S.

NO 1 INTRODUCTION

CONTENT

INVESTIGATION OF THE FOAMING CAPACITY OF DIFFERENT DETERGENTS

INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF ADDITION OF SODIUM CARBONATE ON DIFFERENT DETERGENTS

BIBLIOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION
WHAT ARE DETERGENTS Detergents are synthetic cleansing agents made from hydrocarbon obtained from petroleum fractions. Thus, detergents are petrochemicals.

TYPES OF DETERGENTS a) Anionic detergent where the head of the detergent particle contain a negatively-charged ion Example: (negatively-charged ion) b) Cationic detergents where the head of the detergents particle contain a positively-charged ion Example: (positively-charged ion) Non-ionic detergents Example:

c)

THE STRUCTURE OF DETERGENT MOLECULE When a detergent is dissolved in water, it dissociates to form sodium ions and detergent ions. The detergent ions consists of two parts: a) The head is the sulphate group which is negatively-charged and Hydrophilic (dissolves readily in water but not in oil and grease). b) The tail is the long hydrocarbon chain, which is neutral and Hydrophobic (dissolves readily in oil and grease but not in water).

INVESTIGATION OF THE FOAMING CAPACITY OF DIFFERENT WASHING DETERGENTS

Aim: Apparatus: Materials Required:

To compare the foaming capacities of five different commercial detergents. 5 test tubes, 5 conical flasks (100 ml), test tube stand, Bunsen burner and stop watch. 5 different samples of detergents and distilled water

Theory:

The foaming capacity of a detergents sample depends upon the nature of detergents and its concentration. This can be compared for various samples of detergents by taking the same concentration of solution and shaking them. The foam is formed and the time taken for disappearances of foam in all cases is compared. The lesser the time taken by a solution for the disappearance of foam, the lower is its foaming capacity.

Procedure:

I. Five conical flasks (100 ml each) are taken and numbered 1 to 5. II. In each of these flasks equal amounts (say 5 gm) of the given samples of detergents shavings are taken and 50 ml of distilled water is added. III. Each conical flask is heated few minutes to dissolve all the detergents completely. IV. In a test-tube stand, five big clean and dry test tubes are taken and numbered 1 to 5. V. One ml of the five detergent solution is then poured in the test tubes of corresponding number. VI. 10 ml. of distilled water is then added to each test tube. VII. Test tube no 1 is then shaken vigorously 5 times. VIII. The foam would be formed in the empty space above the container. IX. Stop watch is started immediately and the time taken for the disappearance of foam is noted. X. Similarly the other test tubes are shaken vigorously for equal number of times (i.e., 5 times) with approximately with the same force and the time taken for the disappearance of foam in each case is recorded XI. The lesser the time taken for the disappearance of foam, the lower is the foaming capacity.

Observation:

Amount of each detergent sample taken Amount of distilled water taken Volume of each detergent solution taken Volume of distilled water added

= 5 gm. = 50 ml. = 1 ml. = 10 ml.

S. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Conclusions:

Detergent Sample POWER SURF EXCEL BLUE AERIAL TIDE RIN

Time taken (hours, min) 2hrs,43mins 2hrs,58mins 3hrs,08mins 3hrs,05mins 2hrs,55mins

The detergent AERIAL has maximum foaming capacity and is the best quality detergent among the detergents tested.

INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF THE ADDITION OF SODIUM CARBONATE (WASHING SODA) FOAMING CAPACITY OF DIFFERENT WASHING DETERGENTS

Aim:

Study the effect of the addition of Sodium Carbonate (Washing Soda) on the foaming capacity of different detergent solutions. 3 test tubes, test tube stand, Bunsen burner and stop watch. 0.5 g sample of detergent, water (distilled & tap both) and M/10 Na2CO3 (s)

Apparatus: Materials Required: Theory:

Hard water is water that has high mineral content (mainly calcium and magnesium ions) (in contrast with soft water). Hard water minerals primarily consist of calcium (Ca2+), and magnesium (Mg2+) metal cations, and sometimes other dissolved compounds such as bicarbonates and sulphates. Calcium usually enters the water as either calcium carbonate (CaCO3), in the form of limestone and chalk, or calcium sulphate (CaSO4), in the form of other mineral deposits.

When Na2CO3 is added to tap water the calcium (Ca2+), and magnesium (Mg2+) ions precipitate as their carbonates .i.e. foaming capacity of detergent increases. Ca2++ Na2CO3 CaCO3 + 2Na+ Mg2++ Na2CO3 MgCO3 + 2Na+

Procedure:

Dissolve 0.5g of detergent and dissolve it in 50 ml of distilled water. Take three test tubes and add two samples of detergents in first and second test tube. Then add 5 ml of M/10 sodium carbonate to third test tube. To above test tubes add sodium carbonate. Now shake two test tubes for formation of foam. Now start the stop watch to calculate time taken for disappearance of foam. = 0. 5 gm. = 50 ml. = 1 ml. = 10 ml. Time taken(hours,mins) 2hrs,30mins 4hrs,00min

Observations:

Amount of each detergent sample taken Amount of distilled water taken Volume of each detergent solution taken Volume of distilled water added S.No. 1 2 Detergent used RIN SURF EXCEL BLUE

Conclusions:

The foaming capacity of detergent increases on the addition of Sodium Carbonate. The detergent SURF EXCEL BLUE has maximum foaming capacity when sodium carbonate is added to it.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Parts of this project have been referred from foreign sources and have been included in this investigatory project after editing. The references of the sources are as follows: Books: THE NEW PENGUIN DICTIONARY OF SCIENCEM.J.CLUGSTON ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 9TH EDITION- T.W.GRAHAM SOLOMONS, CRAIG B. FRYHLE

Internet sources:

http://www.scribd.com/doc/32746834/Folio-Chemistry http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Foaming_capacity_of_detergents http://projects.icbse.com/chemistry-297