1.

CREDIT CARD
A credit card is a small plastic card issued to users as a system of payment. It allows its holder to buy goods and services based on the holder's promise to pay for these goods and services. The issuer of the card creates a revolving account and grants a line of credit to the consumer (or the user) from which the user can borrow money for payment to a merchant or as a cash advance to the user. A credit card is different from a charge card: a charge card requires the balance to be paid in full each month. In contrast, credit cards allow the consumers a continuing balance of debt, subject to interest being charged. A credit card also differs from a cash card, which can be used like currency by the owner of the card. Most credit cards are issued by banks or credit unions, and are the shape and size specified by the ISO/IEC 7810 standard as ID-1. This is defined as 85.60 53.98 mm (3.370 2.125 in) (33/8 21/8 in) in size.

How credit card works

Credit cards are issued by a credit card issuer, such as a bank or credit union, after an account has been approved by the credit provider, after which cardholders can use it to make purchases at merchants accepting that card. Merchants often advertise which cards they accept by displaying acceptance marks generally derived from logos or may communicate this orally, as in "Credit cards are fine" (implicitly meaning "major brands"), "We take (brands X, Y, and Z)", or "We don't take credit cards". Electronic verification systems allow merchants to verify in a few seconds that the card is valid and the credit card customer has sufficient credit to cover the purchase, allowing the verification to happen at time of purchase. The verification is performed using a credit card payment terminal or point-of-sale (POS) system with a communications link to the merchant's acquiring bank. Data from the card is obtained from a magnetic stripe or chip on the card; the latter system is called Chip and PIN in the United Kingdom and Ireland, and is implemented as an EMV card.
2. DEBIT CARD

A debit card is a plastic card issued by banks to customers. The card allows instant purchase, removing the correct balance from the users attached bank account. Debit cards are distinct from credit cards in that they allow purchase based on available funds in the account to be deducted immediately, instead of by using a line of credit that can be repaid at a later time. Most debit cards have two features: the ability to purchase items at stores that have automated debit or credit card machines, and the ability to withdraw cash from your bank account at an automatic transaction machine (ATM). They are available in most countries of the world, and have nearly supplanted the use of checks in the United States. However, the cards possess many dangers to the user, both in terms of possible identity theft and unexpected bank fees.

3. DIGITAL CURRENCY
Digital gold currency (or DGC) is a form of electronic money based on ounces of gold. It is a kind of representative money, like a US paper gold certificate at the time (from 1873 to 1933) that these were exchangeable for gold on demand. The typical unit of account for such currency is the gold gram or the troy ounce, although other units such as the gold dinar are sometimes used. DGCs are backed by gold through unallocated or allocated gold storage. Digital gold currencies are issued by a number of companies, each of which provides a system that enables users to pay each other in units that hold the same value as gold bullion. These competing providers issue independent currency.

Features
Universal currency Asset protection Unlike fractional-reserve banking, DGCs hold 100% of clients' funds in reserve as gold, silver, and/or platinum, which can be exchanged via digital certificates. Proponents of DGC systems say that deposits are protected against inflation, devaluation and other economic risks inherent in fiat currencies. These risks include the monetary policy of countries or territories, which are said by proponents to be harmful to the value of paper currency. Exchanging national currency Currency exchangers accept payment in national currencies by a variety of methods, including Bank Wire, Direct Deposit, Cheque, Money Order. Some exchangers also sell and fund pre-paid debit cards to make it easier for their clientele to convert DGC into an easily spendable form of national currency.

4. Digital wallet
A digital wallet (also known as an e-wallet) allows users to make electronic commerce transactions quickly and securely.

A digital wallet functions much like a physical wallet. The digital wallet was first conceived as a method of storing various forms of electronic money (e-cash), but with little popularity of such e-cash services, the digital wallet has evolved into a service that provides internet users with a convenient way to store and use online shopping information.

The term digital wallet is also increasingly being used to describe mobile phones, especially smartphones, that store an individuals credentials and utilize wireless technologies such as near field communication (NFC) to carry out financial transactions.

5. ELECTRONIC MONEY
Electronic money (also known as e-currency, e-money, electronic cash, electronic currency, digital money, digital cash, digital currency, cyber currency) refers to money or scrip which is only exchanged electronically. Typically, this involves the use of computer networks, the internet and digital stored value systems. Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT), direct deposit, digital gold currency and virtual currency are all examples of electronic money. Also, it is a collective term for financial cryptography and technologies enabling it. While electronic money has been an interesting problem for cryptography (see for example the work of David Chaum and Markus Jakobsson), to date, the use of emoney has been relatively low-scale. One rare success has been Hong Kong's Octopus card system, which started as a transit payment system and has grown into a widely used electronic money system. London Transport's Oyster card system remains essentially a contactless pre-paid travelcard. A number of electronic money systems use contactless payment transfer in order to facilitate easy payment and give the payee more confidence in not letting go of their electronic wallet during the transaction.

6. SMART CARD
A smart card, chip card, or integrated circuit card (ICC), is any pocket-sized card with embedded integrated circuits. There are two broad categories of ICCs. Memory cards contain only non-volatile memory storage components, and perhaps dedicated security logic. Microprocessor cards contain volatile memory and microprocessor components. The card is made of plastic, generally polyvinyl chloride, but sometimes acrylonitrile butadiene styrene or polycarbonate . Smart cards may also provide strong security authentication for single sign-on (SSO) within. A smart card may have the following generic characteristics:

Dimensions similar to those of a credit card. ID-1 of the ISO/IEC 7810 standard defines cards as nominally 85.60 by 53.98 millimetres (3.370 2.125 in). Another popular size is ID-000 which is nominally 25 by 15 millimetres (0.984 0.591 in) (commonly used in SIM cards). Both are 0.76 millimetres (0.030 in) thick. Contains a tamper-resistant security system (for example a secure cryptoprocessor and a secure file system) and provides security services (e.g., protects in-memory information). Managed by an administration system which securely interchanges information and configuration settings with the card, controlling card blacklisting and application-data updates.

Communicates with external services via card-reading devices, such as ticket readers, ATMs, etc

7. E-BILLING
Electronic bill payment and presentation (EBPP) includes an electronic bill payment system (EBPS). Although this technology was available from the mid 90's onward, only 26.2% of U.S. households had internet access at that time according to the U.S. Department of Commerce. By August 2000, adoption of EBPP systems started to dramatically increase. The customer is notified (typically be email) by the biller, and then is responsible to log on and pay the bill through the biller's website.

8. PEER 2 PEER PAYMENTS

Peer-to-peer payment systems are extremely popular. The best and most widely known example is PayPal. PayPal allows you to pay for just about anything online as long as the seller also has a PayPal account. Many online sellers use PayPal such as 75% of eBay sellers, overstock.com, ritzcamera.com, and Walgreens.com (Traver, 2004) PayPal is also sometimes used to pay for personal debts in situations where both parties have an account.

9. MICROPAYMENTS
A micropayment is a financial transaction involving a very small sum of money and usually one that occurs online. PayPal defines a micropayment as a transaction of less than 12 USDwhile Visa prefers transactions under $20, and though micropayments were originally envisioned to involve much smaller sums of money, practical systems to allow transactions of less than 1 USD have seen little success. One problem that has prevented their emergence is a need to keep costs for individual transactions low, which is impractical when transacting such small sums even if the transaction fee is just a few cents. Current micro payment systems The Exception Magazine The Exception Magazine, an online newspaper based in Maine, launched a micro payment system in July, 2010, which uses a cell phone for payment. Flattr Flattr is a micro payment system (more specifically, a micro donation system) which launched in August, 2011. Actual bank transactions and overhead costs are involved only on funds withdrawn from the recipient's accounts.

Payclick A micropayment system set up by Visa Inc in Australia, Payclick allows users to fund an account that is then drawn from when purchases at participating online retailers are made. Zong Zong mobile payments are a micropayment system that charges payments to users' mobile phone bills. This service can be used to purchase virtual goods in online games and social networks.

10. MASTER CARD

MasterCard Worldwide (NYSE: MA) is an American multinational corporation with its headquarters in the MasterCard International Global Headquarters in Purchase, New York. Throughout the world, its principal business is to process payments between the banks of merchants and the card issuing banks or credit unions of the purchasers who use the "MasterCard" brand debit and credit cards to make purchases. MasterCard Worldwide has been a publicly traded company since 2006. Prior to its initial public offering, MasterCard Worldwide was a membership organization owned by the 25,000+ financial institutions that issue its card. MasterCard, originally known as Master Charge, was created by several California banks as a competitor to the BankAmericard issued by Bank of America, which later became the Visa credit card issued by Visa Inc. The original banks behind Master Charge were United California Bank (later First Interstate Bank and subsequently merged into Wells Fargo Bank), Wells Fargo, Crocker National Bank (also subsequently merged into Wells Fargo), and the Bank of California (subsequently merged into the Union Bank of California).

11. Visa Inc

Visa Inc. is a global payments technology company headquartered in 595 Market Street in San Francisco, California. It facilitates electronic funds transfers throughout the world, most commonly through Visa-branded credit card and debit cards. Visa does not issue cards, extend credit or set rates and fees for consumers; rather, Visa provides financial institutions with Visa-branded payment products that they then use to offer credit, debit, prepaid and cash-access programs to their customers. In 2008, according to The Nilson Report, Visa held a 38.3% market share of the credit card marketplace and 60.7% of the debit card marketplace in the United States In 2009, Visas global network (known as VisaNet) processed 62 billion transactions with a total volume of $4.4 trillion.

12. BUSINESS TO BUSINESS

Business-to-business (B2B) describes commerce transactions between businesses, such as between a manufacturer and a wholesaler, or between a wholesaler and a retailer. Contrasting terms are business-to-consumer (B2C) and business-togovernment (B2G). The volume of B2B (Business-to-Business) transactions is much higher than the volume of B2C transactions. The primary reason for this is that in a typical supply chain there will be many B2B transactions involving sub components or raw materials, and only one B2C transaction, specifically sale of the finished product to the end customer. For example, an automobile manufacturer makes several B2B transactions such as buying tires, glass for windscreens, and rubber hoses for its vehicles. The final transaction, a finished vehicle sold to the consumer, is a single (B2C) transaction.