Chapter 10

10-1 A five-span one-way slab is supported on 12-in.-wide beam with center-to-center

spacing of 16 ft. The slab carries a superimposed dead load of 10 psf and a live load of 100
psf. Using
'
4000 60, 000 psi and psi
c y
f f ,desing the slab. Draw a cross section showing
the reinforcement. Use Fig. A-5 to locate the bar cut-off points.
slab design strip
Plan
12 in.
16 ft. 15 ft.
in.
12
ft
n
l
Estimate slab thickness
Assume partitions are not sensitive to deflections. Will require recheck if sensitivity is
established later.
Table A-9:
End bay:
15 12
Min 7.50 in.
24 24
n
h


l
Interior bay:
15 12
Min 6.43 in.
28 28
n
h


l
Note that slab thickness was chosen on the basis of deflection control, since flexure and shear
probably wont govern the design (this will be checked later).
Try 7.0 in. h (this may need to be checked for deflections in the end span).
Assuming a cover of 0.75 in. and No. 4 bars as the slab reinforcement,
( )
0.5
7.0 0.75 6.0 in.
2
d +
Compute factored loads
Considering a 1-ft wide strip of slab:
Slab self weight:
7.0
150 87.5 psf
12
Ds
w
Superimposed dead load: 10 psf
Di
w
10-1
Total dead load: 87.5 10 97.5 psf
D
w +
Live load: 100 psf
L
w
Factored load: 1.2 97.5 1.6 100 277 psf
u
w +
Load per foot along design strip = 277 lb/ft
Note that 3
L D
w w < and we can use the ACI Moment coefficients for the calculation of the
positive and the negative moments.
Thickness for flexure
The maximum value for
u
M is at the first interior support since 15 ft.
n
l throughout. Using the
appropriate moment coefficient from ACI Code Section 8.3.3,
( )
( )
2
2
277 15.0
1
6.2 kips-ft ft
1000
10 10
u n
u
w
M


l
For a reinforcing ratio of
0.01
, which is a reasonable upper limit for a slab, the reinforcing
index can be found from Eq. (5-20),
0.01 60000
0.15
4000

From Eq. (5-21) calculate the flexural resistance factor, R.
( ) 0.15 4000 1 0.59 0.15 547 psi R
Using this value of R, the required value of
2
bd
can be determined using Eq. (5-22), assuming
that
0.9
(will check it later).
2 3
6.2
12, 000 151 in.
0.9 547
bd

For
151
12 in., 3.55 in.
12
b d
i.e., min d to keep
0.01 <
is 3.55 in. d Actual
6 in. d
will be less than 0.01 (O.K. for
flexure).
Thickness for shear
The max shear
u
V is at the exterior face of the first interior support. Using the appropriate shear
coefficient from ACI Code Section 8.3.3,
15
1.15 1.15 277 2390 lbs/ft
2 2
n
u u
V w
l
( ) ( )
'
0.75 2 0.75 2 4000 12 6 6830 lbs/ft ok for shear
c c w
V f b d
So, use a 7 in. slab.
Flexural reinforcement
Max 6.2 kips-ft/ft
u
M
Assuming that 0.95 and
2
s y
a
d d
_


,
, find the required reinforcement for a 1-ft wide strip
of slab.
10-2
( )
2
12, 000 6.2 12, 000
0.24 in. /ft
0.90 60, 000 0.95 6.0
2
u
s
y
M
A
a
f d


_

,
Iterate to find the depth of the compression stress block and recompute the value of the required
reinforcement:
'
0.24 60000
0.35
0.35 in., 0.41 in.
0.85
0.85 4000 12 0.85
s y
c
A f
a c
f b



Since the depth to the neutral axis, c, is less than 3 8 of d , clearly the section is tension
controlled( )
, 0.9
s y

, and
2
,
6.2 12, 000
0.24 in. /ft
0.35
0.90 60, 000 6
2
s red
A


_


,
The minimum reinforcement required by ACI Code Section 10.5.4, is
2
,min
0.0018 0.0018 12 7 0.15 in. /ft
s
A bh
The maximum spacing of the bars is, by ACI Code Section 7.6.5,
max
3 21 in.
18 in
h
s

' ;

So use No. 4 bars at 9 in.
( )
2
2
0.2 in.
in.
12 0.27 in.
ft ft
9 in.
s
A

Temperature and shrinkage steel as required by ACI Code Section 7.6.5,
2
,min
0.0018 0.15 in. /ft
s
A bh and
max
5 35 in.
18 in
h
s

' ;

So provide No. 4 bars at 16 in.
( )
2
2
0.2 in.
in.
12 0.15 in.
ft ft
16 in.
s
A

The flexural reinforcement for the supports and the midspan for all the spans is calculated in the
following table.
10-3
Calculation of reinforcement required in the slab.

1. ( ) ft.
n
l
15.0 15.0
2.
2
u n
w l
62.3 62.3 62.3 62.3 62.3 62.3
3. Moment Coef.
1 24 1 14 1 10 1 11 1 16 1 11 1 16
4. ( ) kips-ft/ft
u
M
2.6 4.5 6.2 5.7 3.9 5.7 3.9
5. ( )
2
reqd. in. /ft
s
A
0.01 0.17 0.24 0.15 0.22 0.15
6. ( )
2
,min
in. /ft
s
A
0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15
7. Reinforcement
#4 @
16 in.
#4 @
9 in.
#4 @
9 in.
#4 @
16 in.
#4 @
9 in.
#4 @
16 in.
8. ( )
2
provided in. /ft
s
A
0.15 0.27 0.27 0.15 0.27 0.15
Fig. S10-1.1 shows a cross-section of the slab showing the reinforcement. The bar cut-off points
were located using Fig. A-5(c).
Fig. S10-1.1 Slab reinforcement detailing.
10-4
10-2 A four-span one-way slab is supported on 12-in.-wide beams with center-to-center
spacing of 14, 16, 16, and 14 ft. The slab carries a superimposed dead load of 20 psf and a
live load of 150 psf. Design the slab, using
'
3500 60, 000 psi and psi
c y
f f . Select bar
cut-off points using Fig. A-5 and draw a cross-section showing the reinforcement.
slab design strip
Plan
Short span clear length:
12 in.
14 ft. 13 ft.
in.
12
ft
n
l
Long span clear length:
12 in.
16 ft. 15 ft.
in.
12
ft
n
l
Average clear span length for first interior support:
( )
,
13 ft. 15 ft.
14 ft.
2
n avg
+
l

Estimate slab thickness
Assume partitions are not sensitive to deflections. Will require recheck if sensitivity is
established later.
Table A-9:
End bay:
13 12
Min 6.50 in.
24 24
n
h


l
Interior bay:
15 12
Min 6.43 in.
28 28
n
h


l
Note that slab thickness is chosen on basis of deflection control, since flexure and shear probably
wont govern the design (will be checked later).
Try 6.5 in. h
Assuming a cover of 0.75 in. and No. 4 bars as the slab reinforcement,
( )
0.5
6.5 0.75 5.5 in.
2
d +
10-5
Compute factored loads
Considering a 1-ft wide strip of slab:
Slab self weight:
6.5
150 81.25 psf
12
Ds
w
Superimposed dead load: 20 psf
Di
w
Total dead load: 81.25 20 101.25 psf
D
w +
Live load: 150 psf
L
w
Factored load: 1.2 101.25 1.6 150 361.5 psf
u
w +
Load per foot along design strip = 362 lb/ft
Note that 3
L D
w w < and we can use the ACI Moment coefficients for the calculation of the
positive and the negative moments (ACI Code Section 8.3.3).
Thickness for flexure
The maximum moment will occur at either:
(1) exterior face of the first interior support, or
(2) face of the middle support
For negative moments at the face of an interior support, ACI Code Section 8.0 defines
n
l as the
average of the clear spans of the two adjacent spans. Using the appropriate moment coefficient
from ACI Code Section 8.3.3,
(1)
( )
( )
2
2
361.5 14.0
1
7.1 kips-ft ft
1000
10 10
u n
u
w
M


l
(2)
( )
( )
2
2
361.5 15.0
1
7.4 kips-ft ft
1000
11 11
u n
u
w
M


l
For a reinforcing ratio of
0.01
, which is a reasonable upper limit for a slab, the reinforcing
index can be found from Eq. (5-20),
0.01 60000
0.171
3500

From Eq. (5-21) calculate the flexural resistance factor, R.
( ) 0.171 3500 1 0.59 0.171 538 psi R
Using this value of R, the required value of
2
bd
can be determined using Eq. (5-22), assuming
that
0.9
(will check it later).
2 3
7.4
12, 000 183 in.
0.9 538
bd

For
183
12 in., 3.9 in.
12
b d
i.e., min d to keep
0.01 <
is 3.9 in. d Actual
5.5 in. d
will be less than 0.01 (O.K. for
flexure).
10-6
Thickness for shear
The max shear
u
V will occur in one of the two locations discussed for the maximum moments.
Using the appropriate shear coefficient from ACI Code Section 8.3.3,
(1)
13
1.15 1.15 362 2710 lbs/ft
2 2
n
u u
V w
l
(2)
15
1.0 1.0 362 2720 lbs/ft
2 2
n
u u
V w
l
( ) ( )
'
0.75 2 0.75 2 3500 12 5.5 5860 lbs/ft ok for shear
c c w
V f b d
Flexural reinforcement
Max 7.4 kips-ft/ft
u
M
Assuming that 0.95 and
2
s y
a
d d
_


,
, find the required reinforcement for a 1-ft wide strip
of slab.
( )
2
12, 000 7.4 12, 000
0.31 in. /ft
0.90 60, 000 0.95 5.5
2
u
s
y
M
A
a
f d


_

,
Iterate to find the depth of the compression stress block and recompute the value of the required
reinforcement:
'
0.31 60000
0.52
0.52 in., 0.61 in.
0.85
0.85 3500 12 0.85
s y
c
A f
a c
f b



Since the depth to the neutral axis, c, is less than 3 8 of d , clearly the section is tension
controlled( )
, 0.9
s y

, and
2
,
7.4 12, 000
0.31 in. /ft
0.52
0.90 60, 000 5.5
2
s red
A


_


,
The minimum reinforcement required by ACI Code Section 10.5.4, is
2
,min
0.0018 0.0018 12 6.5 0.14 in. /ft
s
A bh
The maximum spacing of the bars is, by ACI Code Section 7.6.5,
max
3 19.5 in.
18 in
h
s

' ;

So use No. 4 bars at 7.5 in.
( )
2
2
0.2 in.
in.
12 0.32 in.
ft ft
7.5 in.
s
A

Temperature and shrinkage steel as required by ACI Code Section 7.6.5,
10-7
2
,min
0.0018 0.14 in. /ft
s
A bh and
max
5 27.5 in.
18 in
h
s

' ;

So provide No. 4 bars at 16 in.
( )
2
2
0.2 in.
in.
12 0.15 in.
ft ft
16 in.
s
A

The flexural reinforcement for the supports and the midspan for all the spans is calculated in the
following table.
Calculation of reinforcement required in the slab.

1.
n
l 13.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 15.0 15.0
2. ( )
2
kips-ft
u n
w l 61.1 61.1 70.8 81.3 81.3 81.3
3. Moment Coef.
1 24 1 14 1 10 1 11 1 16 1 11 1 16
4. ( ) kips-ft/ft
u
M
2.5 4.4 7.1 6.4 5.1 7.4 5.1
5. ( )
2
reqd. in. /ft
s
A
0.10 0.18 0.3 0.21 0.31 0.21
6. ( )
2
,min
in. /ft
s
A
0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14
7. Reinforcement
#4 @
16 in.
#4 @
12 in.
#4 @
7.5 in.
#4 @
12 in.
#4 @
7.5 in.
#4 @
12 in.
8. ( )
2
provided in. /ft
s
A
0.15 0.20 0.32 0.20 0.32 0.20
Fig. S10-2.1 shows a cross-section of the slab showing the reinforcement. The bar cut-off points
were located using Fig. A-5(c).
Fig. S10-2.1 Slab reinforcement detailing.
10-8
10-3 A three span continuous beam supports 6-in.-thick one-way slabs that span 20 ft
center-to-center of beams. The beams have clear spans, face-to-face of 16-in.-square
columns, of 27, 30, and 27 ft. The floor supports ceiling, ductwork, and lighting fixtures
weighing a total of 8 psf, ceramic floor tile weighting 16 psf, partitions equivalent to a
uniform deal load of 20 psf, and a live load of 100 psf. Design the beam, using
'
4500 psi
c
f .
Use
60, 000 psi
y
f
for flexural reinforcement and
40, 000 psi
yt
f
for shear reinforcement.
Calculate cut-off points, extending all reinforcement past points of inflection. Draw an
elevation view of the beam and enough cross-sections to summarize the design.
1. Compute the trial factored load on the beam
(a) Dead load
slab self-weight:
6 in.
150 pcf 75 psf
in.
12
ft.

ceiling, tile, partitions:
8 psf 16 psf 20 psf 44 psf + +
The beam size is not known at this stage, so it must be estimated for preliminary design purposes.
Once the size of the beam has been established, the factored load will be corrected and then used
in subsequent calculations. The beam size will be estimated in step 2.
(b) Live Load
The ASCE/SEI 7-05 recommendations allow live-load reductions based on tributary area
multiplied by a live-load element factor, 2
LL
, to convert the tributary area to an influence
area.
Positive moment at span AB and negative moment at exterior support, A.
2
15 ft. 27 ft. 405 ft.
T
A
15 15
0.25 100 0.25 100 0.777 77.7 psf > 0.5 100 psf
2 405
o
LL T
L L
K A
_
_
+ +



,
,
10-9
Note that L shall not be less than 0.50
o
L for members supporting one floor (O.K.)
Negative moment at interior support, B.
( )
2
15 ft. 27 30 ft. 855 ft.
T
A +

15 15
0.25 100 0.25 100 0.613 61.3 psf > 0.5 100 psf (O.K.)
2 855
o
LL T
L L
K A
_
_
+ +



,
,
Positive moment at span BC.
2
15 ft. 30 ft. 450 ft.
T
A
15 15
0.25 100 0.25 100 0.75 75.0 psf > 0.5 100 psf (O.K.)
2 450
o
LL T
L L
K A
_
_
+ +



,
,
The size of the beam will be chosen on the basis of negative moment at the first interior support.
For this location, the factored load on the beam, not including the beam stem below the slab, is:
( ) 1.2 75 44 1.6 61.3 241 psf
u
w + +
The tributary width for the beam is 15 ft and the factored load from the slab per foot of beam is
kips
lbs
241 psf 15 ft. 3, 615 3.6
ft ft

Two approximate methods can be used to estimate the weight of the beam stem:
(a) the factored dead load of the stem is taken as 12 to 20 percent of the other factored loads
on the beam. This gives 0.43 to 0.72 kip/ft.
(b) the overall depth of beam h is taken to be 1/18 to 1/12 of the larger span, l , and
w
b is
taken to be 0.5h . This gives the overall h as 20 to 30 in., with the stem extending 14 to 24 in.
below the slab, and gives
w
b as 10 to 15 in. The factored load of such sizes ranges from 0.17 to
0.45 kip/ft.
As a first trial, assume the factored weight of the stem to be 0.50 kip/ft. Then,
total trial load per foot
3.6 0.5 4.1 kip/ft +
2. Estimate the size of the beam stem
(a) Calculate the minimum depth based on deflections.
ACI Table 9.5(a) (Table A-9) gives the minimum depths, unless deflections are checked. For
partitions flexible enough to undergo some deflection, minimum depth for beam BC is
min
18.5
h
l
, where l the span center-to-center of supports
16 in.
27 ft 28.3 ft
in.
12
ft
+
Thus,
min
28.3 12
18.4 in.
18.5
h


10-10
(b) Determine the minimum depth based on the negative moment at the exterior face of the
first interior support.
The beam fits the requirements in ACI Code Section 8.3.3 and can use the moment and shear
coefficients. For the support at B,
( )
2
2
4.1 28.5
333 kips-ft
10 10
u n
u
w
M


l
where
27 ft 30 ft
28.5 ft
2
n
+
l (the average of the two adjacent spans).
Using the procedure developed in Chapter 5 for the design of singly reinforced beam sections, the
reinforcement ratio that will result in a tension-controlled section can be estimated from
Eq. (5-18) as,
( )
'
1
0.825 4.5
initial 0.0155
4 4 60
c
y
f
f

For this reinforcement ratio, use Eq. (5-20), to find the reinforcing index,
0.0155 60
0.207
4.5

From Eq. (5-21) calculate the flexural resistance factor, R.
( ) 0.207 4500 1 0.59 0.207 818 psi R
Using this value of R, the required value of
2
bd
can be determined using Eq. (5-22), assuming
that
0.9
(will check it later).
2 3
333
12, 000 5430 in.
0.9 818
bd

Since columns are 16 in., try a 14 or 16 in. wide stem. Lets try 14 in. b
Then,
5428
19.7 in. 21.5 in.
14
d d
With one layer of steel at supports, 21.5 2.5 24 in. h + (O.K. for deflections).
So, try a 14-in. wide-by-24-in. beam.
(c) Check the shear capacity of the beam
Maximum shear is at the exterior face at support B,
,max
1.15 1.15 4.1 27
63.6 kips
2 2
u n
u
w
V


l
From ACI Code Section 11.2.1.1,
( )
'
1
2 2 1 4500 14 21.5 40.4 kips
1000
c c w
V f b d
ACI Code Section 11.4.7.9 sets the maximum nominal
s
V is
( )
'
1
8 8 4500 14 21.5 162 kips
1000
s c w
V f b d
Thus, ( ) 0.75 40.4 161 151 kips
n
V + (O.K. for shear)
10-11
(d) Summary
Use : ( )
14 in.
24 in. 18 in. below slab
21.5 in.,assuming one layer of steel
b
h
d

3. Compute the dead load of the stem, and recompute the total load per foot.
Weight per foot of the stem below slab
18 14
0.15 0.26 kip/ft
144

Corrected total factored load for 1
st
internal support moment: ( ) 3.6 1.2 0.26 3.9 kip/ft +
Since this is less that the 4.1 kip/ft used earlier to estimate the beam size, the section chosen will
be adequate.
Factored Total dead load:
( )
1
1.2 119 15 0.26 2.5 kips/ft
1000
D
w +
Factored total loads:
(a) Positive moment at span AB and negative moment at exterior support, A.
( )
1
2.5 1.6 77.7 15 4.4 kips/ft
1000
u
w +
(b) Negative moment at interior support, B.
( )
1
2.5 1.6 61.3 15 4.0 kips/ft
1000
u
w +
(c) Positive moment at span BC.
( )
1
2.5 1.6 75.0 15 4.3 kips/ft
1000
u
w +
4. Calculate the beam flange width for positive-moment regions
From ACI Code Section 8.12.2,
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
0.25 based on the shorter span for simplicity 0.25 27 12 in. 81 in.
2 8 6 14 2 8 6 110 in.
15 12 180 in.
n
e w
b b
_

+ +



,
l

Therefore, the effective flange width is 81 in. and shown in Fig. S10-3.1
Fig. S10-3.1 Beam cross-section
10-12
5. Can we use the ACI Code Moment Coefficients?
Ratio of successive spans =
30 ft. / 27 ft. = 1.11<1.20 O.K.
;

Live load/ft 0.1 15

0.6 3.0 O.K.
Dead load/ft 2.5

<
;
There are more than two spans;
The loads are uniformly distributed.
Thus, we can use the ACI Code Moment Coefficients
6. Compute the beam moments
, ft.
n
l 27.0 27.0 28.5 30.0
, kip/ft.
u
w 4.4 4.4 4.0 4.3
2
, kips-ft
u n
w l
3210 3210 3250 3870
m
C
1
16

1
14
1 1
and
10 11

1
16
2
, kips-ft
u m u n
M C w l
-200 230 -325 242
7. Design the flexural reinforcement
(a) Max negative moment (first interior support)
Max
_
,max
325 kips-ft
u
M
Because the beam acts as a rectangular beam with compression in the web, we can assume that
0.90
2
a
d d
_


,
.For
and =0.9
s y

, the required reinforcement for that section is,
( )
2
12, 000 325 12, 000
3.73 in.
0.90 60, 000 0.90 21.5
2
u
s
y
M
A
a
f d


_

,
Iterate to find the depth of the compression stress block and recompute the value of the required
reinforcement:
'
3.73 60000
4.18
4.18 in., 5.07 in.
0.825
0.85 4500 14 0.85
s y
c
A f
a c
f b



Since the depth to the neutral axis, c, is less than 3 8 of d , clearly the section is tension
controlled( )
, 0.9
s y

, and
2
,
325 12, 000
3.72 in.
4.18
0.90 60, 000 21.5
2
s red
A


_


,
10-13
The other negative moment sections have a lower design moment, so it will be conservative to
use the ratio of
s
u
A
M
obtained here to quickly determine the area of tension steel required at
those other locations. That ratio is
( )
2
2
3.72 in.
0.0114 in. /kips-ft (eq. A)
325 kips-ft
s
u
A
M

(b) Max positive moment
Max
,max
242 kips-ft
u
M
+

Because the beam acts as a T-shape beam with compression in the top flange, assume that the
compression zone is rectangular, i.e.
6 in.
f
a h <
, use 0.95
2
a
d d
_


,
.For
and =0.9
s y

,
the required reinforcement that section is,
( )
2
12, 000 242 12, 000
2.63 in.
0.90 60, 000 0.95 21.5
2
u
s
y
M
A
a
f d


_

,
Iterate to find the depth of the compression stress block and recompute the value of the required
reinforcement:
'
2.63 60000
0.51
0.51 in., 0.62 in.
0.825
0.85 4500 81 0.85
s y
c e
A f
a c
f b



Cleary the section is tension controlled( )
, 0.9
s y

, and doing one iteration for the
negative moment section results in
2
2.53 in.
s
A
The other positive moment section has a lower design moment, so it will be conservative to use
the ratio of
s
u
A
M
obtained here to quickly determine the area of tension steel required at those
other locations. That ratio is
( )
2
2
2.53 in.
0.0104 in. /kips-ft (eq. B)
242 kips-ft
s
u
A
M

(c) Calculate the minimum reinforcement
From ACI Code Section 10.5.1,
'
,min
3 200
and
c w
s w
y y
f b d
A b d
f f
.
For 4500 psi concrete,
'
3 201 psi
c
f , thus
10-14
2
,min
3 4500
14 21.5=1.0 in.
60, 000
s
A
(d) Calculate the area of steel and select the bars.
The remaining calculations are done in the following table.
, kips-ft
u
M -200 230 -325 242
s
A coef. Eq. A and B
0.0114 0.0104 0.0114 0.0104
2
( .)
, in.
s red
A
2.28 2.39 3.70 2.52
.min s s
A A > Yes Yes Yes Yes
Bars selected
4 No. 7 4 No. 7 2 No. 8 and
4 No. 7
3 No. 7 and
2 No.6
s
A provided,
2
in.
2.40 2.40 3.98 2.68
( )
min
14 in.
w
b b >

Yes

Yes
Note that in the negative moment regions some of the bars can be placed in the slab besides the
beam and it is not necessary to check whether they will fit into the web width.
8. Check the distribution of the reinforcement
(a) Positive moment region
From ACI Code Section 10.6.4, the maximum bar spacing is
40, 000 40, 000
15 2.5 12
c
s s
s c
f f
_ _


, ,
, where
2
40, 000 psi and 1.5 in. cover 0.375 in. stirrups 1.875 in.
3
s y c
f f c +
Thus, 15 2.5 1.875 10.3 in. 12 in. s
Bar spacing
( )
7
14 2 1.5 0.375
8
3.1 in. <10.3 in. OK.
3
1
+ +
]

It was also clear that the bar spacing is smaller than 10.3 in., since there are four bars and
14 in.
w
b
(b) Negative moment region
ACI Code Section 10.6.6 says part of the negative moment steel shall be distributed over a
width equal to the smaller of the effective flange width (81 in.) and 10 34.2 in.
n
l At the
interior supports, there are 6 top bars. Place the two No. 8 bars at the corners of the stirrups, two
No. 7 bars over the beam web, and the other two No. 7 bars in the slab. Within a width of 34.2
in. we must place six bars. These cannot be further apart than 10.3 in. (as calculated in part a).
We shall arbitrarily place two bars at 5 in. outside the web of the beam.
10-15
ACI Code Section 10.6.6 requires some longitudinal reinforcement in the slab outside this
band. We shall assume that the shrinkage and temperature steel in the slab will satisfy this
requirement.
9. Design the shear reinforcement
The shear force diagrams are calculated in the following table and shown at the bottom of the
table. The shear coefficients for the supports are from ACI Code Section 8.3.3 and the coefficient
fro the midspan of the beam is based on Eq. (6-26).
, ft
n
l 27 30
, kips/ft
u
w 4.4 4.3
, kips/ft
Lu
w 1.9 1.8
v
C at support
and midpsan
1.0 0.125 1.15 1.0 0.125 1.0
2
u n
w l 59.4 59.4 64.5 64.5
Lu n
w l 51.3 54
, kips
u
V 59.4 6.4 68.3 64.5 6.7 64.5
n u
V V 79.2 8.5 91.1 86.0 8.9 86.0
(a) Exterior end of
beam AB
Because the beam is supported by a column, the critical section is located at d away from the face
of the support.
Equation for
u
V : ( ) ( ) kips 5.24 ft 79.2
u
V x +
( )
21.5 in.
@ from A 5.24 79.2 69.8 kips
in.
12
ft
u
V d
_

+

,
( )
1
2 1 4500 14 21.5 40.4 kips
1000
c
V , 20.2 kips
2
c
V

Because
69.8 kips
u
V

exceeds 20.2 kips
2
c
V
, stirrups are required.
Try No. 3 Grade 40 stirrups double-leg stirrups with a 90
o
hook ( )
2
2 0.11 0.22 in.
v
A
10-16
Max spacing:
'
4
u
c c w
V
V f b d

and from ACI Code Section 11.4.5.1,
max
10.75 in.
10.75 in. 2
24 in.
d
s
_

,
To satisfy the minimum stirrup requirement in ACI Code Section 11.4.6.3, the stirrup spacing
must be,
max
0.22 40, 000
12.6 in.
50 50 14
v yt
w
A f
s
b

Note that 0.75 4500 50.3 psi > 50 psi, so use 50 psi in ACI Code Eq. (11-13) .
Thus, use 10.5 in. as maximum stirrup spacing.
The spacing required to support the shear force at the support is,
( ) 0.22 40 21.5
6.45 in.-say 6 in. on centers
69.8 40.4
s

We can change the stirrup spacing to 10.5 in. when

0.22 40 21.5
40.4 58.4 kips
10.5
u
V

+
This occurs at about 4 ft from face of support A.
We can stop the stirrups when
11.3 ft
2
u c
V V
x

from face of support A.
Place the first stirrup at 3 in. from support A, then 9 stirrups at 6 in. and 9 stirrups at 10.5 in.
(b) Interior end of beam AB
Equation for
u
V : ( ) ( ) kips 6.12 ft 91.1
u
V x +
( )
21.5 in.
@ from B 6.12 91.1 80.1 kips > ,stirrups required
in.
2
12
ft
c
u
V
V d
_

+

,
The spacing required to at this point is,
( ) 0.22 40 21.5
4.8 in.-say 4.5 in. on centers
80.1 40.4
s

Change the stirrup spacing to 10.5 in. when

58.4 kips
u
V

.
This occurs at 5.3 ft from face of support B.
We can stop the stirrups at 11.6 ft from face of support B.
10-17
Place the first stirrup at 2 in. from support B, then 15 stirrups at 4.5 in. and 9 stirrups at 10.5 in.
(c) Ends of beam BC
Equation for
u
V : ( ) ( ) kips 5.14 ft 86.0
u
V x +
( )
21.5 in.
@ from C 5.14 86 76.8 kips > , stirrups required
in.
2
12
ft
c
u
V
V d
_

+

,
The spacing required to at this point is,
( ) 0.22 40 21.5
5.2 in.-say 5.0 in. on centers
76.8 40.4
s

Change the stirrup spacing to 10.5 in. when

58.4 kips
u
V

.
This occurs at 5.4 ft from face of support.
We can stop the stirrups at 12.8 ft from face of support.
Place the first stirrup at 2.5 in. from support B, then 14 stirrups at 4.5 in. and 9 stirrups at 10.5 in.
10. Bar cutoffs
(a) Detailing requirements:
21.5 in.
12 12 in. for No. 8 bar
20.25 in. for 27 ft span, 22.5 in. for 30 ft span
16
b
n
d
d

l
Thus, d exceeds 12 and
16
n
b
d
l
for AB span, while
16
n
l
governs for span BC.
The bottom and top bars have clear spacing and cover of at least
b
d and are enclosed by at least
minimum stirrups. Therefore, this is Case 1 in Table 8-1 (ACI Code Section 12.2.2).
'
33.5 in. for No. 6
60, 000 1.0 1.0
44.7 39.1 in. for No. 7
20 1 4500
20
44.7 in. for No. 8
y t e
b
d b b
c
f
d
d d
f

' ;

l
(b) Cutoffs for bottom steel
Span AB
4 No. 7-Extend 2 full length into each support, cut off the other two at the positive moment point
of inflection so that extra stirrups are not required.
Exterior end: From Fig. A-2, inflection point at ( ) 0.10 27 12 32.4 in. from face of column.
Rule 3-a - Extend 21.5 in. d past the flexural cutoff point, i.e. 32.4 in.-21.5 in = 10.9 in. from
face of column at A. Say 10 in.
Rule 4-a - Distance from midspan to cutoff point greater than
d
l .
10-18
Rule 1-b - This is an interior beam with open stirrups. Since this is a discontinuous end use 90
deg. standard hooks on 2 No. 7 bars.
Rule 4-d At the inflection point, the remaining steel is two No. 7,
2
1.2 in.
s
A Thus,
1.2 60
1.57 in.
0.85 4.5 12
a



1.57
1.2 60 21.5 =1490 kip-in=124 kip-ft
2
n
M
_


,
The shear at 32.4 in. from the exterior end is,
32.4
5.24 79.2 65 kips
12
u
V
_
+

,
21.5 in.
a
l
Thus,
1490
21.5 44.4 in.
65
n
a
u
M
V
+ + l
This exceeds
d
l - therefore, OK.
Interior end: From Fig. A-2, inflection point at ( ) 0.104 27 12 33.7 in. from face of column
Rule 3-a - Extend bars to 33.7 in.- 21.5 in. = 12.2 in. from face of column. Use 10 in. to match
other end.
Rule 4-a - Satisfied
Rule 1-b - This is an interior beam with open stirrups. Rule 1-b applies. Lap splice 2#7 bars from
the exterior span with 2 No. 7 bars from the interior span with a Class A tension lap splice
1.0 39.1 in. 3 ft - 2 in.
Rule 4-d
1490 kip-in=124 kip-ft
n
M
The shear at 33.7 in. from the exterior end is,
33.7
6.12 91.1 73.9 kips
12
u
V
_
+

,
21.5 in.
a
l
Thus,
1490
21.5 41.7 in.
73.9
n
a
u
M
V
+ + l
This exceeds
d
l - therefore, OK.
Span BC
2 No. 8 and 3 No. 7 at midspan Extend 2 No. 7 into supports. Cutoff 2 No. 8 and 1 No. 7 bars at
the positive moment point of inflection so that extra stirrups are not required. Inflection point at
( ) 0.146 30 12 52.6 in. from face of column
Rule 3-a - Extend 22.5 in.
16
n

l
past the flexural cutoff point, i.e. 52.6 in.-22.5 in. = 30.1 in.
from face of column. Say 30 in.
Rule 4-a - Satisfied.
Rule 1-b Lap splice 2#7 bars 3 ft - 2 in at support
Rule 4-d
2650 kip-in=221 kip-ft
n
M
The shear at 52.6 in. from the exterior end is,
10-19
52.6
5.14 86 63.5 kips
12
u
V
_
+

,
21.5 in.
a
l
Thus,
2650
21.5 63.3 in.
63.5
n
a
u
M
V
+ + l
This exceeds
d
l - therefore, OK.
Cutoffs for top steel
Span AB, exterior end, 4 No. 7
Use standard hook, ( )
0.02 1.0 60, 000
0.75 13.4 in.
1.0 4500
dh

l
Set tail cover = 2 in., then 0.7 13.4 9.4 in.
dh
l . This is OK in a 16 in. column.
Negative moment point of inflection at ( ) 0.164 27 12 53.1 in.
Rule 3-b - Extend d to 53.1+21.5 = 74.6 in. Cutoff at 75 in. = 6 ft-3 in. from face of column.
Rule 4-b - Since 75 in. > 39.1 in. Rule 2 is satisfied.

Span AB, interior end, 2 No. 8 and 4 No. 7 bars
Point of inflection at ( ) 0.24 27 12 77.8 in.
Rule 3-b - Extend d to 77.8+21.5 = 99.3 in. Say 8 ft.-4 in. from face of column
Rule 4-b Since 100 in. > 44.7 in. Rule 2 is satisfied.
Span BC, 2 No. 8 and 4 No. 7 bars
Negative moment point of inflection at ( ) 0.24 30 12 86.4 in.
Rule 3-b Extend to 108.9 in. Say 9 ft- 1 in, from face of column
Rule 4-b OK
Since all cutoffs are past points of inflection, they are not in zones of flexural tension, therefore
extra stirrups are not needed.
Provide 2 No. 4 top bars as stirrup support, lab splice with negative moment steel.
10-20
Fig. S10-3.2 Beam reinforcing detailing.
10-21
10-4 Repeat Problem 10-3, but cut off up to 50 percent of the negative- and positive-
moment bars in each span where they are no longer required.
Bat cutoff for positive moment steel in AB span
Flexural reinforcement: 4#7 bars
Extend two bars full length and into each support, cutoff the other two where they no longer
required ( ) 50% of
u
M .
From Fig. A-2, flexural cutoff point is at ( ) 0.21 0.21 27 12 68 in.
n
l from exterior end
(support A), and ( ) 0.22 0.22 27 12 71 in.
n
l from interior end (support B).
Rule 3-a: Extend 21.5 in. d past the flexural cutoff point
68 in. 21.5 in. 46.5 in. from exterior end
71 in. 21.5 in. 49.5 in. from interior end
Rule 4-a: Distance between midspan to cutoff point =

46.5 115.5
13.5 12 in. in. in.
49.5 112.5


' ; ' ;


d
l for #7 bar
115.5
39.1 in. in.
112.5

<
' ;

Bar cutoff for negative moment steel
Flexural reinforcement: 2#8 and 4#7 bars
AB span, interior end
From Fig. A-2, flexural cutoff point is at ( ) 0.104 0.104 27 12 34 in.
n
l
Rule 3-b: Extend 21.5 in. d past the flexural cutoff point
34 in.+ 21.5 in. 55.5 in.
Rule 4-b:
d
l for #7 top bar 39.1 in.< 55.5 in.
Therefore, use 55.5 in. for cutoff point.
BC span
From Fig. A-1, flexural cutoff point is at ( ) 0.1 0.1 30 12 36 in.
n
l
Rule 3-b: Extend 22.5 in. d past the flexural cutoff point
36 in.+ 22.5 in. 58.5 in.
Rule 4-b:
d
l for #7 top bar 39.1 in.< 58.5 in.
Therefore, use 58.5 in. for cutoff point.
10-5 Explain the reason for the two live-load patterns specified in ACI Section 8.11.2
Live load patterns are arranged to maximize the moments and shears in beams and columns at
various sections due to gravity loading.
10-22