Most components have built in transport property correlations. A majority of SIMSCI simulations with pure components use this library exclusively and require no additional pure component data. Refer to the SIMSCI Reference Manual for additional details on the structure of the pure component data base and the information it contains.
Non-library Components
Components not found in the SIMSCI library may be entered as NONLIBRARY components. The format for entering user components is straight forward, however SIMSCI users who do this regularly or need help in estimating unknown required properties should use SIMSCIs Property Data Management functionality present in SIMSCI to assist the user in determining all necessary component properties and develop a keyword file segment in SIMSCI ready form.
Petroleum Components
SIMSCI handles petroleum components using industry standard characterization techniques. SIMSCI estimates all required component data given two out of three of molecular weight, boiling point, or gravity. Refer to the SIMSCI Component and Thermodynamic Data Input Manual for instructions on how to enter basic PETROLEUM data, how to change the default characterization procedures, and entering stream assay data.
Petroleum Component Characterizations (optional - Section 1.6)
ASSAY FIT= SPLINE or QUADRATIC or PDF(NONE, IP, EP, BOTH) CHARACTERIZE= CAVETT or LK or SIMSCI, MW= SIMSCI or EXTAPI or CAVETT, CONVERSION= API87 or API63, or EDOK or API94 GRAVITY= WATSONK or PRE301, {TBPIP= 1, TBPEP= 98}, {NBP=LV or MID} TBPCUTS= to, t1, ncuts {/t2, ncuts/...}, {CUTSET=SIMSCI}, {BLEND=name}, {DEFAULT}
CUTPOINTS
Component Properties (optional - Section 1.8)
The user may define or override component properties for all components in the simulation. This includes components in the SIMSCI component library, user-defined components, petroleum
7-2 Component Data Summary
pseudocomponents and solid forming components. The properties include constants (such as molecular weight or critical properties), as well as temperature dependent properties (such as enthalpies in various phase states). Where appropriate, properties may be given on a mole or weight basis. Refer to Section 1.8 for entering component property values.
Component invariant properties and constants MW SPGR API NBP (unit) ACENTRIC VC (unit, M or WT) TC (unit) PC (unit) ZC RACKETT CNUM ZNUM DIPOLE (unit) RADIUS (unit) SOLUPARA MOLVOL (unit) STDDENSITY (unit) i, value/... i, value/... i, value/... i, value/... i, value/... i, value/... i, value/... i, value/... i, value/... i, value/... i, value/... i, value/... i, value/... i, value/... i, value/... i, value/... i, value/...
HCOMBUST (unit, M or WT) i, value/... HVAPORIZE (unit, M or WT) i, value/... HFUSION (unit, M or WT) NMP (unit) PTP (unit) TTP (unit) GHV (unit, M or WT) LHV (unit, M or WT) SVTB SLTB SLTM i, value/... i, value/... i, value/... i, value/... i, value/... i, value/... i, value/... i, value/... i, value/...
7-3
HVTB HLTB HLTM
i, value/... i, value/... i, value/...
Multi-property entries
FORMATION(V or L or S, unit, M or WT) VANDERWAALS i, enthalpy, Gibbs/... i, area, volume/...
Component temperature-dependent properties General format:

<Property> (phase, tunit, propunit, M or WT) CORRELATION= icorr, LN or LOG or EXPFAC=ipos, DATA= i, tmax, tmin, C1, ..., C8 /... or TABULAR= t1, t2, ....,/i, p1, p2, ..., /...
<Property> types may be: VP (L or S, propunit, tunit), ENTHALPY (I or L or S, propunit, tunit, M or WT), CP (propunit, tunit, M or WT) LATENT ( propunit, tunit, M or WT), DENSITY (L or S, propunit, tunit, M or WT), VISCOSITY (V or L, propunit, tunit), CONDUCTIVITY (V or L, propunit, tunit), SURFACE (L, propunit, tunit)
Component temperature-dependent special properties

KVIS (M or WT or LV) DATA (tunit, kvisunit) INDEX (tunit) {GAMMA=value, REFINDEX=value, REFVALUE(kvisunit)=value,} t1, t2, /i, p1, p2, /... , t1, t2, /i, p1, p2, /...
Note: If data or index values are not supplied, the kinematic
viscosity is computed using the Twu method.
7-4
Component Data Summary
Appendix A Keyword Data Specifications

Overview
Previous versions of PIPEPHASE included support for entry of all TACITE related data through keyword. These keyword files continue to be supported in this release, but the functionality remains available through keywords which represent a subset of total functionality. The PIPEPHASE keyword-driven input processor allows you to enter TACITE-specific data. As a single-link multiphase simulation tool, the input requirements for TACITE are, for the most part, similar to those for PIPEPHASE. The modifications to PIPEPHASE keyword input to support TACITE are listed below in Table A-1.
Table A-1: Keyword Modifications to support TACITE
Modification Definition of type of transient simulation Definition of output reports Definition of compositional fluids for binary characterization Definition of .CMP file for binary component definition Specification of simulation control parameters Definition of time-dependent transient scenario Simulation output definition Mesh definition for pipeline segmentation TACITE valve model specification Statement CALCULATION PRINT COMPONENT DATA THERMODYNAMIC DATA LUMPING UNIT PVT DATA TRANSIENT CHANGE STORAGE PIPE TUBING VALVE
A-1
Initiating Transient Simulations

TACITE transient simulations are identified on the CALCULATION statement, along with the PVT system and model. The TACITE model is limited to a single link with a specified flow rate and sink pressure. The TACITE hydrodynamic model is based on the solution to the conservation of mass equations.
COMPOSITIONAL systems are modeled using a lumped binary representation. The lumping unit is used to prepare a binary data file (*.CMP) prior to running a transient simulation. The transient simulation must refer to this binary data file. This two-step process allows you to analyze the lumping results prior to performing a transient simulation.
Keyword Input
CALCULATION TACITE NETWORK COMPOSITIONAL COMP(GAS) or COMP(LIQUID) TACITE, NETWORK, or COMPOSITIONAL or COMP(GAS) or COMP(LIQUID) Activates TACITE simulation. Network algorithm, limited to a single link for transient simulations. Compositional model. Single-phase compositional models. Note: Compositional models require the CMPTAB keyword to indicate that an existing binary component data table is being used in combination with the TACITE Peng-Robinson flash algorithm.
Examples:
CALC TACITE, NETWORK, COMP, CMPTAB
A-2
Keyword Data Specifications
Defining Transient Reports

Text reports for transient output are defined on the PRINT statement.
Keyword Input
PRINT TIME = value, value TIME = value, value Generate reports for specified transient times. Default is time = 0 (steady-state stabilization solution).
Example
PRINT TIME=0,100
Component Lumping Features

TACITE compositional simulations require keywords COMPONENT DATA, THERMODYNAMIC DATA and the component LUMPING UNIT statement.
Component Data
Compositional simulations require that library and non-library components are specified as outlined in the SIMSCI Component and Thermodynamic Data Input Manual (refer to the summary presented in Chapter 9 of this manual). Example - Library Components
COMPONENT DATA LIBID1, C2 / 2, C3 / 3, IC4 / 4, NC4
Example - Non-Library Components

COMPONENT DATA NONLIB1 , PSEUDO-001 TC(K)1 , 432.9580 PC(KPA) 1 , 3416.406 ACENTRIC 1 , .2144549 NBP(K) 1 , 281.7416 MW 1 , 61.33212 SPGR 1 , .5854389 VC(M3,M) 1 , .1950745 ENTH(I,K,KJ/KG,M) CORRELATION =25, * DATA = 1, 1200, 200, 14413.97, -15.26487, .2250287, * -.8529221E-04 , .1478637E-07, -794527.2, * .3171683E+08 NONLIB 2 , PSEUDO-002 . . . .
A-3
Thermodynamic Data
For transient analysis, TACITE uses a single thermodynamic system called TACITE, which is specified for the system and transport properties on the thermodynamic method statement. The PENELOUX and PARACHOR parameters are used in the Peneloux density, Lohrenz-Bray-Clark liquid viscosity and Parachor surface tension prediction methods. Example
THERMODYNAMIC DATA METHOD SYSTEM=TACITE, TRANS=TACITE, SET=SET01 KVALUE KIJ 1, 2, -.1160767E-02 PCHOR 1, 201.2821 /* 2, 523.6652 PENELOUX(M3/KG,MOLE) 1, -.2652777E-01 /* 2, .3749420E-01 EXPONENT4.0
Note: The TACITE thermodynamic method is used for compo-
nent lumping and transient simulations.
Unit Operation
The component lumping unit is used to prepare compositional data for transient simulations. The lumping unit is entered in the UNIT OPERATION data category which is normally given after the STRUCTURE data category. Keyword Input
LUMP CLUSTER or IDENTIFY LUMP UID = name FEED = name CLUSTER NPS = value IDENTIFY LUMP UID = name, FEED = name NPS = value or TEMP() = value, PRES() = value eight character unit name. Optional. twelve character feed stream name. Required. Used to request the generation of the .CMP file for two components. Specifies the number of lumped pseudocomponents. Required for binary component systems. Requests the characterization of a multicomponent fluid using binary components. Up to 100 IDENTIFY statements can be used to specify the conditions for the characterization. At least seven points are required within the two phase region.
A-4
Example
UNIT DATA LUMPING UID=LUMP FEED name CLUSTERNPS=2 IDENTIFY TEMP(K) = 293, IDENTIFY TEMP(K) = 313, IDENTIFY TEMP(K) = 333,
PRES(BAR) = 20 PRES(BAR) = 20 PRES(BAR) = 20
Note: A minimum of seven points are required in the two-phase
area. PIPEPHASE does not perform error checking on the results from the component lumping unit or on the application of the results. You are responsible for verifying that the fit between the thermodynamic and transport data predicted by the binary and multicomponent systems is valid over the range of conditions used in the simulation. A component lumping report is provided to aid in this evaluation. You can expect less accurate results if:

non-ideal components, such as water, are present fluid properties are extrapolated because simulation conditions exceed the range used for the component lumping, or coarse granularity is used in the lumping unit.
Psuedo Component Data Libraries

Characterizing multicomponent systems using lumped binary parameters requires significant computation time. You may want to create a library of binary pseudocomponents within the thermodynamic preprocessor. User libraries may be created and maintained with the DATAPREP program, an auxiliary program to PRO/II. Refer to the DATAPREP Users Guide or contact your SIMSCI representative for further information.
Referencing CMP Files

Existing tables of binary component thermodynamic parameters (.CMP) may be referenced for transient compositional simulations. Keyword Input
FILE CMPFILE = name CMPFILE = name 8 character prefix for .CMP file. Default is input_filename.CMP.
A-5
Example
PVT DATA FILE CMPFILE = name
Defining Transient Simulations

Transient simulations are controlled using data supplied in the TACITE DATA category. The TRANSIENT statement controls the simulation calculations, the CHANGE statement specifies the transient changes, and the STORAGE statement controls the simulation output. Values for the change parameter require repetition for ramp changes, but are aligned with the time statement for clarity.
Note: Equipment transient data 2 scenarios are not supported by keywords.
Keyword Input
TRANSIENT CHANGE CHANGE CHANGE THERMAL = NONE, or STEADY, or TRANSIENT, STABILIZE = X, STOPTIME =X, RESTART = filename, FTOL = value SOURCE = name, AUXS = name SINK = name, PRESSURE() = X,Y/Z,... DEVICE = name, TIME = X,Y/Z,..., TEMPERATURE() = X,Y/Z,..., RATE() = X,Y/Z,..., COMPOSITION = S1,S1/S2, FREQ = N or TIMEPERIOD = X, Required. Thermal calculations performed by TACITE:

STORAGE THERMAL = NONE or STEADY or TRANSIENT
fixed fluid temperature profile steady-state fluid temperature profile transient fluid temperature profile
STABILIZE = value
Stabilization time, in seconds, for the steady-state solution (allows composition to vary). Default is a negative value to allow TACITE to calculate the stabilization time. Required. Maximum time, in seconds, for transient calculations. Starts where previous run ended. Keyword file contains original keyword file, along with restart request, extended transient simulation time and additional changes. Data contained in filename.RST
STOPTIME = value RESTART = filename
A-6
FTOL = value
Optional flash tolerance for COMP(GAS) and COMP(LIQ) simulations. Default is 1.0e-7 phase volumetric fraction. Specifies source node for temperature, rate or bulk composition changes. Specifies auxiliary source node for temperature or rate changes. Combined temperature and rate changes are not permitted. Specifies sink node for pressure changes. Specifies the device name (valves with stem change only). Up to 100 time periods for the boundary condition changes in seconds. A step change is indicated by a single value. A ramp change is specified by two values separated by a /. Time must be given before change. Pressure boundary condition, for sink only. Change format must align with times given. Temperature boundary condition, for source only. Change format must align with times given. Temperature changes are specified for source and auxiliary sources in a single statement using a single time change specification. Compositional flowrate boundary condition for source only. Compositional flowrates may have M, WT, LV or GV basis. If no qualifier is given, the oil rate is specified and the gas rate is scaled according to the original gas:oil ratio. Oil rates must be on LV basis and gas rates must be on GV basis. Change format must align with times given. Rate changes are specified for source and auxiliary sources in a single statement using a single time change specification. Only one rate change is permitted. Composition boundary condition, for source only. Compositions are obtained by referencing a source stream where data may have M, WT, LV or GV basis. The multicomponent compositions are changed. These changes are mapped to the binary system by maintaining the same molecular weight between the multicomponent and binary systems. Storage frequency of writing simulation output expressed in number of time steps. Time period between two consecutive data storage expressed in seconds. Output is written at time step after specified time is reached (not exactly at specified time step). Default = 10 seconds.
SOURCE = name AUXS = name
SINK = name DEVICE = name TIME = X,Y/Z,...
PRESSURE() =X,Y/Z,... TEMPERATURE()= X,Y/Z,...
RATE()=X,Y/Z,...
COMPOSITION = S1,S1/S2
FREQ = N TIMEPERIOD = X
A-7
Note: TACITE does not solve the simulation if the SOURCE and SINK name begin with PIPE (i.e. SOURCE=PIPEIN).
Example
TACITE DATA TRANSIENTTHER=TRANS, STAB=100, STOP=300 CHANGE VALVE=VAL,TIME=0,50/70,170/190, * STEM=100,100/10,10/100 CHANGE SINK=SOL, TIME=0,50, PRES=100,90 STORAGE TIMEPERIOD=5
Example with Auxiliary Sources

TACITE DATA TRANSIENTTHER=TRAN, STAB=100, STOP=25 STORAGE TIMEPERIOD=5 CHANGE TIME=0,2/10,20, * SOURCE=MAIN, TEMP = 500,500/525,500, * AUXS=SOL1, TEMP = 500,500/450,500
Boundary Conditions
Sources and sinks are defined as outlined in the PIPEPHASE Keyword Manual. TACITE has some restrictions on the boundary conditions, requiring fixed source flowrate and sink pressure. These may be specified as time-dependent boundary conditions. Sources may also have assay data. Example - Time-Independent
SOURCENAME=COMP, TEMP=190, PRES(ESTI)=100, RATE(M)=1000.00, * COMP=1,10/2,30/3,60
Example with Assay Data

SOURCENAME=ASSA, TEMP=750, PRES=100, RATE(LV)=200.0, ASSAY=LV D1160 DATA=5,131/10,186/30,234/50,303/70,497 MW AVG=325,DATA=8.1,186/20.9,247/49.5,338/70.3,470 SPGR AVG=0.7
Pipeline Configuration
Transient simulations allow for a single link consisting of pipes and simple valves. Multiple sources may feed the link. Complete PIPEPHASE functionality for the pipe, tubing, annulus and riser are supported within TACITE keyword. However in addition, you have expanded options for the segment length. Up to 10 valves may be used, as long as they are not adjacent to the source. The TACITE model for pressure drop over the valve is used.
A-8
Keyword Input
LINK PIPE/TUBING VALVE FROM = name AUXSOURCE = name FROM = name, AUXSOURCE = name TRDL() = X or TRSEG = N or NONODE, TEMP TRCOEFF = X, TREXPO = X Primary feed to the link. Used in the network solution matrix. Optional. Specifies auxiliary sources. All feeds are mixed at the lowest pressure and must have fixed flowrates. Compositions, temperature and gas-oil ratio may differ and may be changed as a function of time. You can specify up to 10 additional sources by repeating the keyword. Length of each segment. The length of the final segment is increased by up to 50 percent to avoid a small final segment. Number of evenly-spaced segments. Default is 1 or one device length. No link to global defaults. No mesh point for this device. Average fluid temperature for isothermal simulations. Valve coefficient for TACITE valve model. The default is 1.0. Valve exponent for TACITE valve model. The default is 1.0. Note: Refer to Chapter 7, Technical Reference, for further explanation of the keywords TRCOEFF and TREXPO.
TRDL() = X
TRSEG = N NONODE TEMP TRCOEFF = X TREXPO = X
A-9
Appendix B Input Values for TACITE

Table B-1: Input Values
Maximum values used in the TACITE Code
The maximum number of flow devices in a link device The maximum number of insulation layers The maximum number of computing cells The maximum number of components The maximum number of phases The maximum number of valves The maximum number of lateral injectors The maximum number of relief valves The maximum number of pumps The maximum number of stages for a pump The maximum number of pigs The maximum number of productivity index The maximum number of PID controllers The maximum number of separators The maximum number of steps in one scenario 1 20 500 17 3 10 10 10 1 30 1 10 10 1 100
Maximum values managed by the Interface

The maximum number of topographical survey points The maximum number of different pipe geometrical definitions The maximum number of different thermal insulation descriptions The maximum number of different discretization definitions 500 50 50 500
Physical Constants
The gravity constant The constant 9.81 m/s2, 3.14159265358979312 rad.
B-1
Appendix C Error Messages

Overview
List of all the error messages that the code can send before stopping the ongoing simulation: code 1001 / TACITE.JOB: File unknown This message should not appear if the command file is used correctly. It means that the "TACIT.EJOB" file does not exist in the standard repertory. code 1002 / TACITE.JOB: Incorrect job name The first line of the "TACITE.JOB" file contains a wrong name. code 1003 / TACITE.JOB: Incorrect date The second line in the "TACITE.JOB" file contains a wrong date. code 1004 / <geName>: Wrong keyword line "numLine". A keyword other than "TITLE", "NOTE", "TOP", "GEO", "THE", "MSH", "PVT", "SCE","STO" and "NUM" has been used in the <geName> generic file for the simulation. code 1005 / <geName>: Job title missing The keyword "TITLE" is lacking in the generic file. code 1006 / <geName>: Missing" Topography" file name The keyword "TOP" is lacking in the generic file. code 1007 / <geName>: Missing "Geometry" file name The keyword "GEO" is lacking in the generic files. code 1008 / <geName>: Missing "Thermal" file name The keyword "THE" is lacking in the generic file. code 1009 / <geName>: Missing "Mesh" file name The keyword "MSH" is lacking in the generic file. code 1010 / <geName>: Missing "PVT" file name The keyword "PVT" is lacking in the generic file. code 1011 / <geName>: Missing "Scenario" file name
TACITE 4.1 Users Guide Appendix C-1
The keyword "SCE" is lacking in the generic file. code 1012 / <geName>: Missing "Storage" file name The keyword "STO" is lacking in the generic file. code 1013 / <geName>: Missing "Numerical" file name The keyword "NUM" is lacking in the generic file. code 1020 / <geName>_<jobNum>: Job file name is too long The name of the "geName>_<jobNum>" file contains too many characters. The authorized number of characters depends on the operating system of the machine used (generally the length of a file name is 8 characters). code 1021 / <geName>_<jobNum>: Job file name contains a point The name of the <geName>_>jobNum>: job file contains a point. We have forbidden this to avoid problems of file extension under DOS when the jobs are done on a PC. code 1023 / <geName>_<jobNum>: Impossible job number The job number is impossible. code 1024 / <geName>_<jobNum>: Job number is too large (>99) The number of jobs, which can be done in relation to a given simulation, is limited to 99. code 1011 / <geName>.SCE: File not found The "<geName>.SCE" file does not exist in the standard repertory. code 1012 / <geName>.SCE: No data No data found about equipment scenario in the "<geName>.SCE" file. code 1013 / <geName>.SCE: Incorrect data line "numLine" A data error that is not clearly identified was found in the "<geName>.SCE" file. code 1201 / <geName>.TOP: File not found The "<geName>.TOP" file does not exist in the standard repertory. code 1202 / <geName>.TOP: No data No data found about equipment scenario in the "<geName>.TOP" file.
Appendix C-2
Error Messages
code 1203 / <geName>.TOP: Incorrect data line "numLine" A data error that is not clearly identified was found in the "<geName>.TOP" file. code 1204 / <geName>.TOP: Abscissa should be increasing line "numLine" code 1205 / <geName>.TOP: First abscissa should be zero line "numLine" code 1206 / <geName>.TOP: Elevation too large line "numLine" The elevation of one of the segments is not coherent with the length in the "<geName>.TOP File. code 1207 / <geName>.TOP: Too many topographical points There are too many topographical points in the "<geName>.TOP" file. code 1301 / <geName>.GEO: File not found The "<geName>.GEO" file does not exist in the standard repertory. code 1302 / <geName>.GEO: No data No data found in the "<geName>.GEO" file. code 1303 / <geName>.GEO: Incorrect data line "numLine" A data error that is not clearly identified was found in the "<geName>.GEO" file. code 1304 / <geName>.GEO: Abscissa should be increasing code 1305 / <geName>.GEO: First abscissa should be zero code 1306 / <geName>.GEO: Geometry abscissa > length of pipe A geometry abscissa in the file "<geName>.GEO" is greater than the last topographical point location. code 1307 / <geName>.GEO: Diameter less or equal to zero code 1308 / <geName>.GEO: Negative roughness code 1309 / <geName>.GEO: Too much geometry Too many geometrical definitions in the "<geName>.GEO" file.
Appendix C-3
code 1310 / <geName>.GEO: Bad equipment number or type The number of equipment is not the same than in the "<geName>.SCE" file. code 1311 / <geName>.GEO: Bad equipment name line "numLine" The equipment name is not the same than in the "<geName>.SCE" file. code 1401 / <geName>.MSH: File not found The "<geName>.MSH" file does not exist in the standard repertory. code 1402 / <geName>.MSH: No data No data found in the "<geName>.MSH" file. code 1403 / <geName>.MSH: Incorrect data line "numLine" A data error that is not clearly identified was found in the "<geName>.MSH" file. code 1404 / <geName>.MSH: Incorrect key line "numLine" Wrong keyword used in the "<geName>.MSH" file. code 1405 / <geName>.MSH: Abscissa should be increasing line "numLine" code 1406 / <geName>.MSH: First abscissa should be zero line "numLine" code 1407 / <geName>.MSH: Zero or negative mesh size line "numLine" code 1408 / <geName>.MSH: Zero or negative mesh number line "numLine" code 1409 / <geName>.MSH: Too many descriptors The maximum number of discretization definition is exceeded in file "<geName>.MSH" (cf. 4: Array Dimensions). code 1501 / <geName>.MSH: File not found The "<geName>.THE" file does not exist in the standard repertory. code 1502 / <geName>.THE: Incorrect data line "numLine" A data error that is not clearly identified was found in the "<geName>.THE" file.
Appendix C-4
Error Messages
code 1503 / <geName>.THE: Incorrect thermal type Incorrect thermal option in the "<geName>.THE". code 1504 / <geName>.THE: Too many temperatures The number of temperatures specified exceeds the limit allowed. code 1505 / <geName>.THE: Non increasing abscissa. Data group "numLine" The abscissa list should be in increasing order in the "<geName>.THE" file. code 1506 / <geName>.THE: Negative temperatures. Data group "numLine" Negative temperatures (assumed in degree Kelvin) were found in the "<geName>.THE" file. code 1507 / <geName>.THE: Kay!-kay! Kelvin ? Data group "numLine" The temperature unit should be degree Kelvin. code 1508 / <geName>.THE: Missing upstream thermal definition Upstream temperature missing in the "<geName>.THE" file. code 1508 / <geName>.THE: Missing downstream thermal definition Downstream temperature missing in the "<geName>.THE" file. code 1408 / <geName>.MSH: Zero or negative mesh number line "numLine" code 1409 / <geName>.MSH: Too many descriptors The maximum number of discretization definition is exceeded in file "<geName>.MSH" (cf. 4: Array Dimensions). code 1501 / <geName>.THE: File not found The "<geName>.THE" file does not exist in the standard repertory. code 1502 / <geName>.TBE: Incorrect data line "numLine" A data error that-is not clearly identified was found in the "<geName>.THE" file. code 1503 / <geName>.THE: Incorrect thermal type Incorrect thermal option in the file "<geName>.THE".
Appendix C-5
code 1504 / <geName>.THE: Too many temperatures The number of temperatures specified exceeds the limit allowed. code 1505 / <geName>.THE: Non increasing abscissa. Data group "numLine" The abscissa list should be in increasing order in the "<geName>.THE" file. code 1506 / <geName>.THE: Negative temperatures. Data group "numLine" Negative temperatures (assumed in degree Kelvin) were found in the "<geName>.THE" file. code 1507 / <geName>.THE: Kay!-kay! Kelvin ? Data group "numLine" The temperature unit should be degree Kelvin. code 1508 / <geName>.TBE: Missing upstream thermal definition Upstream temperature missing in the "<geName>.THE" file. code 1509 / <geName>.THE: Missing downstream thermal definition Downstream temperature missing in the "<geName>.TBE" file. code 1510 / <geName>.SCE: Scenario on temperature not to be used The thermal option is fluid temperature profile imposed, so the scenario on temperature in the "<geName>.SCE" file is not necessary. code 1511 / <geName>.SCE: Missing scenario on upstream temperature code 1601 / <geName>.PVT: File not found The "<geName>.PVT" file does not exist in the standard repertory. code 1602 / <geName>.PVT: Incorrect data line "numLine" A data error that is not clearly identified was found in the "<geName>.PVT" file. code 1603 / <geName>.PVT: Incorrect type line "numLine" Incorrect PVT option in the file "<geName>.PVT". code 1701 / <geName>.STO: File not found
Appendix C-6 Error Messages
The "<geName>.STO" file does not exist in the standard repertory. code 1702 / <geName> STO: Incorrect data line "numLine" A data error that is not clearly identified was found in the "<geName>.STO" file. code 1703 / <geName> STO: Incorrect file type line "numLine" The output file type should be ASCII or BINARY in the "<geName>.STO" file. code 1704 / <geName> STO: Incorrect keyword line "numLine" code 1801 / <geName>.NUM: File not found The "<geName>.NUM" file does not exist in the standard repertory. code 1802 / <geName> NUM: Incorrect data line "numLine" A data error that, is not clearly identified was found in the "<geName>.NUM" file. code 1803 <geName> NUM: Incorrect hydrodynamic model type code 1804 <geName> NUM: Incorrect keyword line "numLine" code 1901 <geName>.STD: File not found The "geName>.STD" file does not exist in the standard repertory. code 2001 / Restart file not found The restart file does not exist in the standard repertory. code 2011 / Equipment number > equipment array dimension The number of equipments is greater than the maximum equipment number. code 2012 / Equipment number has to be > or = to 2 The number of equipments is less than the minimum equipment number. code 2013 / Pipe inlet defined as source and PI code 2014 / Pipe outlet defined as sink and separator code code 2015 / Impossible equipment type for equip. <> code 2016 / Equipment abscissa < pipe origin for equip. <>
Appendix C-7
code 2017 / Equipment abscissa > pipe length for equip.<> code 2018 / Impossible equipment BC number for equip. <> The equipment BC number has not been given by interface code 2050 / Impossible side number <> for equip. <> code 2101 Source number > source array dimension The number of sources is greater than the maximum source number. code 2102 / Equip. item number > equip. number for source <> The equipment item number of source is greater than the equipment number. code 2103 / Impossible abscissa for source <> The source has to be located at the pipe inlet. code 2104 / Impossible mass flow-rate scenario for source <> A mass flow-rate less than 0 or greater than 5000 kg/s has been specified. code 2105 / Impossible temperature scenario for source <> A temperature less than 223 K or greater than 523 K has been specified. code 2201 / Sink number > sink array dimension The number of sinks is greater than the maximum sink number. code 2202 / Equip. item number > equip. number for sink <> The equipment item number of sink is greater than the equipment number. code 2203 / Impossible abscissa for sink <> The sink has to be located at the pipe outlet. code 2204 / Impossible pressure scenario for sink <> A pressure less than 0.00 1. 10' Pa or greater than 10000. 10' Pa has been specified. code 2301 / Valve number > valve array dimension The number of valves is greater than the maximum valve number. code 2302 / Equip. item number > equip. number for valve <>
Appendix C-8
Error Messages
The equipment item number of valve is greater than the equipment number. code 2303 / Impossible diameter for valve <> The valve diameter is greater than the pipe diameter or the section ratio valve over pipe is less than 10%. code 2304 / Impossible coefficient for valve <> The valve coefficient is negative. code 2305 / Impossible exponent for valve <> The valve exponent is negative. code 2306 / Impossible valve opening scenario for valve <> A valve opening less than 0% or greater than 100% has been specified. code 2307 / Impossible initial valve opening for valve <> A valve opening less than 10% has been specified in the steadystate step (at time equal 0). code 2408 / Impossible minimum valve opening for valve <> A valve opening less than 10% time the area section ratio pipe over valve has been specified for valve not located on the pipe outlet. code 2401 / Injector number > injector array dimension The number of injectors is greater than the maximum injector number. code 2402 / Equip. item number > equip. number for injector <> The equipment item number of injector is greater than the equipment number. code 2403 / Impossible slope for injector line <> The injector slope is less than 0 or greater than 90 degree. code 2404 / Impossible length for injector line <> The injector line length is less than 0. code 2405 / Impossible diameter for injector line <> The injector line diameter is less than 0. code 2406 / Impossible hole diameter for injector <>
The injector hole diameter has to be less or equal than half of the pipe diameter. code 2407 / Impossible mass fraction scenario for injector <> A mass fraction less than 0 or greater than I has been specified. code 2408 / Impossible mass flow-rate scenario for injector <> A mass flow-rate less than 0 or greater than 5000 kg/s has been specified. code 2409 / Impossible initial mass flow-rate for injector <> A mass flow-rate not equal to 0 has been specified in the steadystate step (at time equal 0). code 2410 / Impossible temperature scenario for injector <> A temperature less than 223 K or greater than 523 K has been specified. code 2501 / Relief valve number > relief valve array dimension The number of relief valves is greater than the maximum relief valve number. code 2502 / Equip. item number > equip. number for relief valve <> The equipment item number of relief valve is greater than the equipment number. code 2503 / Impossible hole diameter for relief valve <> The relief valve hole diameter has to be less or equal than half of the pipe diameter. code 2504 / Impossible pressure scenario for relief valve <> A pressure less than 0.00 1. 10' Pa or greater than 10000. 10' Pa has been specified. code 2601 Pump number > pump array dimension The number of pumps is greater than the maximum pump number.
code 2602 / Equip. item number > equip. number for pump <> The equipment item number of pump is greater than the equipment number. code 2603 / Transient thermal computation incompatible with pump
Appendix C-10
Error Messages
code 2604 / Impossible pump velocity scenario for pump <> A pump velocity less than 0 or greater than 150 loop/s has been specified. code 2701 / Pig number > pig array dimension The number of pigs is greater than the maximum pig number. code 2702 / Equip. item number > equip. number for pig <> The equipment item number of pig is greater than the equipment number. code 2703 / Restart impossible with pig code 2704 / Transient thermal computation incompatible with pig code 2705 / Equipments are incompatible with pig Equipment as valve, injector, relief valve, pump or PI can not be located on the pipe during a pigging simulation. code 2706 / Impossible pig inlet side <> for pig <> The pig inlet has to be on a mesh side but after the second global mesh side. code 2707 / Impossible pig diameter at side <> for pig <> The pig diameter has to be less or equal to the pipe diameter. code 2708 / Impossible pig length for cell <> for pig <> The pig length has to be less or equal than the length of the shorter cell over 5. code 2709 / Impossible pig data in scenario for pig <> A pig data different from 0 or I has been specified. code 2710 / Impossible initial pig data value for pig <> A pig data different from 0 has been specified in the steady state step (at time equal 0). code 2801 / PI number > PI array dimension The number of PIs is greater than the maximum PI number. code 2802 / Equip. item number > equip. number for PI <> The equipment item number of PI is greater than the equipment number.
Appendix C-11
code 2803 / Transient PI impossible for PI <> The PI value for an PI module which is not located on the pipe inlet has to be constant and so different from 0. code 2804 / Impossible reservoir radius for PI <> The reservoir radius has to be less or equal than half of the pipe diameter. code 2805 / Impossible volumetric fraction data for PI <> The sum of phase volumetric fractions has to be equal to 1. code 2806 / Impossible permeability data for PI <> The sum of phase relative permeability has to be equal to 1. code 2807 / Impossible viscosity data for PI <> The phase viscosity has to be greater than 0. code 2808 / Impossible mass fraction scenario for PI <> A mass fraction less than 0 or greater than I has been specified. code 2809 / Impossible pressure scenario for PI <> A pressure less than 0.00 1. 10' Pa or greater than 10000. 10' Pa has been specified. code 2810 / Impossible temperature scenario for PI <> A temperature less than 223 K or greater than 523 K has been specified. code 2811 / Upstream equipment has to be a PI module code 2812 / Steady-state upstream PI gives too big flow-rate The total mass flow-rate computed in steady-state step is greater than 5000 kg/s.. code 2901 / MID number > PID array dimension The number of MID controllers is greater than the maximum PID controller number. code 2902 / Equip. item number > equip. number for PID <> The equipment item number of PID controller is greater than the equipment number. code 2903 / Impossible variable to control for PID <> The variable to control is incompatible with the type of controlled equipment.
code 2904 / Impossible pressure scenario for PID <> A pressure less than 0.00 1. 10' Pa or greater than 10000. 10' Pa has been specified. code 2905 / Impossible temperature scenario for PED <> A temperature less than 223 K or greater than 523 K has been specified. code 2906 / Impossible mass flow-rate scenario for PID <> A mass flow-rate less than 0 or greater than 5000 kg/s has been specified. code 3101 / Separator number > separator array dimension The number of separators is greater than the maximum separator number. code 3102 / Equip. item number > equip. number for separator <> The equipment item number of separator is greater than the equipment number. code 3103 / Impossible abscissa for separator <> The separator has to be located at the pipe outlet. code 3104 / Impossible oil levels data for separator <> Data on oil levels are incompatible with respect to one another. code 3105 / Impossible water levels data for separator <> Data on water levels are incompatible with respect to one another. code 3106 / Impossible pressure scenario for separator <> A pressure less than 0.001. 10' Pa or greater than 10000. 10' Pa has been specified. code 3107 / Impossible gas pressure set point for separator <> A pressure less than 0.00 1. 11Y Pa or greater than 10000. 10' Pa has been specified. code 3108 / Impossible oil level set point for separator <> An oil level less than minimum oil level data or greater than maximum oil level data has been specified. code 3109 / Impossible water level set point for separator <> A water level less than minimum water level data or greater than maximum water level data has been specified.
code 4101 / No convergence in the scanning procedure The domain-of definition of the function was scanned and no solution was found. code 4102 / No convergence in transient hydro calculation No solution was found in the hydrodynamic slip calculation. code 4103 / No convergence in pressure calculation code 4104 / No convergence in model calculation No solution was found in the pressure calculation or in the hydrodynamic slip calculation. code 4105 / No convergence in temperature calculation code 4106 / No convergence in non linear system The resolution of a set of non-linear algebraic equations failed. code 4107 / No convergence in steady-state hydro calculation No solution was found in the steady-state calculation of the local pressure drop. code 4108 / No convergence in the flash calculation No solution was found in the thermodynamic flash calculation. code 4109 / No convergence in the Gauss band matrix solver The resolution of a set of linear algebraic equations failed. code 4201 / No convergence at side <> at time <> code 4202 / No convergence at cell <> at time <> code 4301 / Impossible input pressure for thermo module The pressure given to solve the thermo module is out of a coherent range. code 4302 / Impossible input temperature for thermo module The temperature given to solve the thermo module is out of a coherent range. code 4303 / Impossible input mass fraction for thermo module The mass fraction given to solve the thermo module is out of a coherent range.
code 4304 / Impossible input mono component for thermo module The mono component can not be solved by the flash module. code 4401 / Fluid is not single phase at side <> Single phase flow user hypothesis is not valid according to the flash module. code 4402 / Physical fluid properties out of bound Thermodynamic results give negative value for phase density or give impossible value for phase volumetric fraction. code 4501 / Complex eigenvalues code 5001 / Beware ... all messages were not printed out Too many error messages were identified, all of them could not be printed out. code 7777 Scenario completed The scenario ended. This is not an error code. This means that the simulation is completed and that a priori, no numerical problem was encountered.
Appendix C-15
Appendix C-16
Error Messages
Index
A
About SIMSCI Auxiliary Feeds viii 2-8 Problem Description Specifying the Link Segments Transient Data Input Example 2 GUI Input GUI Output Problem Description Terrain Slugging 5-1 5-4 5-6 5-14 5-19 5-13 5-13
B
Boundary Conditions A-8
C
Component Definition Component Lumping Features 7-1 A-3
F
Fluid Characterization 2-1
H
Help, online Hydrodynamic Model ix 6-6
D
Defining Transient Reports Defining Transient Simulations Documentation A-3 A-6 ix
I
Initiating Transient Simulations A-2 2-21 Injection Device
E
Entering Transient Data Example 1 Flow Variation GUI Input GUI Output 2-3 5-1 5-2 5-9
L
Link Segmentation Lumping Procedure Binary lumping method 2-27 6-5 6-5
I-1
M
Modules Organization 6-1
Resolution Algorithm Running Transient Simulations Overview
6-8 3-1
N
Non-library Components Numerical Scheme 7-2 6-7
S
Scenarios Definition Separator Source / Sink Data Entry Specifying Process Units 2-6 2-14 2-7 2-2
O
Online documentation help Optimization of Pipeline Design ix ix 1-4
T
TACITE About TACITE About This Manual Application Areas Emergency Actions Main Features Unique advantages Thermodynamic Model Transient Output Transient Results Access System (TRAS) Overview Transient Simulation Input Transient Simulations Results Analysis 6-3 2-13 Transient Valve Specification Transport Equations viii vii 1-2 1-5 1-1 1-1 6-3 2-29 4-1 2-3 3-4 2-11, 6-9 6-1
P
Petroleum Components PID Controller Pigging PRO/II Component Library Pump 7-2 2-17 2-25 7-1 2-19
R
Relations Relief Valve
I-2
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TACITE 4.

TACITE 4.1 Users Guide

Chapter 2 GUI Input

Chapter 3 Running Transient Simulations

Chapter 4 Transient Results Access System

Chapter 5 Tutorial Problems

Chapter 6 Technical Reference

List of Available Equipments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-9

Chapter 7 Component Data Summary

Appendix A Keyword Data Specifications

Appendix B Input Values for TACITE Appendix C Error Messages

TACITE 4.1 Users Guide

Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7

TACITE 4.1 Users Guide

About SIMSCI - ESSCOR

Where to find additional help

Have the installation CD and all provided documentation available.

TACITE 4.1 Users Guide

TACITE 4.1 Users Guide

TACITE 4.1 Users Guide

Special Transient Operation: Depressurization

Optimization of Pipeline Design

Sizing of Reception Installations

Specification of Design Conditions for Pipeline and Equipment

Anticipation of Emergency Actions Consequences

TACITE 4.1 Users Guide

Specification of Operating Control Systems

Planning operation strategies or training.

TACITE 4.1 Users Guide

Chapter 2 GUI Input

TACITE 4.1 Users Guide

Specifying Process Units

To enter the Sink data:

To enter the Link/Device data:

Entering Transient Data

TACITE 4.1 Users Guide

Transient Simulation Input

TACITE 4.1 Users Guide

Click on... Device Data...

Other Data... Pigging

Figure 2-4: Define Transient Scenario Window

Transient Source Data

TACITE 4.1 Users Guide

Figure 2-6: Conditions For Component Lumping

Important Notes for Lumping

TACITE 4.1 Users Guide

Figure 2-7: Valve Window

VmS = fluid flowrate

Relief Valve Specification

TACITE 4.1 Users Guide

the set relief pressure

Device Window Interface

Enter the Relief Valve inlet diameter.

Note: The relief valve diameters must be less than or equal to 1/

10th the diameter of the pipeline at that location.

Scenario Data Input Window Interface

natural slugging terrain induced or flow rate change

TACITE 4.1 Users Guide

Figure 2-10: TACITE Separator Window

Scenario Data Input

TACITE 4.1 Users Guide

Scenario Data Input