ZMP-HH/10-11 Hamburger Beitrge zur Mathematik Nr.

372 a April 2010

HOPF ALGEBRAS AND FINITE TENSOR CATEGORIES IN CONFORMAL FIELD THEORY

arXiv:1004.3405v3 [hep-th] 18 Jan 2011

J rgen Fuchs u

and Christoph Schweigert

Teoretisk fysik, Karlstads Universitet Universitetsgatan 21, S 651 88 Karlstad

b

Organisationseinheit Mathematik, Universitt Hamburg a Bereich Algebra und Zahlentheorie Bundesstrae 55, D 20 146 Hamburg

Abstract In conformal eld theory the understanding of correlation functions can be divided into two distinct conceptual levels: The analytic properties of the correlators endow the representation categories of the underlying chiral symmetry algebras with additional structure, which in suitable cases is the one of a nite tensor category. The problem of specifying the correlators can then be encoded in algebraic structure internal to those categories. After reviewing results for conformal eld theories for which these representation categories are semisimple, we explain what is known about representation categories of chiral symmetry algebras that are not semisimple. We focus on generalizations of the Verlinde formula, for which certain nite-dimensional complex Hopf algebras are used as a tool, and on the structural importance of the presence of a Hopf algebra internal to nite tensor categories.

Introduction

For at least twenty-ve years, two-dimensional conformal quantum eld theory or CFT, for short has engaged physicists (working for instance on critical systems in statistical mechanics, on quasi one-dimensional condensed matter systems, or on string theory) and mathematicians (concerned with e.g. innite-dimensional algebra, operator algebras, topology, the theory of modular forms, or algebraic geometry) alike [FRS8]. A crucial technical ingredient in the algebraic study of CFT is a certain niteness property which distinguishes among the various models those which are easiest to understand. More specically, conserved quantities lead to an algebraic structure V, called the chiral symmetry algebra, and much information about a CFT model is encoded in the representation category C Rep(V) of V, called the category of chiral data. The relevant niteness property is then that C has the structure of a nite tensor category in the sense of [EO]. This class of categories contains in particular the modular tensor categories, which are semisimple. Another class of examples of (braided) nite tensor categories is provided by the categories of modules over nite-dimensional Hopf algebras, while Hopf algebras internal to nite tensor categories allow for a generalization of the notion of modular tensor category that encompasses also non-semisimple categories. In this report we present an overview of some pertinent aspects of CFT related to nite tensor categories; semisimple categories, categories of modules over Hopf algebras, and general (not necessarily semisimple) modular categories are considered in sections 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Of central interest in CFT (or, for that matter, in any quantum eld theory) are the correlation functions. A correlation function is, roughly, a linear functional on an appropriate tensor product of state spaces that depends on geometric data, compatible with various structures on those data. Correlation functions are often of direct relevance in applications. The relevant state spaces are related, by some state-eld correspondence, to eld operators which, in turn, can describe observable quantities like for instance quasi-particle excitations in condensed matter physics. In CFT, the geometric data for a correlation function include a two-dimensional manifold Y (with additional structure) called the world sheet. They include in particular the genus and the moduli of a conformal structure on Y as well as the location of eld insertion points on Y. To each insertion point there is associated an appropriate state space depending on the type of eld insertion. These state spaces, as well as further aspects of the world sheet like e.g. boundary conditions, are specied with the help of certain decoration data, in addition to the chiral data that are given by the category C. Essential information about CFT correlation functions can already be obtained when one knows the category C just as an abstract category (with additional properties, inherited from the chiral symmetry algebra V) rather than concretely realized as a representation category. In particular, the problem of distinguishing between dierent CFT models that possess the same chiral symmetries, and thus the same chiral data, can be addressed on this purely categorical level. Indeed, a complete solution of this problem has been given in the case that C is a (semisimple) modular tensor category. The corresponding CFT models are called (semisimple) rational CFTs, or RCFTs. For a rational CFT, a construction of all correlation functions can be achieved by expressing them in terms of invariants of suitable three-manifolds (with boundary). Apart from the 2

modular tensor category C this construction requires as one additional input datum a certain Frobenius algebra internal to C, and it makes heavy use of a three-dimensional topological eld theory that is associated to C. This construction is outlined in sections 2.4 2.7. Prior to that we provide, in sections 2.1 2.3, some relevant details about CFT correlation functions, and in particular about the consistency conditions they are required to satisfy. The analysis of non-rational CFTs turns out to be much harder, and so far no construction of correlation functions similar to the RCFT case is available. We discuss two issues which are expected to be relevant for gaining a better understanding of non-rational CFTs. First, section 3 is devoted to relations between fusion rules and modular transformations of characters. In section 3.3 we present some Verlinde-like relations that have been observed for a specic class of models, while in section 3.4 certain nite-dimensional Hopf algebras related to these models are described; a Verlinde-like formula for the Higman ideal of any factorizable ribbon Hopf algebra is quoted in section 3.6. The second issue, a generalization of the notion of modular tensor category that includes non-semisimple nite tensor categories, is the subject of section 4. This generalization, given in section 4.5, makes use of a categorical Hopf algebra that is dened as the coend of a functor related to rigidity. Remarkably, this Hopf algebra gives rise both to three-manifold invariants (section 4.4) and to representations of mapping class groups (section 4.5), albeit they do not quite t together. One may thus suspect that in the study of conformal eld theory, methods from three-dimensional topological eld theory can still be relevant also for non-rational CFTs.

Acknowledgments: JF is partially supported by VR under project no. 621-2009-3343. CS is partially supported by the DFG Priority Program 1388 Representation theory. This paper is partly based on a lecture by JF at the Coloquio de Algebras de Hopf, Grupos Cunticos y Categor Tensoria as ales at La Falda, Crdoba, in September o 2009. JF wishes to thank the organizers, and in particular N. Andruskiewitsch and J.M. Mombelli, for their hospitality at Crdoba o and La Falda.

2
2.1

Correlators and conformal blocks

CFT correlation functions

A world sheet Y is characterized by its topology, i.e. the genus and the number of boundary components, and the number m of marked points on Y (further aspects of Y will be given below). Denote by MY the moduli space of conformal structures and locations of the marked points. As already indicated in the introduction, a correlation function, or correlator, of a CFT is a function (2.1) Cor(Y) : MY H , with H an m-tuple of state spaces H = H1 H2 Hm (2.2)

assigned to the marked points. The state spaces are (innite-dimensional) complex vector spaces, and Cor(Y) is multilinear in H. For our purposes we do not need to spell out all details of this description, but the following information concerning the world sheet data and the vector spaces H for = 1, 2, ... , m will be instrumental: Each of the state spaces H is a representation space of either the chiral symmetry algebra V or of the tensor product V V of two copies of V, depending on whether the corresponding marked point lies on the boundary or in the interior of the world sheet. One framework for describing the chiral symmetry algebra V in technical terms is by the structure of a conformal vertex algebra, that is, an innite-dimensional Z0 -graded complex vector space endowed with a product that depends on a formal parameter and with various additional structure. The precise form of this algebraic structure will, however, not concern us here; rather, it will be the properties of C, rather than V itself, that are relevant to us. 1 The crucial aspect for us is that there are notions of V-module and of V-module map (or intertwiner), which furnish the objects and morphisms, respectively, of the representation category Rep(V) of V, and that one can dene a tensor product of V-modules [HL], such that Rep(V) is a monoidal category. Below it will be convenient to work with a strict monoidal category equivalent to Rep(V); we denote this category by C. The world sheet Y (Y; , (p, V )) is a compact surface Y endowed with a conformal structure , i.e. an equivalence class, with respect to conformal rescalings, of (Euclidean) metrics, and with a nite collection p = {p Y | = 1, 2, ... , m} of pairwise distinct points with labeling V = {V | = 1, 2, ... , m}. Y can in particular have a non-empty boundary Y, and it need not be orientable. The points p are referred to as insertion points. Their labeling V is given by either an object of C if p lies on the boundary Y or by a pair (V , V ) of objects of C if p lies in the bulk Y\Y. Insertion points on Y partition the boundary Y into segments. Each of these segments carries a decoration, which is called a boundary condition. This decoration is again an object of a category, namely of the category of A-modules for some algebra A in C (see the dictionary at the end of section 2.5).
In fact there is a dierent approach to CFT, based on nets of von Neumann algebras instead of conformal vertex algebras, which is essentially equivalent at the categorical level. For some details and references see e.g. [KR2].
1

Recalling that C is the representation category of V, we see that for p Y the vector space H is just the object V of C regarded concretely as a V-module, while for p Y\Y it is the space V V , regarded as a module over V V. The construction of CFT correlators is compatible with direct sums; hence for rational CFTs, for which C is semisimple, one may without loss of generality assume that V , respectively V and V , are simple. In physics terminology, an insertion point corresponds to the presence of a eld insertion. When the insertion point lies on the boundary of the world sheet, p Y, one says that the eld insertion ia a boundary eld, while for p Y\Y one speaks of a bulk eld. The insertion points actually come with additional structure, which can be encoded in the choice of a local coordinate system at each point. These data will be largely suppressed in the sequel, except in some of the pictures below, in which their presence is indicated either by drawing small oriented arcs passing through the points, or by replacing them by small oriented intervals or circles (for boundary and bulk insertions, respectively). Another structure that can be present on Y, and which for brevity will below be suppressed as well, are defect lines which partition the world sheet in dierent regions that support dierent phases of the theory. Accordingly there is also another type of eld insertions: defect elds, which can change the type of defect line. For these, and for various other details, too, we refer the reader to e.g. [SF], sections 2 and 4 of [SFR] and section 1 of [FrFRS2]. As an illustration, the following pictures show two examples of world sheets without defect lines: a closed one of genus two with two bulk insertion points, and one of genus one with three boundary components as well as with two bulk (at p1 and p5 ) and three boundary (at p2 , p3 , , p4 ) insertions. p
p4
5

p1

p2

p3

2.2

Consistency conditions

The correlators of a CFT are subject to a system of consistency conditions. There are two basically dierent types of such conditions. The rst are the Ward identities, which implement compatibility with the symmetries of the theory that are encoded in V. They select, for any point on MY , a subspace BY in the space of linear forms Hom (H1 H2 Hm , ) (2.3)

on the tensor product of state spaces. The relevant subspace is obtained as the space of invariants with respect to a globally dened action of the symmetries. This action can be constructed from the algebra V, which encodes the action of the symmetries locally in the vicinity of an insertion point, together with the geometrical data of the world sheet. The so obtained subspaces BY , which for all rational CFTs are nite-dimensional, are called the vector spaces of conformal blocks, or also of chiral blocks. 5

Further, in the rational case the spaces of conformal blocks for all world sheets of a given topology and with given number and decorations of bulk and boundary insertions t together into the total space of a nite-rank vector bundle over the moduli space MY of geometric data for the complex double Y of the world sheet Y. The surface Y is, by denition, the orientation bundle Or(Y) over Y, modulo an identication of the points over Y: Y = Or(Y)
p{1} p{1}, p Y

(2.4)

For instance, the double of a world sheet Y that is closed and orientable is the disconnected sum of two copies of Y with opposite orientation, the double of the disk D is a two-sphere, D = S 2 , and the double of the Klein bottle is a two-torus, K = T. The symmetries encoded in the conformal vertex algebra V include in particular the conformal symmetry; accordingly, any V-module carries a representation of the Virasoro algebra. (Also, all of them have the same eigenvalue of the canonical central element of the Virasoro algebra; this value c is called the central charge of V.) This symmetry can be used to endow each bundle of conformal blocks with a projectively at connection, the Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov connection. The monodromy of this connection furnishes a projective representation Y of the mapping class group Map(Y) of Y (the fundamental group of the moduli space MY ) on the bers, i.e. on the spaces of conformal blocks (for details see e.g. [FS,FB,Lo]). Another property of the system of conformal blocks of a rational CFT is the existence of gluing isomorphisms between (direct sums of) conformal blocks for surfaces that are related by cutting and gluing (and thus generically have dierent topology); see e.g. [Lo, Sect. 4] or [FFFS, Sect. 2.5.3]. The bundles of conformal blocks, or also their (local) sections, are sometimes referred to as the correlators of the chiral CFT that is associated to the chiral symmetry algebra V. However, generically the bundles do not have global sections, so a chiral CFT behaves quite dierently from a conventional quantum eld theory, which has single-valued correlators. (Still, chiral CFT has direct applications in physics, for systems in which a chirality (handedness) is distinguished, e.g. in the description of universality classes of quantum Hall uids.) The second type of consistency conditions obeyed by the correlators of the full CFT are twofold: rst, the sewing constraints, or factorization constraints, and second, the modular invariance constraints. These are algebraic equations which assert that the image of a correlator under a gluing isomorphism is again a correlator (and thus incorporate the compatibility of correlators on world sheets that are related by cutting and gluing), respectively that the correlator for a world sheet Y is invariant under the action of the group Mapor (Y) of oriented mapping classes of the world sheet, which is naturally embedded in Map(Y). In rational CFT the compatibility with cutting and gluing allows one to reconstruct all correlators by gluing from a small collection of special correlators. Invariance under Mapor (Y) is referred to as modular invariance, a term reecting the special case that Y is a torus without insertions. In that case one has T = T T, and the relevant representation of Map(T) has the form T = T T with T a representation of the modular group SL(2, Z) = Mapor (T). (Here T denotes the torus with opposite orientation. The orientation reversal results in the complex conjugation in the second factor of T .) CFT dened on world sheets Y, with correlators satisfying, in addition to the Ward identities, also all sewing constraints, is referred to as full CFT, as opposed to chiral CFT, which is dened on closed oriented surfaces and deals with conformal blocks, which are solutions to the 6

Ward identities only. The problem to be addressed in the rest of the present section and in the next section is how to obtain a full CFT on world sheets Y from a corresponding chiral CFT on the complex doubles Y, and in particular, how to select the correlator on any world sheet Y as an element of the space of conformal blocks on Y.

2.3

Solution of the sewing and modular invariance constraints

From now until the end of section 2 we restrict our attention to rational CFTs. Basically this means that the relevant representation theory is semisimple and satises certain niteness conditions. Technically, it can be formulated as a set of conditions on the vertex algebra V [Hua4] (or on the corresponding net of von Neumann algebras [KLM]), and in terms of the decoration category C it is characterized by C being a modular tensor category. In short, a modular tensor category C is a semisimple monoidal category which comes with a braiding, a duality and a twist, which has nitely many simple objects up to isomorphism, for which the tensor unit is simple, and for which the braiding is maximally non-degenerate; for the precise denition, see appendix A.1. We denote the nite set of isomorphism classes of simple objects of C by I and select a representative Si for each class i I. As representative for the class of the tensor unit 1 we take 1 itself, and denote its class by 0, i.e. write 1 = S0 . As a V-module, 1 C = Rep(V) is just V itself. A crucial feature of rational CFTs is that for solving the sewing constraints, and thus for obtaining the correlators for all world sheets, of arbitrary topology and with any number and type of eld insertions (as well as for other purposes), combinatorial information about the theory is sucient. Specically, to account for the chiral symmetries it is enough to treat the category C as an abstract category (with suitable additional structure), rather than as given concretely as the representation category Rep(V) of the chiral symmetry algebra. For instance, we can, and will, take C to be strict monoidal, equivalent as a monoidal category (with additional structure) to the non-strict category Rep(V). Furthermore, one can replace the complex-analytic modular functor that is furnished by the system of conformal blocks by the equivalent [BK, Ch. 4] topological modular functor that is provided 2 by the TFT functor tftC that is associated to the modular tensor category C. Hereby the bers of the bundles of conformal blocks for Y are identied, as representation spaces of mapping class groups, with the state spaces tftC (Y) of the C-decorated three-dimensional topological eld theory tftC . In this description, the correlator Cor(Y) is just regarded as an element Cor(Y) BY (2.5)

of such a nite-dimensional vector space. As for the world sheet Y, it can be treated just as a topological manifold, endowed with some additional structure to rigidify the situation. The information that is suppressed in this simplied setting can be restored completely when combining the results obtained in this setting with the explicit expressions for the conformal blocks as vector bundles over MY . (The latter are not fully known for all surfaces Y and all classes of RCFTs, but determining them is by all means an issue independent of the problems considered here.) Despite all these simplications, to actually determine the solution of all sewing and modular invariance constraints is not an easy matter. After all, these constraints constitute innitely
2

See the discussion around formula (2.11) below.

many nonlinear equations, in particular one for each cutting or sewing, in innitely many variables, namely the correlators for all world sheets. A traditional approach to these constraints has been to establish the general solution to some specic small subset of constraints, most prominently, to the requirement of modular invariance of the torus partition function (i.e., the correlator for a torus without insertions) Z = Cor(T, , ), see e.g. [DMS, Ga2]. The torus partition function is a vector in the space BT of conformal blocks for the torus T. The terminology partition function signies the property of Z that BT has a basis 3 {i | i, j I} in which j the expansion coecients are non-negative integers and the coecient with i = j = 0 is unity (this amounts to the basic physical requirement of uniqueness of the bulk vacuum state). Thus with Z= Zi,j i (2.6) j
i,jI

one has Zi,j Z0 and Z0,0 = 1 . (2.7) Modular invariance of Z amounts in this basis to the requirement [Z, T ()] = 0 for all SL(2, Z) . (2.8)

As conformal blocks depending on the modular parameter of the torus, the basis elements i are given by the characters i ( ) := trS (e2i (L0 c/24) ) (2.9) i of the irreducible modules of the chiral symmetry algebra V. (In (2.9), c is the central charge of the conformal vertex algebra V and L0 is the zero mode of the Virasoro algebra.) The classication, for a given chiral algebra, of matrices Z = Zi,j obeying these conditions has produced remarkable results, starting with the discovery of an A-D-E-structure of the solution set for classes of models with simple objects of suciently small categorical dimension. It has not led to any deep insight in the structure of the solution set for general rational CFTs, though. And indeed this classication program had to be put into a dierent perspective by the observation that there exist spurious solutions, i.e. matrices satisfying (2.7) and (2.8) which are unphysical in the sense that they do not t into a consistent collection of correlators that also satises all other sewing and modular invariance constraints. (For some details and references see section 3.4 of [FRS8].) Additional insight has been gained by the study of boundary conditions that preserve all chiral symmetries. In particular it has been realized that for consistency of such boundary conditions, representations of the fusion rules by matrices with non-negative integral entries, so called NIM-reps, must exist [BPPZ]. This requirement, and similar consistency conditions for unorientable surfaces, turn out to be rather restrictive, see e.g. [Ga1,HSS]. These developments have triggered another approach to the solution of the sewing constraints, which we call the TFT construction of the correlators of rational CFTs. 4 This construction associates to a world
The complex conjugation of j reects the opposite orientation of the second copy of T in the double T = T T. 4 The correlators on world sheets of genus 0 and 1 have also been obtained by direct use of the theory of vertex algebras [HK, Ko]. The relation between these results and the TFT construction is discussed in [KR1].
3

sheet Y a cobordism MY from to MY such that MY is homeomorphic to the complex double Y (see (2.4)) of the world sheet. The correlator for Y is then dened to be the element Cor(Y) = tftC (MY ) 1 (2.10)

of the vector space BY = tftC (Y) of conformal blocks. It has been proven that the correlators produced by this construction satisfy all sewing and modular invariance constraints. Besides the modular tensor category C, the TFT construction requires one additional datum, namely a certain Frobenius algebra internal to C. For each Morita class of such algebras the construction gives one independent solution. The relevant algebras will be described in section 2.6. The term TFT construction alludes to a tool that is crucial in the construction, namely the C-decorated three-dimensional topological eld theory (TFT) tftC ; this is [Tu] a projective symmetric monoidal functor (2.11) tftC : CobC Vect 3,2 from a category CobC of three-dimensional cobordisms to nite-dimensional complex vector 3,2 spaces. Such a TFT associates to an oriented surface a vector space, called the TFT state space of the surface, and to a cobordism between surfaces a linear map between the corresponding state spaces. Both the surfaces and the cobordisms come with additional data. In a C-decorated TFT these data include embedded arcs on the surfaces and embedded ribbon graphs in the cobordisms (in such a way that for any world sheet Y the double Y is an object of CobC and the 3,2 C cobordism MY is a morphism of Cob3,2 ); the arcs are labeled by objects of C, and the ribbon graphs by objects and morphisms of C. It is an important result that to any (semisimple) modular tensor category there can indeed be associated a TFT functor tftC ; for details we refer to [Tu] and [BK, Ch. 4]; a brief summary can be found in [FFFS, Sect. 2.5]. The linear maps obtained by the functor tftC furnish an invariant of oriented three-manifolds and of framed links in these manifolds [RT]. In connection with the use of tftC in the prescription (2.10) a word of caution is in order. Namely, from a rational conformal vertex algebra V and the modular tensor category C = Rep(V) one obtains representations of mapping class groups in two distinct ways. The rst is via the Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov connection on the bundles of conformal blocks; in this case the mapping class groups arise as the fundamental groups of the moduli spaces MY . The second way is via three-dimensional TFT and the embedding of mapping class groups in cobordisms; this construction uses directly the modular tensor category C, while the former is based on the vertex algebra V and its conformal blocks. That the two constructions give equivalent representations is known for genus 0 and 1, but to establish equivalence model-independently and for any genus will require a considerably improved understanding of conformal blocks and in particular of their factorization properties for general rational vertex algebras.

2.4

The TFT construction of RCFT correlators

The formula (2.10) gives the correlator Cor(Y) as the invariant of a three-manifold MY . This manifold, to which we will refer as the connecting manifold, comes with a prescription for an embedded ribbon graph Y ; by abuse of notation we use the symbol MY also to refer to the manifold including the graph Y . In (2.10), the three-manifold MY is regarded as a cobordism from to the boundary MY . Thus taking the invariant, i.e. applying the TFT functor tftC , 9

yields a linear map from tftC () = to tftC (MY ) = tftC (Y), which when applied to 1 then gives the correlator a vector in tftC (Y), i.e. in the space of conformal blocks for the world sheet Y. The TFT construction is a prescription on how to obtain the connecting manifold MY , including its embedded ribbon graph Y , for any arbitrary world sheet Y. The details of this prescription are a bit lengthy. While many of the details will not concern us here, the following features are pertinent (for more information see e.g. [FjFRS1, App. B] or [FSSt, App. A.4,A.5]): The nite-dimensional vector space of which Cor(Y) is an element is the space BY of conformal blocks (recall that BY is dened with the help of the complex double Y of Y). The connecting manifold MY is obtained by suitably lling up the double Y so as to get a three-manifold having Y as its boundary. A guideline for this lling-up procedure is that it should not introduce any new topological information; indeed MY has Y as a deformation retract, i.e. can be viewed as a fattening of the world sheet. (Moreover, in the extension from two to three dimensions there should not, in physics terminology, be any additional dynamical information involved; this is accounted for by taking the eld theory relevant to MY to be a topological theory.) Concretely, as a manifold MY is the total space of an interval bundle over Y modulo an identication over Y. For instance, when Y is closed and orientable, then MY = X [1, 1], the connecting manifold MD for the disk is a three-ball, and the connecting manifold for the Klein bottle is a full torus. By construction, the world sheet Y is naturally embedded in the equatorial plane Y {0} of MY . A crucial ingredient of the ribbon graph Y in MY is a dual triangulation Y of the embedded world sheet. As an additional datum, beyond the modular tensor category C and the combinatorial data for Y, the decoration of the ribbon graph Y thereby involves the selection of an object A of C, whose role is to label each of the ribbons in the dual triangulation Y . This object A cannot be chosen arbitrarily; indeed, in order for the correlator (2.10) to be welldened, A is required to carry the structure of a simple symmetric special Frobenius algebra in C. (When allowing for unoriented world sheets, A must come with an additional structure, a braided analogue of an involution.) Each of the trivalent vertices of the dual triangulation Y is labeled by either the product or coproduct morphism of A; the various properties of A then ensure that the invariant tftC (MY ) is independent of the particular choice of dual triangulation of Y.

2.5

Main results of the TFT construction

The basic result of the TFT construction is the statement that the pair (C, A) is necessary and sucient for obtaining a solution to the sewing constraints of rational conformal eld theory. In more detail, one has the following Theorem: (i) The pair (C, A), with C a modular tensor category and A a simple symmetric special Frobenius algebra in C, supplies all required decoration data, and the TFT construction yields a family {Cor(C,A) (Y)} of correlators (on oriented world sheets of arbitrary topology and with arbitrary eld insertions) that satisfy all sewing and modular invariance constraints of rational CFT. (ii) Every solution to the sewing constraints of a non-degenerate rational CFT based on the 10

chiral data C can be obtained via the TFT construction with a simple symmetric special Frobenius algebra A in C. Once a boundary condition of the CFT is selected, this algebra A is determined uniquely up to isomorphism. (iii) Morita equivalent algebras give rise to equivalent families of correlators. We add a few remarks; for more details the reader should consult the original literature. The assertion (i), rst stated in [FRS1] and [FRS2, Sect. 5], was proved in [FjFRS1]. A crucial input of the proof is that every sewing operation can be obtained by a nite sequence of nitely many distinct local moves. This allows one to reduce the innitely many sewing constraints to three types of manipulations: action of (a generator of) the relevant mapping class group, boundary factorization, and bulk factorization. These three types of constraints are treated in theorems 2.2, 2.9 and 2.13 of [FjFRS1], respectively. Part (ii) was established in [FjFRS2]. In the proof the boundary condition is taken to be the same on all segments of Y; dierent choices of boundary condition give rise to Morita equivalent algebras. The qualication non-degenerate refers to properties of the vacuum state and of the two-point correlators of boundary elds on the disk and of bulk elds on the sphere, all of which are expected to hold in a rational CFT. Part (iii) was claimed in [FRS1]. The precise meaning of equivalence namely equality of correlators up to a factor (Y)/2 with (Y) the Euler characteristic of Y and the quotient of the dimensions of the two Morita equivalent algebras involved has been formulated in section 3.3 of [FrFRS2], where also a proof of the statement is presented. Note that in a (semisimple) modular tensor category a Frobenius structure can be transported along Morita contexts. As they stand, parts (i) and (iii) apply to oriented world sheets. There is a version for unoriented (in particular, unorientable) world sheets as well (for part (i), see theorems 2.4, 2.10 and 2.14 of [FjFRS1]), but it requires a few modications. In particular, as already mentioned, the algebra A must possess an additional structure End(A), which is a braided version of an involution [FRS3] ((A, ) is then called a Jandl algebra), and the notion of Morita equivalence gets generalized accordingly [FRS6, def. 13]. Instrumental in all these ndings is another fundamental result: All relevant concepts from rational CFT have a precise mathematical formalization that is entirely expressible in terms of the data C and A. These may be collected in the form of a dictionary between physical concepts and mathematical structures. Some entries of this dictionary are the following:
physical concept phase of a CFT boundary condition defect line separating phases A and B boundary eld changing the boundary condition from M to M bulk elds in region with phase A defect eld changing the defect type from X to X CFT on unoriented world sheets non-chiral internal symmetry mathematical structure symmetric special Frobenius algebra A in C A-module M CA A-B-bimodule X CA|B module morphism HomA (M U, M ) bimodule morphism HomA|A (U +A V, A) bimodule morphism HomA|B (U +X V, X ) A a Jandl algebra element of Picard group Pic(CA|A ) [FrFRS2]

11

In the expressions for bulk and defect elds, the notation refers to bimodule structures of the corresponding objects which are obtained by combining the product of the algebra(s) and suitable braidings, e.g.
1 U + A := ( U A, (idU m) (cU,A idA ), idU m )

and

U A := ( U A, (idU m) (cA,U idA ), idU m ) ,

(2.12)

and analogously in the other cases (see e.g. [FRS5, eqs. (2.17,18)]). One may note that the structures appearing in the list above naturally t into a bi-category, with the phases, defect lines and defect elds being, respectively, the objects, 1-morphisms and 2-morphisms.

2.6

Frobenius algebras in C

As the algebra A plays a central role in the TFT construction, let us pause to collect some information about the relevant class of algebras. We nd it convenient to represent the relevant structural morphisms graphically. (For an introduction to the graphical calculus for strict monoidal categories see e.g. [JS, Maj, Kas] or section 2.1 of [FRS2]. Note in particular that the positions of the various pieces in such pictures are relevant only up to suitable isotopy.) We draw the pictures such that the domain of a morphism is at the bottom and the codomain is at the top. The various properties of A are dened as follows. A (unital, associative) algebra, or monoid, in a monoidal category C consists of an object A together with morphisms m = Hom(AA, A) (the product, or multiplication, morphism) and = Hom(1, A) (the unit morphism) such that the associativity and unit properties and = =

(2.13)

are satised. Likewise, a coalgebra in C is an object C together with coproduct and counit morphisms = Hom(A, AA) and = Hom(A, 1) such that and

(2.14)

A Frobenius algebra in C is a quintuple (A, m, , , ) such that (A, m, ) is an algebra in C, (A, , ) is a coalgebra, and the two structures are connected by the requirement that the coproduct is a bimodule morphism, i.e. that

(2.15)

12

A symmetric algebra in a sovereign monoidal category C (that is, a monoidal category endowed with a left and a right duality which coincide as functors) is an algebra for which the equality
A

(2.16)

of morphisms in Hom(A, A ) holds. If the algebra is also Frobenius, then both of these are isomorphisms. Note that the equality only makes sense if the left and right dual objects A and A are equal, as is ensured if C is sovereign. A special Frobenius algebra in a rigid monoidal category C is a Frobenius algebra for which the relations

=0

and

(2.17)

are satised, i.e. the product is left-inverse to the coproduct and, up to a factor dim(A) = 0, the counit is left-inverse to the unit. (Sometimes this property is instead called normalized special, with specialness just meaning that the two equalities hold up to non-zero constants; if A is symmetric Frobenius, the product of these constants is unity.) A simple Frobenius algebra is one that is simple as an A-bimodule. The following is a (non-exhaustive) list of examples of simple symmetric special Frobenius algebras: (a) In any (strict) monoidal category, the tensor unit, with all structural morphisms being unit morphisms, A = (1, id1 , id1 , id1 , id1 , id1 ). (b) In any rigid monoidal category C, and for any object U of C, the following algebra: b A = (U U, idU dU idU , U , idU bU idU , dU ). Any such algebra is Morita equivalent to the one in (a). (c) For C the modular tensor category of integrable modules over the ane Lie algebra sl(2) at positive integral value k of the level, the following objects, coming in an A-D-E pattern, are symmetric special Frobenius algebras (we label the simple objects by their highest sl(2)-weight, i.e. as S0 , S1 , ... , Sk ): A(A) = S0 1 (k Z>0 ) , A(E6 ) = S0 S6 (k = 10) , A(D) = S0 Sk (k 2Z>0 ) , (k = 16) , (2.18)

A(E7 ) = S0 S8 S16 (k = 28) .

A(E8 ) = S0 S10 S18 S28

These exhaust the set of Morita classes of simple symmetric special Frobenius algebras in this category [KO]. 13

(d) For K Pic(C) a subgroup of the Picard group (i.e., the group of isomorphism classes of invertible objects) of C, subject to the requirement that the three-cocycle on Pic(C) that is furnished by the associativity constraint of C, when restricted to the subgroup K is the coboundary of a two-cocycle on K, there is an algebra A(K, ) = gK Sg , with cohomologous two-cocycles giving isomorphic algebras [FRS4]. Algebras of this type are called Schellekens algebras; in the physics literature the corresponding CFT models are known as simple current constructions [ScY, FSS]. (e) In the m-fold Deligne tensor product C m of C, there is an algebra structure on the object A = i1 ,i2 ,...,im I (Si1 Si2 . . . Sim )Ni1 i2 ...im C m , with multiplicities given by Ni1 i2 ...im = dim HomC (Si1 Si2 . . . Sim , 1). Algebras of this type correspond to so-called permutation modular invariants [BFRS2].

2.7

A digest of further results

The TFT construction supplies universal formulas for coecients of correlation functions, valid for all RCFTs. The coecients of Cor(X) with respect to a basis in the appropriate space BY of conformal blocks are expressible through the structural data for the modular tensor category C and the symmetric special Frobenius algebra A. For some world sheets of particular interest, the construction gives the following results. A basic correlator is the torus partition function Z = Cor(T, , ) (2.6). The TFT construction gives Z as the invariant of a ribbon graph in the three-manifold T[1, 1], and expressing it as in (2.6) in the standard basis of characters yields the coecients Zi,j as invariants of ribbon graphs in the closed three-manifold S 2 S 1 . Choosing the simplest dual triangulation of the world sheet T, these graphs in the connecting manifold T[1, 1] look as follows (see (5.24) and (5.30) of [FRS2]):
S 2 S 1 T[1,1] A A A

Cor(T; ) =

Zi,j =

(2.19)

In plain formulas, the resulting expression for the numbers Zi,j looks still a little complicated; in the special case that both dim Hom(Si , A) and dim Hom(Si Sj , Sk ) for all i, j, k I are either 0 or 1, it reduces to [FRS2, eq. (5.85)] Zi,j = tftC
i
Aj

(S 2 S 1)

=
a,b,cJ

cb mbca a kI

Gak

(c b j)

(c b j) R (c b) a k F k a ,
j

(2.20)

with J = {i I | dim Hom(Si , A) = 1}, mk and ijk the structure constants of the product ij and the coproduct, respectively, i the twist eigenvalues, and F and R coecients of the associativity constraint and of the braiding with respect to standard bases of morphism spaces (and G = F1 ; for detailed denitions see section 2.2 of [FRS2]). 14

Inserting the data for the algebras of the sl(2) A-D-E classication (2.18), one recovers the well-known expressions [CIZ] for the torus partition functions of the sl(2) theories. One also shows (Thm 5.1 of [FRS2]) that the partition function is modular invariant, which in terms of the matrix Z means [, Z] = 0 for SL(2, Z), that Z0,0 = 1 i A is simple, and that the coecients Zi,j are nonnegative integers. In fact, Zi,j = dim HomA|A (Si + A Sj , A) . (2.21)

One also shows that the torus partition functions obtained for the opposite algebra and the diopp t rect sum and tensor product of algebras are ZA = ZA , ZAB = ZA + ZB , and ZAB = ZA ZB with Zi,j = Zi,. Also recall that any correlator on an oriented world sheet, and hence in parj ticular the matrix Z = Z(A), depends only on the Morita class of A. As an example of a correlator for a non-orientable world sheet we give the partition function on the Klein bottle K. Recall that for non-orientable world sheets one needs a Jandl algebra (A, ) rather than just a Frobenius algebra A as an input. One nds [FRS3, Sect. 3.4] that the correlator and the expansion coecients Kj in the basis {j | j I} of conformal blocks of the torus T = K are given by
IS 1 I/ (r,)top ( 1 ,)bottom r S 2 I/

Cor(K; ) =

Kj =
A j

A j

(2.22)

The coecients Kj obtained this way satisfy [FRS3, thm. 3.7] K = K , K + Z 2Z and 1 |K | 2 Z . There is only one Jandl structure on the Frobenius algebra A = 1, namely = id1 . In this particular case the formulas (2.19) for Z = Z(A) and (2.22) for K = K(A, ) reduce to Z, (1) = , and K (1, id1 ) = FS(S ) if = 0 else (2.23)

(as rst obtained in [FFFS]), with FS denoting the Frobenius-Schur indicator (see e.g. [FFFS, Na, NS]). Finally, as an example for a world sheet with non-empty boundary, consider the disk D with one bulk eld insertion = i,j and with boundary condition M. One nds [FRS5, eq. (4.20)] that the correlator is non-zero only if j = i, in which case the coecient of Cor(D; ; M) in an expansion in a standard (one-dimensional) basis of the space of two-point blocks on the

15

sphere it is given by

i A i

(2.24)

The study of these and other correlators has also motivated the investigation of properties of Frobenius algebras and their representation theory. Here is a list of selected results that arose in this manner: For A a special Frobenius algebra in a rigid monoidal category C, every A-module is a submodule of an induced (free) module (A U, m idU ) for some object U of C [FrFRS1, Lemma 4.8(ii)]. For A a simple symmetric special Frobenius algebra in a modular tensor category C, every simple A-bimodule is a sub-bimodule of a braided-induced bimodule U+A V (see (2.12)) for some simple objects U, V of C [FrFRS2, Prop. 4.7]. For A a symmetric special Frobenius algebra in a modular tensor category the complexied Grothendieck ring G0 (CA|A ) Z of the category of A-bimodule is isomorphic as a -algebra to i,jI End HomA|A (A + Ui , A Uj ) [FRS7]. For A a symmetric special Frobenius algebra in a modular tensor category C there is an exact sequence 1 Inn(A) Aut(A) Pic(CA|A ) (2.25) of groups [FRS6, Prop.7 ]. One can also describe conditions under which there exists a Morita equivalent Frobenius algebra A for which the corresponding homomorphism from Aut(A) to Pic(CA|A ) is surjective [BFRS1]. For A a simple symmetric special Frobenius algebra in a modular tensor category C, the -vector space I HomA|A (S + A S, A) can be endowed with a natural structure of a semisimple unital commutative associative algebra A. The simple modules of this algebra are in bijection with the simple A-modules, i.e. with the elementary boundary conditions of the full CFT dened by C and A. If A is Morita equivalent to 1, then A is naturally isomorphic to the complexied Grothendieck ring of C [FSSt]. Every simple algebra in a modular tensor category is Morita equivalent to one for which dim Hom(1, A) = 1 [Os]. This can be used to show [FRS4, Prop. 3.6] that the number of Morita classes of simple symmetric special Frobenius algebras in a modular tensor category is nite. As an immediate consequence, associated to any chiral RCFT there are only nitely many dierent full RCFTs, in particular only nitely many dierent physical modular invariant torus partition functions.

16

3
3.1

Verlinde-like relations in non-rational CFT

Beyond rational CFT

The results for RCFT correlators reported in section 2 may be summarized by the statement that for rational CFT, the transition from chiral to full CFT is fully under control and can be treated in an entirely model-independent manner. In particular all correlators can be constructed combinatorially 5 as elements of the appropriate spaces of conformal blocks of the chiral theory. This does not mean that a complete understanding of rational CFT has been achieved, but the issues that still need to be resolved are conned to the realm of chiral CFT. In contrast, attempts to understand more general CFTs, like Liouville theory or logarithmic CFTs, at a similar level are still under development. In the present and the next section we discuss two features that are expected to be relevant for making progress in this direction: relations between fusion rules and modular transformation properties of characters, and a generalization of the notion of modular tensor category to chiral symmetry structures with non-semisimple representation categories which is based on the presence of a Hopf algebra in C that is obtained as a coend. The rst of these observations has been made in a specic class of models which are collectively termed logarithmic CFTs (or sometimes rational logarithmic CFTs), and which have been intensively studied in the physics literature. The proper categorical setting remains, however, unclear even for these models. For instance, in spite of much recent progress (see e.g. [HLZ, Hua3, Mi2]), still some mysteries need to be unraveled for the tensor structure of logarithmic CFTs. From the physics perspective, one is tempted to argue that certain features valid in RCFT are still present in the non-rational case, and that they imply specic properties of the vertex algebra and its relevant representation category C. Concretely, the existence of a sensible notion of operator product expansion is expected to imply that C is monoidal, for obtaining reasonable monodromy properties of conformal blocks C should be braided, the nondegeneracy of two-point blocks on the disk and on the sphere can be taken as an indication that C is rigid, while the scaling symmetry points to the possible presence of a twist (balancing). But as any such reasoning is basically heuristic, none of these properties can be taken for granted. For instance, it has been argued, in the context of vertex algebras [Mi2], that rigidity must be relaxed. For the purposes of the present section we adopt the following setting: we assume that the category C of chiral data is a braided nite tensor category, that is [EO], a k-linear abelian braided rigid monoidal category for which every object U is of nite length and has a projective cover P (U), which has nitely many simple objects up to isomorphism, and for which the tensor unit 1 is simple. Here k is an algebraically closed eld; in the CFT context, k = . For nite tensor categories the tensor product functor is exact in both arguments. We continue to denote the set of isomorphism classes of simple objects by I. While it is not known whether the framework of nite tensor categories will ultimately
To go beyond the combinatorial framework, one must promote the geometric category of topological world sheets to a category of world sheets with metric, and similarly for the relevant algebraic category of vector spaces. Condence that this can be achieved comes from the result [BK] that the notions of a (C-decorated) topological modular functor and of a (C-decorated) complex-analytic modular functor are equivalent. An intermediate step might consist of the construction of cohomology classes on the moduli spaces of curves using combinatorial models for the moduli space like in [Co].
5

17

suce to understand all aspects of logarithmic CFTs, in any case the relevant categories C will no longer be semisimple, so that in particular various arguments used in the TFT construction no longer apply. Still one may hope that three-dimensional topological eld theory, or at least invariants of links in three-manifolds, will continue to provide tools for studying such CFTs. It is thus a signicant result that such invariants exist [Ly1,KR,He,MN], and that even representations of mapping class groups can be constructed [Ly2, Ke2]. However, these invariants and mapping class group representations do not really t together, and actually it is reasonable to expect that for a full treatment one must work with extended TFTs related to higher categorical structures (see e.g. [Lu]) and allow the TFT functor to take values in complexes of vector spaces. But such generalizations have yet to be established.

3.2

The fusion rules of a semisimple modular tensor category

By the fusion rules, or fusion algebra, of a chiral CFT, one means the complexied Grothendieck ring (3.1) F := G0 (C) Z . Recall that the Grothendieck group of an abelian category C is the abelian group G0 (C) generated by isomorphism classes [U] of objects of C modulo the relations [W ] = [U] + [V ] for any short exact sequence 0 U W V 0 in C. To set the observations about fusion rules for logarithmic CFTs into context, it is worth to describe rst in some detail the analogous results for (semisimple) rational CFTs. The Grothendieck group of a modular tensor category C inherits various properties from C. It is a commutative unital ring, with product [U] [V ] := [U V ] (3.2)

and unit element [1], and evaluation at [1] denes an involution [U] [U ]. G0 (C) has a distinguished basis {[Si ]}iI in which the structure constants Nijk , obeying [Si ] [Sj ] =
kI

Nijk [Sk ] ,

(3.3)

are non-negative integers, and as a consequence of semisimplicity these structure constants are given by Nijk = dim Hom(Si Sj , Sk ). It follows that the fusion algebra (3.1) of a modular tensor category is a commutative, associative, unital -algebra for which evaluation at the unit is an involutive automorphism. Together, these properties imply that F is a semisimple algebra. As a consequence, F has another distinguished basis {el }, consisting of primitive orthogonal idempotents, such that el el = l,l el . The transformation between the two distinguished bases {[Si ]} and {el } fur nishes a unitary matrix S such that [Si ] = l (S 1 )0l Sil el with (S 1 )0l = 0. The structure constants Nijk can then be written as Nijk =
l
Sil Sjl Slk , S0l

(3.4)

a relation known as the diagonalization of the fusion rules. 18

One of the distinctive features of modular tensor categories is the fact that the so dened matrix S coincides with a multiple of the matrix s (A.3) whose invertibility enters the denition of a modular tensor category: 6 S = S S00 s . (3.5)

This equality has been established, from three related points of view, in 1989 in [Wi], [MS] and [Ca]. The proof can be formulated entirely in categorical terms, as a series of identities between elements of the morphism space End(1) = id1 (which we identify with ): s s i,k i,k sj,k = s s0,k 0,k

=
p

i k

=
p

=
p

Nij p s p,k (3.6)

Here the rst two equalities follow directly from the denition of s (together with the fact that simple objects are absolutely simple), the third uses semisimplicity to express idSj idSi through a choice of bases in the spaces Hom(Si Sj , Sp ) and their dual bases in Hom(Sp , Si Sj ), the forth holds by the dening properties of duality morphisms and braiding, and the last is a property of dual bases. An independent, much stronger statement, can be established when one not just works with C as a category, but includes information from its concrete realization as the representation category of a rational conformal vertex algebra V. Namely, one can then show that the matrix S also coincides with the matrix S that implements the modular transformation 1 on the space spanned by the characters Si (2.9) of the simple V-modules Si . Thus the diagonalization of the fusion rules can be rephrased as the Verlinde formula Nijk =
l
Sil Sjl S lk . S0l

(3.7)

The Verlinde formula was conjectured in 1988 [Ve]. It was established, around 1995, for the particular case of WZW models, a class of models for which the vertex algebra V can be constructed from an ane Lie algebra. For these models the proof can be obtained with methods from algebraic geometry (see e.g. [TUY,Fa,Be,So]). A proof for all rational conformal vertex algebras was achieved in 2004 [Hua1, Hua2].
To be precise, the equality holds for a specic ordering of the basis {el } of idempotents. Note that for any semisimple -algebra the sets of primitive orthogonal idempotents and of irreducible representations are in bijection, albeit not in natural bijection. Implicit in (3.5) is the statement that for F one specic such bijection is distinguished; in this bijection the braiding enters as an additional structure.
6

19

3.3

Verlinde-like formulas for logarithmic minimal models

One reason why the ndings above, which all apply to rational CFT, are of interest to us here is that Verlinde-like relations have also been found in non-rational CFT, namely for the specic class of so-called logarithmic minimal models L1,p , with p Z2 . For these models, there is a corresponding vertex algebra V(1,p) = V(L1,p ) that is quite well understood [Kau, CF, AM, NT]. In particular, V(1,p) obeys the so-called C2 -coniteness condition, and as a consequence the category C(1,p) = Rep(V(1,p) ) of grading-restricted generalized V(1,p) -modules is a braided nite tensor category (see [NT] and section 5.2 of [Hua4]). Specically, the number of isomorphism classes of simple objects of C(1,p) is 2p; there are two isomorphism classes of simple objects which are projective, while the isomorphism classes of non-projective simple objects come in p 1 pairs, with non-trivial extensions existing within each pair, but not among members of dierent pairs [FGST2, NT]. We write the label set I as a corresponding disjoint union
p+1

I=
a=1

Ia

with and

Ia = {i+ , i } for a = 1, 2, ... , p1 a a Ip = {ip } , Ip+1 = {ip+1 }

(3.8)

of p 1 two-element subsets and two one-element subsets, with Si projective for i Ip Ip+1 and Si non-projective for i I \(Ip Ip+1 ). Under the modular transformation 1/ the characters ( ) of V(1,p) -modules acquire explicit factors of the modular parameter or, in other words, logarithms of the parameter q = e2i in which the characters are power series. There is thus no longer an SL(2, Z)-representation on the (2p-dimensional) span of V(1,p) -characters. However, there is a 3p1-dimensional SL(2, Z)-representation (3p1) on the space spanned by the 2p simple characters i ( ) together with p 1 pseudo-characters a ( ). The quantities a are known explicitly as functions of , see e.g. [Fl, FG] and [FGST1, Sect. 2.2]: they are of the form of a product of i times a power series in q. It is expected [FGST1] that this 3p1-dimensional space coincides with the space of zero-point conformal blocks on the torus. For any C2 -conite vertex algebra this space of conformal blocks can be constructed with the help of certain symmetric linear functions on the endomorphism rings of projective modules [Mi1, Ar2] and can be shown [Mi1, FG] to carry a nite-dimensional SL(2, Z)-representation. 1 We denote by S the representation matrix for the modular transformation in the representation (3p1) . Under such a transformation a pseudo-character is mapped to a linear combination of ordinary characters [FGST1, GT], i.e. S has the block-diagonal form (3p1)
0 1 1 0

S =

S S S 0

(3.9)

Further, introducing label sets Aa := {+, , } for a = 1, 2, ... , p1 and Ap = Ap+1 := {} and labeling the characters and pseudo-characters in such a way that i for a = 1, 2, ... , p1 , = +, , a (a) = a for a = 1, 2, ... , p1 , = , (3.10) ia for a = p, p+1 , = , 20

as well as 1 = S(1+) Si+ , one shows [GT, Prop. 1.1.2] by direct calculation that the complex 1 numbers
p+1 (c) N(a),(b)

=
d=1 Ad

S(c),(d) (S(1),(d) )

S(1),(d) S(a),(d) S(b),(d) + S(1),(d) S(a),(d) S(b),(d) S(1),(d) S(a),(d) S(b),(d)

(3.11)

are integers, and that those for which all three labels (a), (b), (c) correspond to ordinary characters rather than pseudo-characters are nonnegative and coincide with the Jordan-Hlder o multiplicities for the corresponding tensor products of simple objects of C. (For labels outside (c) this range, the integers N(a),(b) can be negative, though.) The close similarity of (3.11) with the Verlinde formula (3.7) suggests to call it a Verlinde-like formula. The Jordan-Hlder multiplicities obtained this way constitute the structure constants Nijk o of the fusion algebra F = G0 (C(1,p) ) Z of C(1,p) . This algebra is non-semisimple, so that the fusion rules can no longer be diagonalized. However, there is another type of Verlinde-like relation: one can show [GR,PRR2] that the matrices Ni with (Ni )j k = Nijk ) can simultaneously be brought to Jordan form NiJ according to Ni = Q NiJ Q1 , (3.12)

with the entries of the similarity matrix Q as well as of all matrices NiJ being expressible through the entries of S . While the concrete expressions are somewhat unwieldy and up to now a conceptual understanding of this similarity transformation is lacking, the very existence of the transformation is a quite non-trivial observation. Besides the fusion algebra F, of dimension 2p, there is also an algebra of dimension 4p2 that arises from the tensor product of C(1,p) . Namely, the (conjectured) tensor product of any two simple objects of C(1,p) decomposes as a direct sum of simples and of projective covers of simples. As a consequence the tensor product closes among the union of (direct sums of) all simple objects Si and their projective covers Pi = P (Si ), and one can thus extract a 4p2dimensional extended fusion algebra F spanned by the set {[Si ], [Pi ] | i I}. F is a commutative unital associative algebra [PRR1]. Moreover, similarly as for F, the matrices N made out of the structure constants of F can simultaneously be brought to Jordan form by a similarity transformation, N = Q NJ Q1 . (3.13) And again the entries of both Q and NJ can be expressed through the entries of S [Ra2], although, again, a deeper understanding of the resulting formulas is lacking. Thus there is again a Verlinde-like relationship. Finally, even though SL(2, Z)-transformations do not close on the linear span of characters of V(1,p) -modules, it is nevertheless possible to extract an interesting 2p-dimensional SL(2, Z)representation (2p) from the modular transformations of characters. This is achieved either by separating a so-called automorphy factor from the transformation formulas [FuHST], or by decomposing (3p1) as the pointwise product (i.e. such that (3p1) () = (3p1) () () (3p1) for any SL(2, Z) ) of two commuting (3p1)-dimensional SL(2, Z)-representations (3p1) and (3p1) , one of which restricts to the span of characters [FGST1]. Moreover, this description gives rise to yet another Verlinde-like formula: by a similarity transformation Q the fusion matrices 21

Ni (formed, as described above, from the subset {Nijk } of the Jordan-Hlder multiplicities o (3.11)) are simultaneously brought to block-diagonal form Nib.d. , i.e. Ni = Q Nib.d. Q1 , (3.14)

and both Q and the Nib.d. have simple expressions in terms of the entries of S. But again the explicit expressions obtained this way are not too illuminating. On the other hand, the block structure of the matrices Nib.d. is given by two 11-blocks and p1 22-blocks, which precisely matches the structure of nontrivial extensions among simple objects of C.

3.4

Hopf algebras for the L1,p models

By inspection, the Perron-Frobenius dimensions of the simple objects (i.e. the Perron-Frobenius eigenvalues of the fusion matrices Ni ) of C(1,p) with p prime coincide with the dimensions of the simple modules over the p-restricted enveloping algebra of sl(2, Fp ) (see e.g. [Hum]), and the same holds for their respective projective covers. In view of the relationship between modular representations and quantum groups at roots of unity, this may be taken as an indication of the existence of a suitable quantum group with a representation category that is equivalent to C(1,p) at least as an abelian category. Such a Hopf algebra indeed exists for any p Z2 , namely the 2p3 -dimensional restricted quantum group Uq (sl2 ) at the value q = ei/p of the deformation parameter: there is an equivalence Rep(V(1,p) ) Uq (sl2 )-mod (3.15) of abelian categories [FGST1, FGST2, NT]. The two SL(2, Z)-representation (3p1) and (2p) described in the previous subsection also arise naturally in the study of Uq (sl2 ). First, it is known [LM, Ke1] that the center of Uq (sl2 ), which has dimension 3p1, carries a representation of SL(2, Z), obtainable by composing the Frobenius and Drinfeld maps (see (3.33) and (3.30) below) between Uq (sl2 ) and its dual, and this representation can be shown to be isomorphic with (3p1) [FGST1]. Second, (2p) is obtained through the multiplicative Jordan decomposition of the ribbon element of Uq (sl2 ) [FGST1]. In view of these results there is little doubt that the quantum group Uq (sl2 ) is intimately related with the logarithmic minimal models L1,p . Let us therefore briey summarize a few main features of Uq (sl2 ). As an associative algebra, Uq (sl2 ) is freely generated by three elements {E, F, H} modulo the relations Ep = 0 = F p , and K 2p = 1 , K K 1 . q q 1 K E K 1 = q 2 E , K F K 1 = q 2 F (3.16)

EF F E =

The coproduct and counit act on the generators as (E) = 1 E + E K , (E) = 0 = (F ) , (F ) = K 1 F + F , (K) = K K and (3.17)

(K) = 1 ,

and this extends uniquely to all of Uq (sl2 ) by requiring that it endows Uq (sl2 ) with the structure of a bialgebra. This bialgebra structure becomes a Hopf algebra by dening the antipode S to 22

act as S(E) = E K 1 , S(F ) = K F and S(K) = K 1 . (3.18) The structure of Uq (sl2 )-mod as abelian category, which appears in the equivalence (3.15), has been established with the help of the reduced form (basic algebra) of Uq (sl2 ) as an algebra. This reduced form has the structure Red(Uq (sl2 )) = = P = /
(p1)

(3.19)

where the algebra in the square brackets, which is 8-dimensional, is the path algebra of the indicated quiver modulo certain relations [Su, Xi, Ar1]. This direct sum decomposition shows in particular that the 2p isomorphism classes of simple Uq (sl2 )-modules can be partitioned into p 1 pairs Ia = {i+ , i } precisely as in (3.8) (together with two isolated classes) such that a a non-trivial extensions only exist between the two members of each pair Ia . There is also an analogue of the pseudo-characters of V(1,p) : for each of the p 1 decomposable projective modules Pa := jIa Pj one independent pseudo-character is obtained [FGST3, Se, GT] by inserting a specic linear endomorphism of Pa into the trace. Such linear maps can be non-zero because of the isomorphisms Soc(Pi ) Si Top(Pi ) = = (3.20)

for all i I. Note, however, that no non-zero map of this form is a morphism of Uq (sl2 )-modules, and it is in fact not yet known how to obtain such linear maps in a systematic manner from Hopf algebra theory and the R-matrix. On the other hand, for p > 2 the equivalence (3.15) does not extend to an equivalence between Rep(V(1,p) ) and Uq (sl2 )-mod as monoidal categories. Indeed, whereas the monoidal category Rep(V(1,p) ) can be endowed with a braiding, the category Uq (sl2 )-mod cannot, as Uq (sl2 ) is not quasitriangular. Uq (sl2 ) is, however, almost quasitriangular, in the following sense: adjoining a square root of the generator K to Uq (sl2 ) one obtains a Hopf algebra U which contains Uq (sl2 ) as a Hopf subalgebra and which is quasitriangular, with an explicitly known R-matrix R U U; and the corresponding monodromy matrix Q = R21 R is not only an element of U U, but even of Uq (sl2 ) Uq (sl2 ). This is also reected in the structure of tensor products of indecomposable Uq (sl2 )-modules: most of them satisfy V V V V , = while those which do not obey this relation involve pairs U, U of indecomposable Uq (sl2 )modules such that U V V U and U V V U for any of the former modules V and = = such that U U , but not U or U individually, lifts to an U -module [Su, KoS].

3.5

Factorizable ribbon Hopf algebras

It is tempting to expect that there are further interesting CFT models whose category C of chiral data is equivalent, as an abelian category, to H-mod for some non-semisimple nite-dimensional Hopf algebra H. For instance, in [FGST3] candidates for such Hopf algebras are constructed for the case of the logarithmic minimal models Lp,p , with p, p Z2 coprime and p < p . Just like for the subclass of L1,p models such an equivalence will usually not extend to an equivalence of monoidal categories. In particular, for any nite-dimensional Hopf (or, more generally, quasi-Hopf) algebra H, the category H-mod is a nite tensor category [EO], whereas 23

the results of [GRW, Ra1, Wo] indicate that already for L2,3 the category C is no longer a nite tensor category, as e.g. the tensor product of C is not exact. Still, the structures observed in logarithmic CFT models and in suitable classes of Hopf algebras are suciently close to vindicate a deeper study of such Hopf algebras. In this regard it is gratifying that a Verlinde-like formula has been established [CW] for a particular subalgebra, namely the Higman ideal, of any nite-dimensional factorizable ribbon Hopf algebra over an algebraically closed eld k of characteristic zero. We will describe this Verlinde-like formula in section 3.6. To appreciate its status, some information about the following aspects of nite-dimensional factorizable ribbon Hopf algebras H = (H, m, , , , S) will be needed: Chains of subalgebras in the center of H and in the space of central forms in H = Homk (H, k); the notions of quasitriangular, ribbon, and factorizable Hopf algebras; the Drinfeld and Frobenius maps between H and H . We rst recall that the character M of a H-module M = (M, ) is the map that assigns to x H the number dM ( idM ) (x bM ). In graphical description, the character M is given by
M

M = dM ( idM ) (idH bM ) =

(3.21)
H

(The graphical description used here and below has the advantage that most results translate directly from Vectk to more general ribbon categories, and thus to the setting of section 4.) The relevant chain of ideals in the center Z(H) is Z0 (H) Hig(H) Rey(H) Z(H) , (3.22)

which features the Reynolds ideal Rey(H) = Soc(H) Z(H) of H, the Higman ideal (or projective center), i.e. the image of the trace map : H H (with respect to some pair of dual bases of H), and the span Z0 (H) of those central primitive idempotents e for which He is a simple left H-module. For the space C(H) := {x H | x m = x m cH,H } (3.23)

of central forms (or class functions, or symmetric linear functions) there is a similar chain of subspaces C0 (H) I(H) R(H) C(H) (3.24) with R(H) the span of characters of all H-modules, I(H) the span of characters of all projective H-modules, and C0 (H) the span of characters of all simple projective H-modules. (3.24) is obtained from the chain (3.22) of ideals in H via a symmetrizing form, and H is semisimple i any of the inclusions in these chains is an equality [CW, Prop. 2.1 & Cor. 2.3]. (In the example of H = Uq (sl2 ), the dimensions of the respective spaces are 2 < p + 1 < 2p < 3p 1.)

24

A quasitriangular Hopf algebra H is a Hopf algebra with an R-matrix, i.e. with an invertible element R H H satisfying op = adR and ( idH )(R) = R13 R23 These properties in turn imply R12 R13 R23 = R23 R13 R12 and ( idH ) R = = (idH ) R (3.26) and (idH )(R) = R13 R12 . (3.25)

as well as, by the invertibility of the antipode, (S idH ) R = R1 = (idH S1 ) R and (S S) R = R . (3.27)

Here we made the canonical identication H Homk (k, H) analogously as H = Homk (H, k), so that in particular R Hom(k, H H). We describe R pictorially as R = From R one forms the monodromy matrix Q := R21 R (m m) (idH cH,H idH ) [(cH,H R) R] H H . (3.29) H H . (3.28)

A ribbon Hopf algebra H is a quasitriangular Hopf algebra with a ribbon element, i.e. a central element v Z(H) such that S v = v and v = 1 as well as v = (v v) Q1 . The dening properties of the ribbon element imply that v 2 = m (u (S u)) with u H the canonical element u := m (S idH ) R21 . The product b := m (v 1 u) is called the balancing element of the ribbon Hopf algebra H; b is group-like and satises S2 = adb . A ribbon Hopf algebra is called factorizable i the Drinfeld map, i.e. the morphism from H to H dened as H

:= (dH idH ) (idH Q) R

H

(3.30) R

is invertible (as a linear map) or, equivalently [FGST1], i the monodromy matrix (3.29) can be written as Q = h k with {h } and {k } two bases of H. A left integral of H is a morphism Hom(1, H) such that m (idA ) = , and a right integral of H (or right cointegral of H) is a morphism Hom(H, 1) such that ( idH ) = . Pictorially, 111 000 111 000 111 000 = = 000 111 and (3.31) 111 000

25

respectively. Given a left integral H and a right integral H , the Frobenius map and its inverse 1 are the morphisms : H H : i.e.
11 00 11 00 11 00
H

h S(h)

and

: H H :
H

p p,

(3.32)

Hom(H, H )

=
111 000 111 000

Hom(H , H) (3.33)

(For a graphical proof that these two morphisms are indeed each others inverses see appendix A.2.) The Frobenius map is a morphism of left H-modules (and of right H -modules):
11 00 11 00 11 00 11 00 11 00 11 00

(3.34)

For any nite-dimensional factorizable ribbon Hopf algebra H over an algebraically closed eld k of characteristic zero, the Frobenius map and Drinfeld map furnish an algebra isomorphism Z(H) C(H), as well as isomorphisms between the respective other members in the two = chains (3.22) and (3.24) [CW].

3.6

A Verlinde-like formula for the Higman ideal

We now describe the result of [CW] announced in section 3.5. Recall rst that for H a nite-dimensional ribbon Hopf algebra, one denes the s-matrix of H as the square matrix whose entries are obtained by composing characters and the Drinfeld map as follows:
Sj

Si

si,j = j ((i )) =

Si

Sj

(3.35)

26

The composition of the ip map with the action (Si Sj )(R) of R provides a non-trivial braiding on H-mod. The s-matrix given by (3.35) is then precisely the matrix s dened in formula (A.3). The result of [CW] can be regarded as a specic generalization of the formula (3.4) (the diagonalization of the fusion rules). It is a statement about the Higman ideal Hig(H) which reduces to (3.4) (together with the identication (3.5)) for H semisimple, i.e. for Hig(H) = H. To cover the non-semisimple case we need two generalizations s s and s s of the s-matrix. They are dened by si,j := j ((i )) and si,j := ((S ej )) ((i )) (3.36)

for i, j I, respectively, and involve, besides the primitive idempotents ej H (satisfying Pj = H ej ), the modied Frobenius map : H H and modied Drinfeld map : H H which are dened by : h ( b) S1 (h) and : p (p b1 ) ,
=

(3.37)

where b is the balancing element of H. ( is an algebra isomorphism C(H) Z(H), and the modications of Drinfeld and Frobenius maps cancel, = .) Graphically, 111 000 111 000 111 000 S
j

b ej

si,j =
b1

Si

si,j =
b1

Si

(3.38)

We now consider the following two bases for the Higman ideal Hig(H): the images {(Pj )} under the modied Drinfeld map of the characters of the indecomposable projective H-modules Pj = P (Sj ), and the images { (ej )} under the trace map of the primitive orthogonal idempotents ej that correspond to the Pj . It can be shown [CW, Prop. 3.11] that the matrix that transforms the latter basis to the former satises = (M(C))1 M(C s) , (3.39)

where C is the Cartan matrix (with entries Ci,j = Pi ej ) of H and M(A) stands for the major minor of a matrix A, with := dimk (Hig(H)) . 27 (3.40)

The tensor product of a projective H-module with any module is again projective. Hence for i, j, k {1, 2, ... , } one can dene nonnegative integers Nijk by
m

S P = i j
k=1

Nkji Pk .

(3.41)

Consider now the matrices Ni that are given by Ni := (Njki ). As shown in [CW, Thm. 3.14], the basis transformation matrix simultaneously diagonalizes these matrices Ni , and the entries of the resulting diagonal matrices are, up to factors of dimensions dk = dim(Sk ), given by the entries of the matrix s: 1 Ni = diag(d1 si,j j=1,..., . (3.42) j This is the Verlinde-like relation announced above. Regarding (3.41) as (the appropriate analogue of) fusion rules for the Higman ideal Hig(H), it asserts that the matrix given by (3.39) diagonalizes the fusion rules for Hig(H).

4
4.1

Hopf algebras and coends

Hopf algebras in braided monoidal categories

One idea to comprehend CFT beyond the rational case is to generalize the notion of modular tensor category, as dened in appendix A.1, in such a way that semisimplicity of the category is not required. As it turns out, such a generalization can be achieved with the help of a Hopf algebra that, for a large class of rigid braided monoidal categories, can be dened as the coend of a suitable functor. We will thus need some background information about coends and about Hopf algebras in braided categories. A bialgebra in a braided monoidal category C is an object H of C endowed with a product m, unit , coproduct and counit such that (A, m.) is an algebra and (A, , ) is a coalgebra (compare section 2.6), and such that the coproduct and counit are (unital) algebra morphisms, i.e.

and

(4.1)

A Hopf algebra (H, m, , , , S) in C is a bialgebra together with an antipode, i.e. an endomorphism S of H satisfying

(4.2)

28

Just like in the case of Frobenius algebras, the use of graphical calculus is not only convenient for visualizing denitions, but also for giving proofs. For instance, it can be checked graphically that the antipode is an algebra- and coalgebra-antihomomorphism. As another simple illustration, that the left coadjoint action, i.e.

Hom(H H , H )

(4.3)

endows the dual H with the structure of a left module over H is seen by the following sequence of equalities:

(4.4) It is interesting to note that the self-braiding cH,H of a Hopf algebra is already determined by the structural morphisms of H. Indeed [Sc],

(4.5)

In particular if H is commutative or cocommutative, then the self-braiding is symmetric, c2 = idHH ; accordingly, in this case in pictures like those above the distinction between H,H over- and underbraiding is immaterial, even if the braiding on C is not symmetric. Below we will also need the notion of a Hopf pairing of a Hopf algebra H; this is a morphism

29

 : H H 1 satisfying
111 000 111 000 111 000 111 000 111 000 111 000 111 000 111 000 111 000 111 000 111 000 111 000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 111 000 111 000 111 000 111 000 111 000 111 000 111 000 111 000

and

(4.6)

as well as
111 000 111 000 111 000 111 000 111 000 111 000 111 000 111 000

and

(4.7)

As is easily checked, a non-degenerate Hopf pairing gives an isomorphism H H of Hopf algebras.

4.2

Dinatural transformations and coends

We now summarize some pertinent information about coends. For C and D categories and F a functor F : C op C D, a dinatural transformation F B from F to an object B D is a family of morphisms = {X : F (X, X) B}XC such that the diagram F (Y, X)
F (f,idX ) F (idY ,f )

//

F (Y, Y )
Y

(4.8)



F (X, X)

//



commutes for all X, Y C and all f : X Y . Pictorially:

B Y Y f Y X X B X

(4.9)
X

f Y

for all X, Y C and all f : X Y . A Coend (A, ) for a functor F : C op C D is an initial object in the category of dinatural transformations from F to a constant. In other words, it is a dinatural transformation (A, ) with the universal property that any dinatural transformation (B, ) : F B uniquely

30

factorizes, i.e. there is a unique morphism A B such that the two triangles in F (Y, X)
F (f,idX ) F (idY ,f )

//

F (Y, Y )
Y Y



F (X, X)

//

AA
A A A A A 11 B



(4.10)

commute for all X, Y C and all f : X Y . If the coend exists, it is unique up to unique isomorphism. One denotes it by
X

A=
X

F (X, X) ,

(4.11)

F (X, X). Assuming that arbitrary coproducts exist, so that in particular X : F (X, X) X an equivalent description of F (X, X) (see e.g. section V.1 of [May]) is as the coequalizer of the morphisms F (Y, Z)
f : Y Z s t

//

//
X C

F (X, X)

(4.12)

whose restrictions to the f th summand are sf = F (f, id) and tf = F (id, f ), respectively. An immediate consequence of the universal property of the coend is that to give a morphism with X domain F (X, X) and codomain Y is equivalent to give a family {fX } of morphisms from F (X, X) to Y such that (Y, f ) is a dinatural transformation. Provided that the coends exist, the assignment of the coend of F to a functor F is functorial, i.e. extends to a functor
X

FUN (C op C, D) D .

(4.13)

This can be seen by considering, for a given a natural transformation : F F between functors F, F : C op C D, the diagram F (Y, X)
sss F (f ,idX )sss Y,X s sss sss  yys sss sss s sss (f ,idX ) F sss yys KK KK KK (idY ,f ) F KK KK KK K%%

F (X, X)
X,X

F (Y, X)

F (Y, Y )
Y,Y

F (X, X)



KK KK KK KK (id ,f ) KKK F Y KK %%

(4.14)

F (Y, Y )



KK KK KK KK KK KK i X K%%
X

tt tt tt tt tt tt iY yyt

F (X, X) 31

in which the upper left and upper right squares commute by the dening property of the natural transformation , while the lower square commutes by the dinaturality of the coend of F . Hence also the outer square commutes, and thus it denes a dinatural transformation X X to the object F (X, X). By the universal property of F (X, X) there is then a unique X X X morphism : F (X, X) F (X, X) in D.

4.3

Coends in braided nite tensor categories

X

The following result has been established in [Ly1, Ke2]: For C a braided nite tensor category, the coend H= X X (4.15)

of the functor F : C op C (X, Y ) X Y C exists and has a natural structure of a Hopf algebra in C. The proof of this result can e.g. be found in [Vi]. Here we only present the structure morphisms, which are described (using the universal property of the coend) in terms of families of morphisms from X X to H: The algebra structure is given by mH (X Y ) := Y X (X,Y idY X ) (idX cX,Y Y ) and H := 1 (4.16)

(X,Y is the canonical identication of X Y with (Y X) ; in the denition of H it is used that 1 1 1), the coalgebra structure by = H X := (X X ) (idX bX idX ) and H X := dX (4.17)

(note that the braiding does not enter the coproduct and counit), and the antipode is SH X := (dX X ) (idX cX ,X idX ) (bX cX ,X ) . In pictures, the structure morphisms look as follows:
H H H H H H

(4.18)

(Y X)

Y X

mH

X,Y

idY |X

=
X Y X X X X

X X

Y Y

Y Y

X H

X H

(4.19)

SH

=
H

=
X X X X

32

(In the picture for mH , idX|Y is the identication of idX idY with idXY .) The situations discussed in sections 2 and 3.5 modular tensor categories and nite-dimensional Hopf algebras provide concrete examples for the Hopf algebra H. First, if C is semisimple with nite set I of isomorphism classes of simple objects Si , then H decomposes as an object as [Vi, Sect. 3.2] Si Si , (4.20) H =
iI

and the structural morphisms X are just combinations of the embedding morphisms of the simple subobjects of X and X in H. Second, if C is equivalent to the representation category H-mod of a nite-dimensional ribbon Hopf algebra H, then H is given by the dual space H = Homk (H, k) endowed with the left coadjoint H-action (4.3), and with structural morphisms (see [Ke2, Lemma 3] [Vi, Sect. 4.5]) X : X X x x i.e.
H H

h x, h.x ) ,

(4.21)

iX

(4.22)

X X

4.4

Three-manifold invariants from the coend H

For any nite braided tensor category C, the coend H is not just a Hopf algebra in C, but comes with further structure, in particular with integrals and with a Hopf pairing. This way H gives rise both to three-manifold invariants and to representations of mapping class groups [Ly1, Ly2, Ke2, KL, Vi]. As can be seen by a similar argument as for nite-dimensional Hopf algebras in Vectk [Ly2], H has left and right integrals. If the left and right integrals coincide (when properly normalized), then they can be used as a Kirby element and thus provide an invariant of three-manifolds [Vi]. This invariant has been rst studied in [Ly1]. If C = H-mod for a nite-dimensional ribbon Hopf algebra H, the invariant reduces to the one constructed in [KR, He]. If C is a (semisimple) modular tensor category, then the integral of H is two-sided and can be given explicitly in terms of the duality morphisms bi Hom(Si Si ) [Ke2, Sect. 2.5]: H =
iI

dim(Si ) bSi .

(4.23)

The three-manifold invariant obtained from this integral is, up to normalization [CKS], the same as the one constructed in [RT].

33

4.5

A Hopf pairing for H and modular tensor categories

The second structure on H that is of interest to us is a symmetric Hopf pairing H of H. It is given by [Ly1]
111 000 H 111 000 111 000 111 000

:=

(4.24)
X X Y Y

X X

Y Y

i.e. is induced by the dinatural family of morphisms (dX dY ) [idX (cY ,X cX,Y ) idY ]. Now notice the similarity of the morphism on the right hand side of (4.24) with the one in the expression (A.3) for the matrix s . Since invertibility of s is the crucial ingredient of the denition of a (semisimple) modular tensor category, the following denition is a natural generalization to the non-semisimple case: A modular nite tensor category is a braided nite tensor category for which the Hopf pairing H given by (4.24) is non-degenerate. It can be shown [Ly2, Thm. 6.11] that if C is modular in this sense, then the left and right integrals of H coincide. An example for a (non-semisimple) modular tensor category is provided by the category H-mod of left modules over any (non-semisimple) nite-dimensional factorizable ribbon Hopf algebra H [LM, Ly1]. The terminology suggests that there is a relation with the modular group SL(2, Z). In the case of semisimple modular tensor categories, SL(2, Z) arises as the mapping class group of the torus, which as noted in section 2.2 naturally acts on the space of zero-point conformal blocks on the torus. But SL(2, Z) appears in the non-semisimple case as well: there are endomorphisms SH and TH of H which satisfy the relations for the generators of (a twisted group algebra of) SL(2, Z) [Ly2]. These endomorphisms will be given below. Denote by Z(C) the center of C, i.e. the algebra of natural endotransformations of the identity functor of C. An element of Z(C) is a family (X )XC of endomorphisms X End(X), and one can check that the composition (X (idX X ))XC gives a dinatural family. By the universal property of the coend there is thus a unique endomorphism H of H such that the diagram X X
X idX

//

X X
X

(4.25)

H _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _// H
H





commutes for all X C; this furnishes an injective linear map Z(C) End(H). By concatenation with the counit H this gives a map Z(C) End(H) Hom(H, 1) .
(H )

(4.26)

Now the vector space Hom(H, 1) has a natural structure of a k-algebra (since H is in particular a coalgebra and 1 is an algebra); it can be shown [Ke2, Lemma 4] that (4.26) is an isomorphism of k-algebras. 34

If the category C is a ribbon category (e.g. if C is sovereign, i.e. if the left and right dualities are equal as functors), then the family (X )XC of twist isomorphisms constitutes an element Z(C), the ribbon element. Denote by TH := H End(H) (4.27)

the endomorphism of H obtained by applying the map dened in (4.25) to the ribbon element. Pictorially,
H H

=
X X X X X

(4.28)

Next consider the family of morphisms on the right hand side of

H H

:= (4.29)

X X

Y Y

X X

Y Y

This family is dinatural both in X and in Y , and hence (4.29) denes a morphism : H H H. By composition with a left or right integral of H one arrives at an endomorphism SH := (idH ) End(H) . (4.30)

It was established in [Ly2, Sect. 6] that for any (not necessarily semisimple) modular tensor category C, the two-sided integral of H can be suitably normalized in such a way that the endomorphisms (4.27) and (4.30) furnish a morphism k SL(2, Z) End(H) (4.31)

of k-algebras, where for k , k SL(2, Z) denotes the twisted group algebra of SL(2, Z) with relations S 4 = 1 and (ST )3 = S 2 . Since for every object U of C the morphism space Hom(U, H) is, by push-forward, a left module over the algebra End(H), one obtains this way projective representations of SL(2, Z) on all vector spaces Hom(U, H). If C is semisimple, the vector space Hom(1, H) coincides with the space of conformal blocks of the torus, Hom(1, H) tftC (T), and the SL(2, Z)-representation obtained this way is pre= cisely the representation on the characters (2.9) of a rational CFT as described in section 2.2. Also note that one can think of Hom(1, H), which is dual to the space Hom(H, 1) on the right hand side of (4.26), as the appropriate substitute for the space of class functions. Hom(1, H) would therefore be a natural starting point for constructing a vector space assigned to the torus T by a topological eld theory based on C. 35

Let us nally comment on a relationship with the pseudo-characters that we encountered in section 3.3. Consider the map X : Obj(C) Hom(1, H) given by
H

U XU := U U = b
U

(4.32)

The morphisms XU can be regarded as generalizations of characters: The map X factorizes to a morphism of rings K0 (C) Hom(1, H), i.e. it is additive under exact sequences and one has XX XY := mH (XY XX ) = XXY . The latter is seen as follows:
H H H

(4.33)

XY X,Y idY |X

mH (XY XX ) =

=
X Y Y X

=
XY

(4.34)

Furthermore, if the category C is semisimple, then Hom(1, H) iI Hom(1, Si Si ), so that = {XSi }iI constitutes a basis of the vector space Hom(1, H). If C is not semisimple, these elements are still linearly independent, but they do not form a basis any more. A (non-canonical) complement of this linearly independent set is in certain cases provided by an analogue of pseudo-characters.

36

A
A.1

Appendix
Semisimple modular tensor categories

The category of chiral data of a rational conformal eld theory is a semisimple modular tensor category. It arises as the representation category of a conformal vertex algebra that is rational in the sense that it obeys the C2 -coniteness condition and certain conditions on its homogeneous subspaces [Hua1]. But there are also various other algebraic structures which give rise to modular tensor categories, for instance (for some more details and references see e.g. section 3.3 of [FRS8]) nets of von Neumann algebras on the real line which have nite -index, are strongly additive and possess the split property [KLM], as well as connected ribbon factorizable weak Hopf algebras over with a Haar integral [NTV]. A (semisimple) modular tensor category is, by denition, a semisimple abelian -linear monoidal category with simple tensor unit 1 and with the set I of isomorphism classes of simple objects being nite, which has a ribbon structure for which the braiding is maximally non-degenerate. We will spell out the last two ingredients of this denition. We denote the tensor product bifunctor by : CC C and the monoidal unit by 1. A ribbon category [Kas, Ch. XIV.3] C = (C, , 1, c, b, d, ) is a monoidal category endowed with four specic families of morphisms: a duality (evaluation and coevaluation), a braiding, and a twist. A (right) duality assigns to every U C another object U , called the (right-) dual of U, and morphisms bU Hom(1, UU ) and dU Hom(U U, 1), called coevaluation and evaluation, respectively. A braiding is a family of isomorphisms cU,V Hom(UV, V U), one for each pair U, V C, and a twist is a family of isomorphisms U End(U), one for each U C. Every monoidal category is equivalent to one that is strict monoidal, i.e. for which one has equalities U (V W ) = (U V ) W and U 1 = U = 1 U for U, V, W C rather than just natural isomorphisms of objects. We replace any non-strict monoidal category by an equivalent strict one; this allows for a simple graphical notation for morphisms, in which the tensor product of morphisms is just juxtaposition, see section 2.6. In this notation the braiding and twist and their inverses and the duality are depicted as follows:
V U U V U U 1 U = U U

cU,V =
U U V U

c1 = U,V
V U

U =

(A.1)

bU =

dU =
U U

(Since 1 is a strict tensor unit, we have adopted the convention that it is invisible in such pictures.) With these conventions, the relations to be satised by the duality, braiding and

37

twist are
U U U U V V
f

=
U U W W X W
g

=
f

=
U U V U U V
f f

U U V W

U U V

(A.2)

X
f

=
f g f

=
U V U V W U V W U

One may think of the lines in these pictures as ribbons, with the twist describing a 2-rotation of a ribbon around its core. The equalities (A.2) are then precisely the relations satised by ribbons embedded in the three-sphere. Finally, that the braiding is maximally non-symmetric means that the |I| |I|-matrix s with entries s := i,j

Sj

Si

(A.3)

(in End(1) =

id1 , which we identify with

) is non-degenerate.

38

A.2

Invertibility of the Frobenius map

Here we give a graphical proof of the following statement: For any Hopf algebra H in an additive ribbon category C that has an invertible antipode and a left integral Hom(1, H) and right cointegral Hom(H, 1) such that is invertible, the morphisms (the Frobenius map) and dened in (3.33) are mutually inverse. Without loss of generality, we may normalize the integrals such that = id1 . Then we have the following chain of equalities:
111 000 111 000 111 000 11 00 11 00 11 00 11 00 11 00 11 00

11 00 11 00 11 00

=
11 00 11 00 11 00

=
111 000 111 000 111 000

(A.4)
11 00 11 00 11 00 11 00 11 00 11 00 11 00 11 00 11 00

=
111 000 111 000

=
11 00 11 00

=
11 00 11 00

The rst equality combines = id1 with simple properties of unit, counit and antipode, the second implements the dening properties of and , the third is the compatibility of product and coproduct in a bialgebra, the fourth is the antialgebra property of the antipode together with a slight deformation of the graph, the fth uses associativity and coassociativity, and the last follows by the dening property of the antipode. Using nally the dening properties of the unit and counit and composing from the left with S1 and from the right with S, one arrives at = idH . (A.5)

39

To show that is also a right-inverse, we proceed in two steps. First we show that

111 000 111 000 11 00 11 00

111 000 111 000 111 000

11 00 11 00

11 00 11 00

11 00 11 00 11 00

11 00 11 00 11 00

=
11 00 11 00 11 00

(A.6)
11 00 11 00 11 00 11 00 111 000 111 000

=
11 00 11 00 11 00

111 000 111 000 111 000

11 00 11 00 11 00

Here the rst equality uses the dening properties of the unit and counit and of and , the fth follows by a combination of the compatibility of product and coproduct and of properties of the antipode, while all other equalities are just properties of the antipode. In the second step we compose the result just obtained with the (co)integrals and then use again the dening property of , yielding
111 000 111 000 111 000 111 000 11 00 11 00 11 00 11 00 11 00 11 00 111 000 111 000 111 000 111 000 111 000 111 111 000 000 111 111 000 000 111 000 11 00 11 00 11 00 111 111 000 000 111 111 000 000 111 111 000 000 11 111 00 000 11 111 00 000 11 111 00 000

(A.7)

11 00 11 00 11 00

11 00 11 00 11 00

11 00 11 00

40

and thus S = id1 . Re-inserting this identity into (A.6) nally proves that = idH . (A.9) (A.8)

Similarly as for nite-dimensional Hopf algebras over a eld or, more generally, over a commutative ring (see e.g. [Pa, KaS]), as a corollary of the result above one shows that any Hopf algebra (H, m, , , , S) of the form assumed above is naturally also a Frobenius algebra (H, m, , F , F ), with the same algebra structure and with Frobenius counit F = and Frobenius coproduct
111 000 111 000 111 000

F =

=
111 000 111 000 111 000 111 000 111 000

=
111 000 111 000

(A.10)

11 00 11 00

41

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