Paper presentation:

INFRARED THERMOGRAPHY
See what you cant see

Presented by
T.Hari Prasad-08761a0255 (Hari08761A0255@gmail.com) V.Anurag priyatham-08761a0258 (princeanurag7@gmail.com) S.Satya Bharath ram-08761a0250 (bharath.settipalli@gmail.com) 3rd year B.Tech, EEE dept

LAKIREDDY BALIREDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Mylavaram

ABSTRACT:
From the thousands of years Man has achieved a drastic improvement both in civilization & Technology. As a part of the same he has been inventing numerous methods for power generation but it is very late his cup of tea is to improve the quality of power transmission but not various methods of the same. This has given hope to study the science of thermal imaging and it is INFRARED THERMOGRAPHY Infrared condition monitoring techniques offer an objective way of assessing the condition of plant equipment. Infrared thermography is a condition monitoring technique used to remotely gather thermal information from any object or area, converting it to a visual image. The equipment is more compact, it is easier to use, it provides better imagery, faster analysis and uses software that allows reports to be written easily. Prices are also continuously dropping in order to predict the need for maintenance. Thermography also has the ability to generate information that can be used to improve equipment and enhance operational and process modifications. Technology overview Thermography considerations Commonly inspected items Choosing right thermal imager Its applications Temperature is a key variable in virtually any situation and for all processes for example, if we have even the slightest deviation from normal body temperature we feel sick. In industry, we have plenty of examples too. All this radiation around us can be imaged, measured and stored by an infrared system for analysis, Infrared thermography is the science of the acquisition and analysis of thermal information from non-contact thermal imaging devices. In many Cases, these time-based tasks result in unnecessary work and wasted parts or materials, satisfactory preventive maintenance inspection can justify deferral or elimination of some tasks, reducing plant manpower requirements and part expenditure. The main crux of my presentation is to discuss:

and having control over it will mean higher quality, better safety and money saved. Thermography spans many subject INTRODUCTION All electrical components have a tendency to heat up as their physical condition Power worsens or their electrical Board began inspecting properties deteriorate. In 1965 the Swedish approximately 1,50,000 components a year. In 1986 the UK Electrical Generation Board on began utilizing lines. infrared However, thermography for predictive maintenance transmission thermography was revolutionized with the introduction of image type thermo vision cameras in the Nineties. As this is a noncontact technique, it is safe and shutdown is not required. It helps to record and documents the thermal characteristics of almost any object that emits infrared radiation. Thermal images can quickly and easily locate abnormal sources of heat, which in electrical systems often indicate potential problems. Portable infrared cameras are used to convert this infrared resolution radiation thermal energy images into that high are areas like electrical power generation, transmission, and distribution systems. An Infrared Camera is designed to detect this overheating and interpret it as early warning signs of imminent failure. Thermal or infrared energy is an energy, not visible because its wavelength is too long for the sensors in our eyes to detect. It is the part of the electromagnetic spectrum that we perceive as heat. Unlike visible light, in the infrared spectrum, everything with a temperature above absolute zero emits infrared electromagnetic energy. Even cold objects such as ice cubes, emit infrared radiation. The higher the temperature of the object, the greater the infrared radiation emitted. The Infrared camera allows us to see what our eyes cannot. All objects, cold or hot, radiate heat in the form of infrared energy. As an object increases in temperature, it radiates more energy, and the wavelength gets shorter. Infrared radiation, visible light and ultraviolet light are all forms of energy in the electromagnetic spectrum. The only difference frequency. is their wavelength or

displayed on conventional video screens for quantitative and qualitative analysis. Temperature is the single most measured parameter for a condition monitoring exercise. Temperature is simply crucial

LightBasics:
In order to understand thermal imaging, it is important to understand something

about light. The amount of energy in a light wave is related to its wavelength: Shorter wavelengths have higher energy. Of visible light, violet has the most energy, and red has the least. Just next to the visible light spectrum is the infrared spectrum.

Infrared Thermography is the technique that uses an infrared camera to imaging see and and measurement

measure invisible infrared energy being emitted from an object. Thermography is a non-contact, non-destructive test method that utilizes a thermal imager to detect, display and record thermal patterns and temperatures across the surface of an object. Infrared thermography may be applied to any situation where knowledge of thermal profiles and temperatures will

Infrared light can be split into three categories:

provide meaningful data about a system, object or process..

Near-infrared (near-IR) - Closest to visible light, near-IR has wavelengths that range from 0.7 to 1.3 microns, or 700 billionths to 1,300 billionths of a meter.

What

principle

is

used

in

thermography?
Since infrared radiation is emitted by all objects based on their temperatures, according to the black body radiation law, thermography makes it possible to see ones environment with or without visible illumination. The amount of radiation emitted by an object increases with temperature; allows one therefore to see thermography variations in

Mid-infrared (mid-IR) - Mid-IR has wavelengths ranging from 1.3 to 3 microns. Both near-IR and mid-IR are used by a variety of electronic devices, including remote controls.

Thermal-infrared (thermal-IR) Occupying the largest part of the infrared spectrum, thermal-IR has wavelengths ranging from 3 microns to over 30 microns.

temperature. Radiation also originates from the surroundings and is reflected in the object, and the radiation from the object and the reflected radiation will also be influenced by the absorption of the atmosphere. If the temperature an object gets hot enough however, above 525C the energy from that object will radiate energy

What is Thermography?

in the visible spectrum and we will see it. This is when we see an object like the burner on an electric stove glowing red. In fact any time an object will emit or reflect energy in the same frequency of our eyes we will see it. Infrared energy is just one part of the electromagnetic spectrum that encompasses radiation from gamma rays, x-rays, ultra violet, a thin region of visible light, infrared, microwaves, and radio waves. All objects emit a certain amount of black body radiation as a function of their temperatures. The higher an objects temperature is the more infrared radiation as black-body radiation it emits. A special camera can detect this radiation in a way similar to an ordinary camera does visible light. It works even in total darkness because ambient light level does not matter. This makes it useful for rescue operations in smoke-filled buildings and underground.

With infrared imaging, the sensor or the scanner is only detecting radiated energy. Heat transfer by radiation is achieved by emission and absorption of thermal radiation. All objects will emit and absorb thermal ration at the same time. The net heat transfer is the difference between what an object absorbs and emits Exitant radiation is all the radiated energy that leaves the surface of an object regardless of its original sources: 1. Emitted, from the object itself 2. Reflected from a source in front of the object 3. Transmitted, from a source behind the object

Basic Thermal Science:

One must know the basic concepts of temperature, heat, heat transfer and direction of heat transfer, to understand infrared thermography.

The target

has a temperature and an

emissivity, which the power of the radiation coming from the target depends upon the radiation power of the other two radiation component does not depend on the target temperature, and but on of the the temperature reflection emissivity

Thermal energy is transferred from one body to another body by any or all of the following mechanisms: 1. Conduction 2.Convection 3. Radiation 4.Evaporation / Condensation

and the transmission heat

sources, respectively.

How a Visual Light Image is is created From Infrared energy?

An infrared imaging device contains one or more detectors that convert energy in the infrared spectrum into an electrical signal. The more energy detected the greater the electrical signal output. The electrical signals are typically formatted into a video signal and displayed on a CRT/LCD. The amplitudes of the electrical signals are then displayed as varying intensities on the CRT/LCD thus creating a contrast in the image in different pallets such as Grey, Iron and Rainbow etc. depending upon the applications,

equipment

so

that

the

measured

temperature is a function of the object temperature and not of the distance, emissivity or the internal equipment temperature. If any if the Electrical components deteriorate there is an increase in resistance to the flow of electrical current. With increase in resistance comes the increase in radiant energy output as the component gets heated a thermal imaging system detects this radiant energy. In case of an overloading conductor or imbalance in a three phase system the more current flowing through the line the greater the temperature of that line and the brighter the thermal pattern appears.

Factors Measurement:

Affecting

The

Atmosphere: - Though it is a

transmissive object between camera and in thermography, there are many factors apart from the surface temperature of the objects that affect and disturb the temperature measurements for accurate temperature measurements it is crucial to know which those factors are, and how the equipment compensates for them. Before the measured radiation can be transformed into temperature all other radiation sources have to be compensated for by the the target the even some factors affect the measurement they are Distance, Ambient temperature, and Relative humidity.
Reflected

radiation:

Reflection from nearby objects apparent temperature of these objects that result in radiation that is reflected by the target into the camera is known as reflected apparent temperature.
Emissivity:

low

emissivity target will always try to look

like the surroundings if the target is hotter than the surroundings it will look colder than it is and if it is colder than the surrounding it will look warmer than it is. It can be said that a low emissivity target tries to camouflage its real temperature to the thermal imager for high emissivity targets apparent t temperature is very close to real temperature. How IR Is Performed IR thermographic for imaging has been as a

available

many

years

troubleshooting tool, but was pioneered for loss prevention in the 1980s. IR surveys allow equipment in failure mode to be
Calibration: -The calibration

detected, identified, and repaired before failure occurs. Performed on operating equipment and machinery, an IR survey is a nondestructive test that does not interrupt normal business operations. Measurements are made:

of the camera is performed in a lab under controlled environmental conditions with a large number of black body reference sources within emissivity approaching 1.0.
Spatial

resolution the same

and object

target size: -Ideal equipment would of course measure temperature even when looking at an object that is very small compared to the whole field of view. Relation between Field Of View and Distance (240 Lens)

While the plant is operating. Without object. contacting the target

With the equipment under full load. From a safe distance from

energized

electrical

equipment,

rotating equipment, or equipment in hostile environments.

After the survey is completed, a report is prepared and can be delivered on-site in either electronic format or colour print a comprehensive IR report should include at a minimum:

Equipment location.

identification

and

What Can Be Detected?

Specific item or component that exhibits the thermal anomaly. Temperature rise and severity of the problem. Colour thermogram and a corresponding visible light photograph. Probable cause and recommended action for each finding to assist in scheduling and implementing repairs.

Loose/deteriorated connections Overloads Imbalanced Loads Open Circuits Inductive Heating Harmonics Defective Equipment Benefits:

locate problems quickly, without interrupting service drastically reduce costly, unscheduled power outages minimize preventive maintenance time and maximize troubleshooting effectiveness

prevent premature failure and extend equipment life

Advantages Infrared Applications :

Electrical Distribution Systems

of

Thermographic

Approach:
Infrared inspection It is uses

non-contact.

remote sensing. Firstly, it keeps the user out of danger i.e. away from

live components.

electrical Secondly,

You

can

increase

equipment

reliability
By using thermal imager you can

it does not intrude upon or affect the target as well Infrared thermography is two dimensional. We can measure temperature of many points in the same image and compare them. Thus analysis of image is very effective and simple. Infrared thermography is real time. It allows us to do over fast scanning Electrical equipment is inspected during operation, so the power doesnt have to be interrupted. Reduced inspection costs as large quantities of equipment can be scanned in a short period of times finding the trouble spot quickly, saving labour time and money over regular trouble shooting. Faults can be pinpointed before maintenance is carried out, so maintenance resources are directed where they are most needed and prioritized, resulting in significant labour and cost savings. You can conduct inspections more efficiently and can improve equipment maintenance

reduce the risks of electrical components fail that may result in huge financial costs.

Conclusion:
Hence conventional cleaning and

tightening procedures can overlook many problems these overlooked problems as well as those that may have been remedied by the preventive maintenance program will be identified by a competent infrared survey. Infrared thermography is capable to instantly identify all resistive type problem, that are the object of the conventional cleaning and tightening procedures in addition poor connections that are not readily accessible during conventional maintenance can be checked connection contact and calibration problems in thermal overload devices and fuses can be instantly spotted. The most costly component of many preventive maintenance program is equipment cleaning and connection tightening this is appropriate since these procedure are directed towards correcting deficiencies in terminations, joints and contact points the location of most electrical failures also these procedures are highly labour

intensive since substantial component disassembly and reassembly is required to access all the major contact points and terminations. Thermo-graphic imaging and infrared temperature measurements have been used extensively by POWERGRID for maintenance in related activities. and Improvements allow more the sensitivity

selectivity of infrared imaginary now meaningful observational comparisons of substation equipments the team of thermographers with skills and capabilities have allowed to uncover a number of impending problems that could have led to catastrophic failure and unscheduled outages. The increased sensitivity of newer designs rejection of unwanted reflections .improvements of specific point resolution and in depth training have contributed to Imaging as an Effective Monitoring System. Infrared Condition

REFERENCE:
www.wikipedia.org www.thermography.in www.electricitytoday.in