Appendix (Machine Design: DSGN04I04)

1


Design of Pressure Vessels
Internally Pressurized Cylinders:
Stresses in Thin-Walled Cylinders:

Stresses in thick-walled cylinder:



Externally Pressurized Cylinders:
Stresses in thick-walled cylinder:





( )
2
2
2
2 2
,max
2
2
2
2 2
2 2
,max
2 2
1
1
o
i i
r
o i
r i
o
i i
o i
i i o
o i
r
p r
r
r r
p
r
p r
r
r r
p r r
r r
u
u
o
o
o
o
| |

|
\ .
=

=
| |
+
|
\ .
=

+
=

2 2
2 2 2
,max
2 2
2 2 2
2
,max
2 2
1
1
2
o o i
r
o i
r o
o o i
o i
o o
o i
p r r
r r r
p
p r r
r r r
p r
r r
u
u
o
o
o
o
| |
=
|

\ .
=
| |
= +
|

\ .
=

Appendix (Machine Design: DSGN04I04)

2



Rotating Cylinders:

Cylinder with Central Hole:

: mass denisty, kg/

: rotational speed (rad/s)





Solid Shaft:






Recommended tolerances in millimeters for classes of fit:








Maximum and Minimum Shaft and Hub Diameters:


Appendix (Machine Design: DSGN04I04)
3


Interference Fit:


Force and Torque:


Interference of press fit of hollow shaft to hub
Appendix (Machine Design: DSGN04I04)
4


Fasteners and Power Screws

Power Screws:
- Pitch p: the distance from a point on one thread to the same point to
the adjacent thread.
- : The thread angle.
- Number of threads per inch n= 1/p
- l= m*p, m: number of starts, l: lead
- Helix angle

; l : lead
- The Tensile stress area:

- The pitch diameter of an ACME power thread is:

(in)

(mm)



Appendix (Machine Design: DSGN04I04)
5


Forces and Torque









Raising the Load:



Lowering the Load:



The power, in horse power:



The power, in watts:


Effieciency:

Self Locking Screws






Appendix (Machine Design: DSGN04I04)
6


Strength of Steel Bolts:
Proof strength:

=0.8 * Yield strength

Appendix (Machine Design: DSGN04I04)
7


UN Coarse and Fine Threads:


M Coarse and Fine Threads


Appendix (Machine Design: DSGN04I04)
8


Design of Spur gears
Spur Gear Geometry:
Center distance:

Circular pitch:

Gear Ratio:

Diameteral pitch:

Module (m):

Formulas for addendum, dedendum, and clearance (pressure angle, 20; full-
depth involute):







Loads on Gear Tooth

Bending Stresses in Gears

Modified Lewis Equation:

Appendix (Machine Design: DSGN04I04)
9




AGMA Bending Stress Equation:







Application Factor

Size Factor

Appendix (Machine Design: DSGN04I04)
10


Load Distribution Factor

Pinion Proportion Factor

Appendix (Machine Design: DSGN04I04)
11


Pinion Proportion Modifier

Mesh Alignment Factor

Dynamic Factor

Appendix (Machine Design: DSGN04I04)
12


Contact Stresses in Gears:















Gear Materials:







Appendix (Machine Design: DSGN04I04)
13


Allowable Contact Stress:






Allowable Bending and Contact Stress:
Stress Modification Factors:
Appendix (Machine Design: DSGN04I04)
14


AGMA recommends modifying the allowable bending stresses as follows:

AGMA recommends modifying the allowable contact stresses as follows:


Stress Cycle Factors,

and

:



Appendix (Machine Design: DSGN04I04)
15


Reliability Factor

:

Hardness Ratio Factor,

:



















Appendix (Machine Design: DSGN04I04)
16


Power transmission and pinion speed relationship:



Appendix (Machine Design: DSGN04I04)
17


Design of Helical Gear
Normal Circular Pitch:


Axial Pitch:


Equivalent Number of Teeth and Pressure Angle:


Helical Tooth Proportions:






Loads in Helical Gear:





AGMA Equations for Helical Gears:
Bending Stress:




Pitting Resistance:



Appendix (Machine Design: DSGN04I04)
18


Geometry Factors for Helical Gears:
















Geometry factors Y
h
and I
h
for helical gears loaded at tooth tip.
Appendix (Machine Design: DSGN04I04)
19


Design of Riveted and Welded Joints:
Design of Riveted Joints:
Failure Modes for Fasteners in Shear:

Bending of Members:


Shear of Rivets (Single or Double):





Tensile Failure of Members:





Compressive Bearing Failure of Members:





Design of Welded Joints:

Fillet Weld:









Appendix (Machine Design: DSGN04I04)
20


Shear Loading:









Bending Loading:





Electrode Properties:


Appendix (Machine Design: DSGN04I04)
21




Appendix (Machine Design: DSGN04I04)
22








Appendix (Machine Design: DSGN04I04)
23


Design of Springs


Strength of Spring Materials



Deflection of Helical Compression Springs

Lengths and Forces in Helical Springs



Cyclic Loading

max
3 3
d w
Spring Index (meaure of coil curvature)
8 0.5 8
1
Transverse shear factor
K is replaced with curvature correction factor, K
4 1 0.615
4 4
d
d
w
D
C
d
PD PD
K
d C d
K
C
K
C C
t
t t
= =
| |
= + =
|
\ .
=

= +

Appendix (Machine Design: DSGN04I04)

24







Design of Keys





310 for unpeened springs
465 for peened springs
se
se
S MPa
S MPa
' =
' =
1. Failure due to shear:
2. Failure due to compressive or bearing stress
design
The shear force acting on the Key
2
/ 2
The area for a key is . The design shear stress is
2
s
sy
s s
T T
P
d d
A wl
S
P T
A dwl n
t
= =
=
= = s
design
The compression or bearing area of the key is
2
2
The compressive or bearing pressure is:
0.9
4
c
y
c s
lh T
A
d
S
P T
A dlh n
o
= =
= = s
Appendix (Machine Design: DSGN04I04)
25















Brakes and Clutches
Thrust Disk Clutch
Uniform Pressure Model





Uniform Wear







Properties of Common Friction Materials
( )
2 2
o o i
P p r r t =
( )
2 3 3
2
2
3
o
i
r
o
o o i
r
p
T p r dr r r
t
t = =
}
3 3
2 2
2
3
o i
o i
r r P
T
r r

=

( )
2
o i
P
T r r

= +
( )
2
a i o i
P p r r r t =
( )
2 2
a i o i
T p r r r t =
Appendix (Machine Design: DSGN04I04)
26













Short-Shoe Brake




Band Brakes

Appendix (Machine Design: DSGN04I04)
27























Appendix (Machine Design: DSGN04I04)
28


Design of Keys



1. Failure due to shear:
2. Failure due to compressive or bearing stress
design
The shear force acting on the Key
2
/ 2
The area for a key is . The design shear stress is
2
s
sy
s s
T T
P
d d
A wl
S
P T
A dwl n
t
= =
=
= = s
design
The compression or bearing area of the key is
2
2
The compressive or bearing pressure is:
0.9
4
c
y
c s
lh T
A
d
S
P T
A dlh n
o
= =
= = s

h


h


h


h
d: shaft diameter
l: key length
Appendix (Machine Design: DSGN04I04)
29




Failure Prediction for Multiaxial Stresses
I. Ductile Materials
Maximum Shear Stress Theory (MSST):
Also known as Tresca Yield Theory
1 3 1 2 3
,
y
s
S
n
o o o o o = > >
Distortion-Energy Theory (DET):
Also known as von Mises Yield criterion