Statistics is the study of the collection, organization, analysis, and interpretation of data.

t deals with all

aspects of this, including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys
and experiments.
Descriptive statistics are used to reveal patterns through the analysis of
numeric data. Inferential statistics are used to draw conclusions and make
predictions based on the analysis of numeric data.
Descriptive statistics, not surprisingly, "describe" data that have been collected.
Commonly used descriptive statistics include frequency counts, ranges (high
and low scores or values), means, modes, median scores, and standard
deviations. Two concepts are essential to understanding descriptive
statistics: variables and distributions.
Inferential statistics are used to draw conclusions and make predictions based
on the descriptions of data. In this section, we explore inferential statistics by
using an extended example of experimental studies. Key concepts used in our
discussion are probability, populations, and sampling.
statistic (singular) is a single measure of some attribute of a sample (e.g. its arithmetic mean value). t
is calculated by applying a function (statistical algorithm) to the values of the items comprising the sample
which are known together as a set of data.
Data is a collection of facts, such as values or measurements.
It can be numbers, words, measurements, observations or even just descriptions of things.
Primary Data
!rimary data means original data that has been coIIected specially for the purpose in mind. t means
when an authorized organization or an investigator or an enumerator or some guy with a clipboard
collects the data for the first time from the original source. Data collected this way is called primary data.

Secondary Data
Secondary data is data that has been coIIected for another purpose. When we use Statistical Method
with !rimary Data from another purpose for our purpose we refer to it as Secondary Data. t means that
one purpose's !rimary Data is another purpose's Secondary Data. Secondary data is data that is being
reused. Usually in a different context.
Variable an expression that can be assigned any of a set of values
quantitative variable is a variable that can be measured by a number, usually on a ratio scale, but at
least on an interval or ordinal scale, such that less and more can be measured and determined.
qualitative variable is also called a categorical variable. The items are different, but the difference is
not a measure, such as square and round, hungry and fed. Statistically, these variables may be known
as binomial or amenable to chi-square analysis.
PopuIation statistics is the use of statistics to analyze characteristics or changes to a population. t is
related to social demography and demography.

n statistics, a sampIe is a subset of a population. Typically, the population is very large, making
a census or a complete enumeration of all the values in the population impractical or impossible. The
sample represents a subset of manageable size. Samples are collected and statistics are calculated from
the samples so that one can make inferences or extrapolations from the sample to the population. This
process of collecting information from a sample is referred to as sampling.
n statistics, a sampIing frame is the source material or device from which a sample is drawn.
[1]
t is a list
of all those within a population who can be sampled, and may include individuals, households or
institutions.
n statistics and survey methodology, sampIing Iist is concerned with the selection of a subset of
individuals from within a population to estimate characteristics of the whole population.

parameter, in mathematics, a variable for which the range of possible values identifies a collection of distinct
cases in a problem. ny equation expressed in terms of parameters is a parametric equation. The general equation
of a straight line in slope-intercept form, = 2 + - in which 2 and - are parameters, is an example of a parametric
equation. When values are assigned to the parameters, such as the slope 2 = 2 and the -intercept - = 3, and
substitution is made, the resulting equation, = 2 + 3, is that of a specific straight line and is no longer parametric.

unctions or Uses of Statistics
(1) Statistics helps in providing a better understanding and exact description of a phenomenon of
nature.
(2) Statistical helps in proper and efficient planning of a statistical inquiry in any field of study.
(3) Statistical helps in collecting an appropriate quantitative data.
(4) Statistics helps in presenting complex data in a suitable tabular, diagrammatic and graphic form
for an easy and clear comprehension of the data.
(5) Statistics helps in understanding the nature and pattern of variability of a phenomenon through
quantitative obersevations.
(6) Statistics helps in drawing valid inference, along with a measure of their reliability about the
population parameters from the sample data.
NomInal Scale of |easurement
The nomInal scale of measurement only satIsfIes the IdentIty property of measurement. 7alues
assIgned to varIables represent a descrIptIve category, but have no Inherent numerIcal value wIth
respect to magnItude.
Cender Is an example of a varIable that Is measured on a nomInal scale. ndIvIduals may be classIfIed
as male or female, but neIther value represents more or less gender than the other. FelIgIon and
polItIcal affIlIatIon are other examples of varIables that are normally measured on a nomInal scale.
DrdInal Scale of |easurement
The ordInal scale has the property of both IdentIty and magnItude. Each value on the ordInal scale has
a unIque meanIng, and It has an ordered relatIonshIp to every other value on the scale.
An example of an ordInal scale In actIon would be the results of a horse race, reported as wIn,
place, and show. We know the rank order In whIch horses fInIshed the race. The horse that won
fInIshed ahead of the horse that placed, and the horse that placed fInIshed ahead of the horse that
showed. However, we cannot tell from thIs ordInal scale whether It was a close race or whether the
wInnIng horse won by a mIle.
nterval Scale of |easurement
The Interval scale of measurement has the propertIes of IdentIty, magnItude, and equal Intervals.
A perfect example of an Interval scale Is the FahrenheIt scale to measure temperature. The scale Is
made up of equal temperature unIts, so that the dIfference between 40 and 50 degrees FahrenheIt Is
equal to the dIfference between 50 and 60 degrees FahrenheIt.
WIth an Interval scale, you know not only whether dIfferent values are bIgger or smaller, you also
know42:. bIgger or smaller they are. For example, suppose It Is 60 degrees FahrenheIt on |onday
and 70 degrees on Tuesday. You know not only that It was hotter on Tuesday, you also know that It was
10 degrees hotter.
FatIo Scale of |easurement
The ratIo scale of measurement satIsfIes all four of the propertIes of measurement: IdentIty,
magnItude, equal Intervals, and an absolute zero.
The weIght of an object would be an example of a ratIo scale. Each value on the weIght scale has a
unIque meanIng, weIghts can be rank ordered, unIts along the weIght scale are equal to one another,
and there Is an absolute zero.
Absolute zero Is a property of the weIght scale because objects at rest can be weIghtless, but they
cannot have negatIve weIght.
Tho loin piolaliIily sanpIingis usod vhon lho soIoclion of lho sanpIo is
puioIy lasod on chanco. Tho hunan nind has no conlioI on lho soIoclion oi
non- soIoclion of lho unils foi lho sanpIo. Lvoiy unil of lho popuIalion has
knovn nonzoio piolaliIily of loing soIoclod foi lho sanpIo. Tho piolaliIily
of soIoclion nay l oquaI oi unoquaI lul il shouId lo non-zoio and shouId lo
knovnTho piolaliIily sanpIingis aIso caIIod lho iandon sanpIing (nol
sinpIo iandon sanpIing). Sono oxanpIos of iandon sanpIing aio:
1. SinpIo iandon sanpIing.
2. Slialifiod iandon sanpIing.
3. Syslonalic iandon sanpIing.
In non-piolaliIily sanpIing,lho sanpIo is nol lasod on chanco. Il is ialhoi
doloininod ly sono poison. Wo cannol assign lo an oIononl of popuIalion
lho piolaliIily of ils loing soIoclod in lho sanpIo. Sonolody nay uso his
poisonaI judgnonl in lho soIoclion of lho sanpIo. In lhis caso lho sanpIing is
caIIod judgnonl sanpIing.A diavlack in non-piolaliIily sanpIing is lhal
such a sanpIo cannol lo usod lo doloinino lho oiioi. Any slalislicaI nolhod
cannol lo usod lo diav infoionco fion lhis sanpIo. ul il shouId lo
iononloiod lhal judgnonl sanpIing loconos ossonliaI in sono silualions.
Supposo vo havo lo lako a snaII sanpIo fion a lig hoap of coaI. Wo cannol
nako a Iisl of aII lho piocos of coaI. Tho uppoi pail of lho hoap viII havo
poihaps lig piocos of coaI. Wo havo lo uso oui judgnonl in soIocling a sanpIo
lo havo an idoa aloul lho quaIily of coaI. Tho non- piolaliIily sanpIing is aIso
caIIod non-iandon sanpIing.
guidelines and ways of presenting data
TextuIar Method
The reader acquires information through reading the gathered data.
TabuIar Method
!rovides a more precise, systematic and orderly presentation of data in rows or columns.
Semi-tabuIar Method
Uses both textual and tabular methods.
GraphicaI Method
The utilization of graphs is most effective method of visually presenting statistical results or
findings.