Muscles Only covered up to slide 25 out of 54 There are three types and they are based on their location.

(Skeletal, Cardiac and Smooth) What do muscles do: move, maintenance of posture, joint stabilization, and heat generation. What kind of properties to these cell types have to carry out these functions: Contractility, Excitability, Extensibility, and Elasticity. Remove skin, superficial fasia, deep fasia, and you can see red tissue (embalmed is pale). Muscle is compartmentalized into FASCICLES. Myofibers make up a fascicle. There is a connective tissue that surround the Fascicle called the Perimysium. When you put together a bunch of fascicles, they are surrounded by an Epimysium. (Connective tissue) *Each muscle is going to be innervated by One Nerve, One Artery and One or More Vein(s). If you lose the one nerve you lose the one action of the muscle. Not so worried about arteries and veins because of the redundancy that you see. When a tendon is broad, it is called an Aponeurosis. Where muscles attach, there tend to be raised bumps (Tubercles, Trochanters, Crests) on bones. When muscles do not attach to bones, the attachments is called a Raphe Synovial Joint Movements: Gliding Movements waving (distal carpals glide on the proximal carpals) Angular Movements flexion and extension of the neck on the trunk, Abduction, Adduction, Circumduction, Rotation (Lateral, Medial) Special Movements Supination and Pronation, Dorsiflexion and Plantar flexion, Inversion and Eversion, Protraction and Retraction, Elevation and Depression, Opposition (the OK sign) Arrangements of Fascicles in Muscles: Parallel arranged fascicles can shorten the most (great range of motion), but generally lack power. Power of muscle depends more on the total number of fibers pinnate and multipennate. Circular for letting things out and in. Muscle Action: Agonist Prime mover (specific movement) Antagonist Reverses a particular movement (muscles cannot push) Synergists Help agonists Fixators Hold bone firmly in place so that agonist has a stable point to serve as an origin example scapula.

Development Based Organization of Muscle Somitomeres give rise to head and neck muscle Myoderms give rise to the limb muscles Dr Suarez states in his lecture on muscles I dont expect you know the names of any of the muscles, But what I do expect you to do is go through the slides and know that for example, here are superficial muscles, here are back muscles, what are the muscles of the face doing, they are there for facial expression. What do muscles of the head do, they are there for mastication. Again, You do not need to know the names of the muscles. Once you are in medical school you will have three weeks just to learn the muscles of the limbs. You dont have the time to learn all these muscles now, so you dont need to know them at this level. Again, no specific of what they do, only general. There are many slides I did not cover, remember all you need to know is that big bold function of the muscle in a particular region. (46-50min) Cardio Vascular System (one hour) Only covered up to slide 17 out of 32 The only organ that receives 100% of cardiac output is the lungs Systemic does not receive 100% Cardiac Output because the coronary arteries take some blood right away. Heart Attack (coronary artery occlusion) so you need coronary circulation. Aorta Arch: Ascending and descending Ligamentum Arteiosum used to be the the Ductus Arteriosum (bypass lungs) during fetal life. Some Asymmetry refers to having a Brachiocephalic Trunk (right common carotid branches off this) and the Left Common Carotid and the Left Subclavian Artery Now the Circulation of the heart is known as Coronary Arteries. There is some variation in this where some people have one, two, and others three. Here we will look at the norm which is two. The right and the left coronary arteries. The names you will need to know for Cardiopulmonary but not for this class. .Arteries of the head, neck and brain: How do we get blood to the head? Know these four. 1) Common carotid arteries right and left side (become the internal (sends no branches to the neck) and external carotid (terminates at the maxillary and temporal arteries) arteries. *Damage to the The Middle Meingeal Artery (a tear) will result in an Extradural (Epidural) Hematoma. The artery is outside the Dura. Can happen from Boxing, Accident, Soldier. Traetment is remove part of the skull and get the artery to heal and then put part of the skull back. 2) The Vertebral Arteries following the vertebra, help form the circle of Willis 3) Thyrocervical Trucks Thyroid and Neck

4) Costocervical Trunks Ribs and Neck Subdural Hematomas due to damage to veins. Dura matter is very thick Subarachnoid hemorrhage rupture of aneurism Three Layers of the Dura 1) Dura Matter 2) Arachnoid 3) Pia Arteries to right upper limb and thorax: Bilateral symmetry Subclavian Artery gives rise to internal thoracic (mammary) arteries (used for coronary bypass surgery). Scalene Syndrome (3% of population) Subclavian artery exits behind a muscle with the nerves that control the upper limb (brachial plexus). Some people have an extra cervical rib, if they get muscle hypertrophy, the space narrows and cuts circulation and will lose the entire upper limb. Abdominal Aorta We send blood supply to the GI Tack, by arteries that are unpaired!! (Supply stomach, small intestine and large intestine) The Celiac Trunk Superior Mesenteric Artery Inferior Mesenteric Artery Median Sacral Artery We also have paired vessel in the GI. (Supply Organs: Kidneys, Adrenals, Gonads)