1

JohnPaulIIInstituteforMarriageandFamily Assignmentsubmittedfor TheNewEvangelisationinPostModernCulture ModernArchitects,ModernApartmentsandtheFamily MichaelTome micktome1@gmail.com

 Introduction Themodernhighriseapartmentwastheproductofanewstyleofmodern

architecturethataroseintheearly1920s1930sinGermanythroughtheBauhaus. InfluencedbyNietzsche,themodernarchitectstookituponthemselvestocreatea newman,andanewsocietythatunderminedandtrashedtraditionalfamilyvalues thathadbeenrootedinChristianity.Thenewapartmentsweresmallandwere designedtoreplicatethemodernfactory,whereworkhadbeenrationalisedtobe moreefficientandproductive.Theywereenvisagedasmachinesforlivinginand everyaspectoflifeathomewithinthefamilywasrationalised.Thishaddrastic consequencesforfamilylife.ArelentlessperiodofsexreforminGermany accompaniedtheemergenceofthenewapartments.Womenwereseenas machineswhosefertilitycouldandshouldbeefficientlyregulated.Largefamilies becamevirtuallynonexistentbynecessityandthebirthrateplummetedinavery shortperiodoftime.AfterWorldWarIIthemodernarchitectsinfluence reverberatedworldwideastheEastandtheWestembracedthenewstyleofhigh riseapartmentliving.IntheEast,thecommunistsseizeditasaneconomicalway tohouse,regulateandcontrolthemasses.IntheWest,themodernapartmentwas, ontheonehandaluxuryhomefortherich,andontheother,awelfaresolutionto housethepoorwhocouldnotaffordtoliveanywhereelse.Eitherway,themodern apartment,andtheideologybehinditsdesign,hascontributedsignificantlytothe disintegrationofthefamily. TheIdeasofNietzsche NietzscheheraldedthedeathofGod.HebelievedChristianitywasalieandan accidentofhistorythatcreatedacultureinwhichtherewasonlyone,absolute

 truth.Itcreatedaculturaltypeofmanthatacceptedandneededtranscendent meaningandabeliefinabsolutevalue.AsthecultureoftheWestdevelopedand manbecamemoreprosperoustheneedforGoddwindled.Individualsbecame

increasinglyselfreliantandsocietybecamemoreorlessacollectionofindividuals thatledtodiversityintherangeofhumantypes.Akindofpolytheismdeveloped, whereineachindividualbecametheirowngodandamultiplicityofvaluesarose. Therewasnolongeroneabsolutetruth. Nietzscheperceivedthatthereweretwodistincttypesofhumanbeing,theslave andthenoble.1Theslavewasfearfuloftheirinstincts,anddidnotexcelinspiritual orphysicalrespects,andwasmarkedbyweaknessofwill.Theylackedthe strengthofwilleithertoacthonestlyontheinstinctualdrivesortomasterthem. Conversely,thenoblewasconfident,amemberoftheelite,andpreeminently spiritual,orstronginmuscleandtemperament.Theiressentialfeaturewas preciselynottowill,tobeabletosuspenddecision,andtheabilitynottoreact,to resistastimulus.Thereweredifferentmoralitiesfortheslaveandthenoble.The slavemoralitywasbasedonafearofsuffering,amoralityofrancourof resentment.Ittypifiedthosewhowereuncertainofthemselves.Themoralityof thenoblewelcomedsufferingbecauseitenhancedman. TheexperienceofthedeathofGodeffectsthenobleandslavedifferently: For the slave the death of God means debilitation, enervation and paralysis and an existence of nothingness. For the noble, the death of God means liberation from the world of the last man.a new dawn which.putsbeforehimthetaskofanewCreation.2
1MichaelA.Casey,Meaninglessness:TheSolutionsofNietzsche,FreudandRorty.(NorthMelbourne:Freedom

Publishing,2001),1618
2MichaelA.Casey,Meaninglessness,26.

 ThedeathofGodwastobewelcomedbecausethroughitanewopportunityfor reinterpretingandremakinghumanlife,andthecreationofthesuperman

becomespossible.3Thesuperman/menwereconsideredtobetheelitehumanity, themastersoftheearthwhoalonewereabletoforcethewillofmillenniaalong newtracks.4Thecreationofthesupermaninvolvedtotalpower,awilltopower, tocreateandtodestroyperpetually.Anaspectofthepowertodestroywasthe transvaluationofvalues,thedestructionofvalues.5Nietzscheexhorted architectstoreturntoeternallawsofcreativityandtoleavebehindtheancient institutionofarchitecture.Thenewarchitecturewoulddisownthepast,makeita tabularasa,andconstantlyrenewitselfonnewplanes.6 NietzscheandHisInfluenceontheModernArchitect WalterGropius,directoroftheBauhaus,wasclearthatthenewarchitecture embodiedarevolutionagainsttraditionalvaluesinordertocreateanewmanin anewenvironment.7ThecommunityoftheBauhauswereexponentsofthe Nietzschenselflawgivers,theselfcreators.8Theyweretheoneswhoweregoing togravenewvaluesonnewtables.9 LeCorbusierwasquiteinfluencedbytheideasofNietzscheandidentifiedakindof supermanwithinhimself.HehadhighlightedpassagesofThusSpakeZarathustra
3MichaelA.Casey,Meaninglessness,28. 4MichaelA.Casey,Meaninglessness,30. 5FriedrichNietzsche,TheAntichrist:CurseonChristianity.http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Antichrist,62 6FritzNeumeyer,NietzscheandModernArchitecture.inNietzscheandAnArchitectureofOurMinds.Edited

byAlexandreKostkaandIrvingWohlfarth,(LosAngeles:GettyResearchInstitutefortheHistoryofArtandthe Humanities,1999),286 7E.MichaelJones,LivingMachines,82 8FritzNeumeyer,NietzscheandModernArchitecture,288. 9CharlesJencks,LeCorbusierandtheContinualRevolutioninArchitecture.(NewYork:Monacelli,2000),355

 thatstruckachorddeepwithinhim.HechangedZarathustraspleaforwhoever

hasearslethimheartoeyeswhichdonotseewhichbecameacrucialthemein hisbookTowardsaNewArchitecture,particularlyregardingtheinspirationhe soughtfrommachinesforhisdesigns.10LeCorbusiersquotethehouseisa machineforlivingbecamefamousandshapedthewholedesignofthemodern apartment.11 InThusSpakeZaruthusathecallgoesoutforthecreationofanewhumanity consistingofthosewhoaresquarebuiltinbodyandsoulandNietzsche demandedanarchitecturethatmatchedoursouls.12Thisquotewasusedby architectandModernisttheoristHilberseimertodescribethedesignsofMiesvan deRoheapioneerofmodernarchitecture.However,yearslateratYaleUniversity SchoolofArchitecturethetermYaleBoxwascoinedamongthestudentsto describethesameconcrete,steel,andglassboxesthatdominatedmodern architecture.Thedesignhadbecomesomundanethatthestudentsbegantoplace drawingsonbulletinboardsaroundthecampusdepictingtheYaleBoxinthe desert,underthesea,andvisitingWinniethePooh.13 ForcedForgettingThroughtheRationalisationofHousing Oneofthedefiningcharacteristicsofmoderncultureisaforcedforgettingwhich istheresultoftheEnlightenment,particularlyNietzschesinfluence.14InGermany, aprojectofforcedforgettingwasundertakenbythepioneersofthenew
10CharlesJencks,LeCorbusierandtheContinualRevolutioninArchitecture.(NewYork:Monacelli,2000),354 11LeCorbusier,TowardsaNewArchitecture.TranslatedbyFrederickEtchells.(London:TheArchitectural

Press,1927),10
12FriedrichNietzschequotedinFritzNeumeyer,NietzscheandModernArchitecture,288. 13TomWolfe,FromBauhaustoOurHouse.(NewYork:FarrarStrausGiroux,1981),60 14TraceyRowland,CultureandtheThomistTradition:AfterVaticanII.(London:Routledge,2003),7691.

architecture,incollaborationwiththeSocialDemocraticPartyandurbanplanners, preciselythroughtheconstructionofnewworkerapartmentsinthe1920s.With theemergenceoftheWeimarRepublic,architectssawanunparalleled opportunitytoputintopracticetheirtheoriesoffunctionalismandrational planningwithaviewtototallyreformandmoderniseprivatelives.Thearchitects, urbanplannersandreformersrealisedthatthekeytoachievethiswasthrough housing.15Between1919and1932,2.5millionflatswerebuiltinGermany, housingaround9millionpeople14%ofthepopulation.16 Arelentlessprogramofrationalisationofdailylifewasundertakenwhich mirroredtherationalisationandmechanisationthathadtakenplaceinthemodern factoryandworkplace.Humanactivityatworkwasdictatedbytheplanningofthe spacethatallowedforincreasedcontroloverefficiency,productionandoutput.A rationalisedfloorplaninthehomeenabledthereformofprivatelives.The individualfunctionsofeachroomwerecarefullyanalysedandcalculatedandit wasrealisedthatonlyasmallamountoflivingspacewasactuallyneeded.17The newarchitecturemadeitpossible,therefore,notonlytopreplantheformsof accommodationformanyfamiliesbutalsothewayinwhichtheywouldlivein theirapartments.18

15AdelheidvonSaldern,InsteadofCathedrals,DwellingMachines:TheParadoxesofRationalizationunder

theBannerofModernity.inTheChallengeofModernity:GermanSocialandCulturalStudies,18901960. TranslatedbyBruceLittle.(AnnArbor:UniversityofMichiganPress,2002),98 16AdelheidvonSaldern,Theworkersmovementandculturalpatternsonurbanhousingestatesandinrural settlementsinGermanyandAustriaduringthe1920sSocialHistory15,No.3(1990),334 17AdelheidvonSaldern,InsteadofCathedrals,Dwellingmachines,104108. 18AdelheidvonSaldern,SocialrationalizationoflivingandhouseworkinGermanyandtheUnitedStatesin the1920sHistoryoftheFamily2,No.1(1997),Introduction,par5

 Thefamiliarworkingclassneighbourhoodwhichhaditsownidentityand memorieswasreplacedbyanonymousandsterilehousingestates.Therewas nothingintheenvironmentthatwasabletostimulatememoriesinanyway.19

Tenantswereconsideredmerelyasobjectsinneedofassistanceandintheminds ofthereformerstherewasnothingofvaluefromtheirtraditionalcultureworth preserving.20Therewasnosentimentalhangingontoapastthat[was]nolonger alive.21Thesocialreformersusedthedesireofthepeopleforbetterhousingto makethemvulnerabletoculturaldomination,puttheminnewapartmentsand usedthistopressurethemtoabandonthewaytheyhadpreviouslyconducted theireverydaylives.Throughthereconfiguringoftheirenvironmenttheywere abletobetrainedandeducatedforthemodernworld. Managersofthehousingestatesweregivenconsiderableauthority.Theyselected suitabletenantswhowerewillingtobeeducatedandmouldedinthewaysof modern,rationalisedliving.Theydeterminedtherulesandregulationsthatthe tenantshadtoabideby,theycouldentertheapartmentsatanytimeandtheyhad thepowertoterminateleases.Thenewapartmentswereextremelysmall.Old furniture,amongaplethoraofotheritems,includingsacredandreligiousobjects, hadtobedisposedofwhentenantsmovedintotheirnewaccommodation.This wasnotonlyduetothefactthatalackofspacedictateditasanecessitybut becauseitwasdeterminedthattheoldfurnishingswereuglyandoldfashioned,a conglomerationofuselessanddisparateobjectsstylesofallsortsandabsurd
19AdelheidvonSaldern,Socialrationalization,ImpactsOfSocialRationalizationAndFinalRemarks,Par3.

SeealsoAidenNichols,ChristendomAwake:OnReEnergisingtheChurchinCulture.(Edinburgh:T&TClark, 1999),5 20AdelheidvonSaldern,InsteadofCathedrals,Dwellingmachines,101102. 21WalterGropiusquotedinMichaelE.Jones,LivingMachines,40.

bricabrac,regardlessofthehistorical,personalorreligiousmemoriesconnected totheseitems.22 Theanxietyfeltbymanypeoplewhodidnotwanttoberegardedasoldfashioned wasusedbythereformerstoinfluencethemtobuynewfurnishingsthatwere small,simpleandplain,withoutornamentsanddecoration.23Thearchitectsalso furnishedapartmentsintheappropriatestyleasamodelforthetenantsto replicate. Femalehousingadvisorswentdoortodoortoeducatehousewivesaboutmodern living.Adviceandinformationwasgivenaboutmodernappliancesandfurnitureto buy.Journals,exhibitionsandmagazineswereinfluentialincreatingaconsumerist mentality.Cleanlinessandhygienewasconsideredofutmostimportanceandthe housingadvisersinstructedthehousewivesinthewaysofrationalised housekeeping.Thekitchenintheapartmentswasanextremelytinyspacethat onlyallowedenoughroomforonepersontocook.Thelivingroomwasseparated fromthekitchenbecausethecombinedkitchen/livingroomofthetraditional culturewasdismissedasoldfashioned,unhealthyandworthless.24Incomplete oppositiontosuchrationalist,minimalisticnotionsarich,authenticCatholic cultureofthehomeandfamilywas,andstillis: learnt through doing seeing and touchingExperiencing the physical dimension of religion helps bring about religious values, norms behaviours and attitudes.It is the continual interaction with objects andimagesthatmakesonereligiousinaparticularmanner.25
22LeCorbusier,TowardsaNewArchitecture,2223 23AdelheidvonSaldern,Theworkersmovement,347. 24AdelheidvonSaldern,Socialrationalization,TheReformersandtheRelevanceofModelsintheSpiritof

SocialRationalization,par9.
25ColleenMcDannelquotedinAidenNichols,ChristendomAwake,106.

 AsecularisedculturethatwashostiletoChristianityandthatinvolvedacoercive removalofsacredobjectsfromthehome,attackedafundamentalmeansforthe

remembering,handingonandstrengtheningofthefaithwhichhithertowaswoven intothefabricofdailylife. TheRationalisationofSexualUnion Themostdevastatingareaofmodernrationalisedlivingoccurredwithinthelocus ofthesexualunionofhusbandandwife.Theapartmentswereclearlydesignedfor smallfamilieswithoneortwochildren.26Arigorousprojectofsexreformwas undertakentocreatenewwomenandnewfamiliesthroughbirthcontrol.27The goalwastorationalisesexuallifeinthesamewaythattheworkplaceand apartmentspaceswererationalised.Thehumanbody,particularlythefemale body,couldbecomejustassleek,reliableandefficientasamachine.28Inorderto achievethisgoal,paragraphs281and184.3ofthe1871penalcodehadtobe abolished.Paragraph281prohibitedabortionandparagraph184.3madeitillegal toadvertise,displayorpublicisetheuseofcontraception.Aplethoraofsexreform leagueswereestablishedamongtheranksoftheintellectuals,sexologists,and physiciansontheonehandandlayleaguestargetingtheworkingclassonthe other. Amongtheintellectualandprofessionalleagues,theLeaguefortheProtectionof MotherhoodandSexReformpromotedanewethicofwomensrighttosexuality
26E.MichaelJones,LivingMachines,6869 27AtinaGrossmann,ReformingSex:TheGermanMovementforBirthControlandAbortionReform;19201950.

(NewYork:OxfordUniversityPress,1995),5
28AtinaGrossmann,ReformingSex,26

 andunwedmotherhood.29WilliamHirschfield,awellknownhomosexualwho

10

campaignedforhomosexualrights,establishedtheInstituteforSexualScience.He beganasexcounsellingclinicandconductedweeklyquestionandanswersessions coveringthevariousmethodsofcontraception.TheInstitutehostedapreliminary meetingoftheWorldLeagueforSexReformin1921.TheSocietyforSexual ReformandtheAssociationofSocialistPhysiciansalsocomprisedamembershipof intellectualsandprofessionals. ThelayleaguessuchastheFederationoftheActiveandtheAssociationsforSexual HygieneandLifeStyleReformworkedonthepremisethattheworkingclassalso hadtherighttosexualpleasurewithoutsufferingtheconsequencesofan unwantedpregnancyandbecameanintegralpartofworkingclasscultureandof thebroadnewconsumerculture.30Theyruthlesslypromotedacontraceptive mentalitythroughadvertisementsinmembershipnewsletters,magazinesand journals.Suchadvertisingwasnotdeemedpublicadvertisingunderparagraph 184.3sincepublicitywithinanorganisationwaspermitted.31Theleagues purchasedcontraceptivesandredistributedthematareducedcost.Lecturesand questionandanswersessionswerealsocommon. ThemajorityofdoctorsinGermanywerenotinvolvedinthesexreform movement,however,themoreprogressivedoctorsbelongedtotheAssociationof SocialistPhysiciansortheLeagueofWomenDoctors.In1928theNationalLeague forBirthControlandSexualHygienewasfounded,theresultofamergerbetween
29AtinaGrossmann,ReformingSex,16 30AtinaGrossmann,ReformingSex,1718. 31AtinaGrossmann,ReformingSex,18.

11

anumberoflayleaguesanddoctorsfromtheSocietyofSexualReform.Itbecame thelargestandmostinfluentialgroupinthesexreformmovement.Thiscoalition successfullyrecruiteddoctorstowriteforitsjournals,toprovidelecturesto membersandworkinthecounsellingcentrestoprovidewomenwith contraception.The1927VenerealDiseaselawwaspassedstipulatingthatonlya medicalphysiciancouldexamineapersonwithagenitaldisorderwhich legitimisedagreatercooperationwithdoctors.32Largelectureswereconductedby doctorsontheproperuseofcontraceptionandatravellingcontraceptionroad showwasdevelopedwhichventuredintotheruralareastoprovidebirthcontrol informationandproducts.ACounsellingCentrewasestablishedin1930where doctorsfittedanddistributedcontraceptivesdonatedbymanufacturers.Thisclinic andothers: servedasconvenientlaboratoriesfortestingbirthcontrolproductsand technology, and some of the first experiments with the original IUD werecarriedonintheclinic.33 Thepharmaceuticalcompaniesproducedbetween8090millioncondomseach yearandaboutonehundredandfiftydifferentkindsofbirthcontrol. Thesexreformmovementhadaprofoundeffectonthesizeoffamiliesandthe birthrateinGermany.In1920therewere25.9birthsper1000populationbuthad decreasedto14.9birthsper1000by1933.InBerlin,thebirthratebetween1871 1880was43.1per1000butby1923ithaddecreasedto9.9per1000.By1933,

32AtinaGrossmann,ReformingSex,20 33AtinaGrossmann,ReformingSex,25

 35%ofmarriedcouplesinBerlinwerechildless.34Thetraditionallargefamily became: aremnantofaprewarpast.Theywerenostalgicallymournedbysome and discarded as patently dysfunctional indeed asocial in the modernworldbyothers.35

12

TheSpreadoftheInternationalStyle WiththeriseofNazismthekeyplayersinthenewarchitecturefledGermanyand mostofthemrelocatedtoAmerica.PhillipJohnson,theDirectoroftheMuseumof ModernArt,hadbroughttheworksofthesearchitectstotheattentionoftheelite businessmeninAmerica,throughanexhibitionoftheirdesignsin1932,dubbingit astheInternationalStyle.WolferemarksthatiswastheRockefellers,Goodyears, SullivansandBlisseswhointroducedtheEuropeanAvanteGardetoAmerica.36 WalterGropiuswasmadeheadoftheSchoolofArchitectureatHarvard,andMies vanderRohewasappointedDeanofArchitectureatthenewlyformedIllinois InstituteofDesignandcreatedtwentyonebuildingsforthecampus. TheinfluenceoftheInternationalStylewentfarandwide.Atoneendofthe spectrumtheboxapartmentswereremarketedasluxuryhighriseapartmentsfor therich. Every respected instrument of architectural opinion cultivated tastetoldtheurbandwellersofAmericathatthiswasliving.Thiswas thegoodtasteoftoday,thiswasmodern.37 TherealitywasthattheluxuryhighrisewasinfactnothingbuttheSiedlungenof FrankfurtandBerlin.Attheotherendofthespectrumtheboxapartmenthoused
34AtinaGrossmann,ReformingSex,4 35AtinaGrossmann,ReformingSex,3 36TomWolfe,FromBauhaustoOurHouse,42 37TomWolfe,FromBauhaustoOurHouse,71.

 thoseonwelfarewithoutajobandunabletoaffordanyothertypeof accommodation.

13

InalecturetotheSovietsin1933WalterGropiussuggestedthattheyshouldbuild 1012storeyhighriseapartments.TheSovietsrespondedaccordinglybecause Gropiusprofoundlysecularideaofmanandofthefamilyandoftherelations betweenthesexesaswellasabuildingthatembodiedtheseidealsfitthe Communistsviewofurbanplanninglikeaglove.38TheCommieBoxendedup coveringtheEasternEuropeanlandscape.Regardlessofthedifferentsocio economicstandardsofthosewholiveinthemodernapartmentinfluencedbythe InternationalStyle,whatremainsisthefactthattheyaresmallandhostileto familylife. Ofparticularconcern,inmanypartsoftheworld,includingAustralia,isthe increaseindefactorelationshipsofthosebetweentheagesof18and35.For manyofthesecouplestheimmediatechoiceoflivingsituationisaninnercity apartment.Withnointentionofmarryingatanytimeinthenearfuture,theuseof contraceptionofisanobvioussolutionforthem.Apartmentlivingofthissortis merelyfunctionalprovidingconvenientaccesstoworkandentertainmentbut ultimatelydevaluestheidealoffamilylifeandthehome. Farfromenhancingthefamily,therationalisationoffamilylifeandthesexreform movementhashaddevastatingandfarreachingeffectsonthefamilyandon societyasawhole.Thedivorceratehasskyrocketed,millionsofbabiesareaborted
38E.MichaelJones,Living,57.

 eachyear,defactorelationshipsaretheruleratherthantheexception,sexually

14

transmitteddiseaseshaveincreased,theincidenceofsterilityamongwomenhas becomeprevalentafteryearsofcontracepting,leadingmanycouplestoresortto IVFwhichinturnhasledtothedestructionofembryoniclifethroughscientific experimentation. TheFamily:ASignofChristsLove Incompletecontrasttothegodlessvisionoffamilylifethatmodernityproposed, JohnPaulIIunderstoodthatthefamilyiscalledtobeasignofChristsloveforthe Church,andindeedforthewholeworld.Familiesaretobearwitnesstothe kingdomofJesusChrist.Hetaughtthat: Christian married couples and parents in their state and way of life have their own special gift among the People of God. For this reason theynotonlyreceivetheloveofChristandbecomeasavedcommunity, but they are also called upon to communicate Christ's love to their brethren, thus becoming a saving community. In this way, while the Christianfamilyisafruitandsignofthesupernaturalfecundityofthe Church, it stands also as a symbol, witness and participant of the Church'smotherhood.39 JohnPaulIIemphasisedthattheChristianfamily,asanauthenticcommunionof persons,participatesintheprophetic,kinglyandpriestlymissionofJesusChrist. Hetreatseachoneoftheseinturn.Intermsoftheirpropheticrole,thefamily becomesanevangelisingcommunitytotheextentthattheyrespondandgrowin faith,whichbeginswiththeSacramentalunionofhusbandandwife.Whenthe familyembracesandlivesouttheirfaithinavisibleandactiveway,whenparents educatetheirchildreninthetruthsandpracticesoftheirfaiththeynotonly

39JohnPaulII,FamiliarisConsortio,49

15

evangelisetheirownchildren,whichisessential,butbecomeevangelisersofother familiesandcommunities.40 NourishedbytheSacraments,inparticulartheEucharistandPenance,and participatinginasharedlifeofprayer,thefamilyarestrengthenedinfaithand immersethemselvesinthepriestlyministryofChrist.TheEucharist: represents Christ's covenant of love with the Church, sealed with His blood on the Cross. In this sacrifice of the New and Eternal Covenant, Christianspousesencounterthesourcefromwhichtheirownmarriage covenantflows,isinteriorlystructuredandcontinuouslyrenewedthe Eucharist is a fountain of charity. In the Eucharistic gift of charity the Christianfamilyfindsthefoundationandsoulofits"communion"and its "mission": by partaking in the Eucharistic bread, the different members of the Christian family become one body, which reveals and shares in the wider unity of the Church. Their sharing in the Body of Christ that is "given up" and in His Blood that is "shed" becomes a neverending source of missionary and apostolic dynamism for the Christianfamily.41 Initskinglyrolethefamilyiscalledtobeofservicetotheworld,tobeleavenand saltinafallenworld.Asmentionedabove,thefamilyhasaparticularroletoplay insanctifyingandrenewingsinfulstructuresthatsooftenholdpeopleinslavery androbthemoftheirinherentandinalienabledignity.42Inspiteofthemany challengesandthreatstofamilylife,familiesmustconfrontthesechallengeswith optimism.ThroughthegraceoftheSacraments,throughthepoweroftheHoly Spirit,thefamilypossessesformidableenergieswhichrenderitcapableof renewingtheearth.43Schindlerpointsoutthat: The Churchs fundamental task is to extend its own reality as communion of persons into the world especially in and through the
40JohnPaulII,FamiliarisConsortio,52 41JohnPaulII,FamiliarisConsortio,57 42JohnPaulII,FamiliarisConsortio,63 43RamonGarciadeHaro,MarriageandtheFamilyintheDocumentsoftheMagisterium,369

 familythatisthedomesticchurch:theplacewherecommunityfindsits firstworldlyhome.44

16

Itisthefamily,therefore,whohasaparticularresponsibilityforbringingaboutthe transformationoftheearth,andtherenewaloftheworld,ofcreation,andallof humanity.45 ThemodeloffamilylifebasedontheruleofStBenedictisbeautifulandrich.46The Fatherisawisestewardofthefamilyspossessions,ensuringthattheneedsofthe familyareadequatelyandappropriatelymet,andthatthegiftoffaithisnourished withinthefamily.AfullSacramentallifeisactiveinthefamily,aselaboratedabove. Anothermarkofthismodeloffamilyisalifeoffrugalliving,wherewhatis pursuedandembracedarethethingsthatreallymatter,aprojectthatruns countertothehedonistic,consumerist,materialisticcultureofmodernity. Likewise,notionsofindividualismarethwartedthroughaspiritofhospitality wheretheneedsofothersaremetthroughactsofservice. Conclusion Thesolutiontotheproblemsattributedtomodernapartmentlivingarenoteasily addressed.Rehousingwholecommunitiesintolargerdetachedthreeandfour bedroomhomes,althoughgreatlydesirable,isnotrealistic.Thechallengebefore theChurchisarenewalintheinherentvalueoffamilylifeandavisiblelived witnessoffamilylifearticulatedbyJohnPaulIIandgivenconcreteexpressionin theruleofStBenedict.Asmoreandmorechildrenexperienceandcherishan

44DavidSchindler,HomelessnessandtheModernCondition,324325 45DavidSchindler,HomelessnessandtheModernCondition,319 46AbriefsummaryofthemodelbyFrancisMannionisfoundinAidenNichols,ChristendomAwake,9496.

17

authenticallyCatholicformationinthefamily,slowlybutsurely,familylifecanbe renewedinthecominggenerationsandcreateanewthecultureofthefamily.

18

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Neumeyer,Fritz.NietzscheandModernArchitecture.inNietzscheandAn ArchitectureofOurMinds.EditedbyAlexandreKostkaandIrvingWohlfarth, 285309.LosAngeles:GettyResearchInstitutefortheHistoryofArtandthe Humanities,1999. __________.Theartlessword:MiesvanderRoheonthebuildingart.Cambridge,Mass: MITPress,1991. Nietzsche,Friedrich.TheAntichrist:CurseonChristianity. http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Antichrist PopeJohnPaulII.FamiliarisConsortio.Melbourne:A.C.T.SPublications,1981. RowlandTracey,CultureandtheThomistTradition:AfterVaticanII.London: Routledge,2003. Saldern,Adelheidvon.InsteadofCathedrals,DwellingMachines:TheParadoxes ofRationalizationundertheBannerofModernity.inTheChallengeof Modernity:GermanSocialandCulturalStudies,18901960.TranslatedbyBruce Little.AnnArbor:UniversityofMichiganPress,2002.93114. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=FCa82nYmB48C&dq=The+Challenge+of +Modernity&printsec=frontcover&source=bl&ots=l8gTbdiezV&sig=zuP1u_FDC BnboHQZ6urlDPiOqKM&hl=en&ei=DdlxSuVMojs6AOci8m5Cw&sa= X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3 __________.SocialrationalizationoflivingandhouseworkinGermanyandthe UnitedStatesinthe1920sHistoryoftheFamily2,No.1(1997):7397. http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.slv.vic.gov.au/ehost/detail?vid=5&hid=104 &sid=026f5869d3a245c8af48 391bfb913c5e%40sessionmgr111&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3 d#AN97092422549 __________.Theworkersmovementandculturalpatternsonurbanhousingestates andinruralsettlementsinGermanyandAustriaduringthe1920sSocial History15,No.3(1990):333354http://www.jstor.org/stable/4285871 Schindler,DavidL.Editorial:Christianityandthequestionofpostmodernity Communio17(1990):129131. __________.Schindler,DavidL.HomelessnessandtheModernCondition:The Family,Community,andtheGlobalEconomy.Communio27(2000):411430. Schulze,Franz.MiesvanderRohe:TheUnabridgedVersionArtinAmerica October(2001):118126. Wolfe,Tom.FromBauhaustoOurHouse.NewYork:FarrarStrausGiroux,1981.