Course Content

Radio Resource Management Overview Parameter Configuration Common Channels & Power Control Load Control Admission Control Packet Scheduling Handover Control Resource Manager

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Course Objectives
At the end of the course you willl be able to:
Describe the difference between controllable and non-controllable loads Describe the difference between preventive and over overload threshold Describe the relationships of Load Control with Admission Control and Packet Scheduler Name and describe summarily the main RAN parameters related to load control

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Load Control
Load Control Functions Radio Interface Load BTS Measurements

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Load Control Functional Overview

LC is a cell based RRM Function, utilising cell specific:

thresholds set by RNP, load measurements, AC, PS & LC algorithms.

LC RM

RNC PS AC

Main functions of LC are:

to maximise capacity, preventive load control, overload control.

LC performs the function of load control in association with AC & PS LC Updates load status using resource measurements & estimations provided by AC and PS Continuously feeds cell load information to the other RRM functions, e.g. PS and AC SHO LC in RNC consists of MS specific part and cell specific part. The UE specific part is the controlling entity between the cell specific entities (LC, AC and PS)
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Load Control Functional Overview

RRM in RNC
parameters
when changed Load change info Load status request

AC PS

BS
Radio Resource Indication Period CCH load measurement period RL measurement reporting period

Load change estimations

parameters

2
measurements

LC

measurements estimations

Load status

Load change estimations

Scheduling period

NRT load

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Load Control Functional Overview

LC includes the following load status reports and load control parameters:
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Parameters related to the LC, which are common for AC, LC and PS:

PrxTarget [dB], PtxTarget [dBm] PrxOffset [dB], PtxOffset [dB] PrxNoise [dBm]

Cell load status, including the load measurement results:

In the Radio Resource Indication Message: PrxTotal [dBm] PtxTotal [dBm] RACH load (# of received RACH preambles during the measurement period) In the Radio Link Measurement Report: PtxAverage [dBm]

Estimated cell load:

PrxNc [dBm], PtxNc [dBm] updated by LC PrxRTinacitive [dBm], PtxRTinacitve [dBm] updated by LC PrxNRT [dBm], PrxNRT [dBm] updated by PS Lrt updated by AC Lnrt updated by PS

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Load Control
Introduction/Functions Radio Interface Load BTS Measurements

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Load Estimation Methods

Throughput based threshold

Wideband power level Itotal (coverage)

Wideband power based threshold i=0.5 i=1

i=0

Own cell load factor (capacity)

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Througput Based Load Estimation

The downlink load of the cell can be estimated by using the sum of the downlink allocated bit rates as follows

DL =

R
j =1

j
Max. allowed throughtput of the cell

R max

The uplink load of the cell can be estimated by using the sum of the load factors of the users connected to this cell.

UL = (1 + i ) load
j =1

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Power Based Load Estimation- Nokia way

The downlink load of the cell can be estimated by dividing the total downlink transmission power, Ptx_total by the maximum Node B transmission power Ptx_BTS,max.

DL =

Ptx _ total Ptx _ BTS ,max

The uplink load can be estimated with Prx_noise, the background and receiver noise and Prx_total, the total received power, according to this formula:

UL = 1

Prx _ noise Prx _ total

1 = 1 NR

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Radio Interface Load

The BTS measures the total received power (PrxTotal) and the total transmitted power (PtxTotal) on cell basis The BTS reports PrxTotal and PtxTotal of each cell to the RNC by sending RADIO RESOURCE INDICATION message periodically (RRIndicationPeriod) LC updates cell load status for each cell based on RADIO RESOURCE INDICATION LC updates non-controllable UL (PrxNC) and DL (PtxNC) load in cell AC and PS algorithms work on the current cell load status provided by LC Denying call admission (AC) and throttling back NRT traffic (PS) are the overload actions After scheduling PS provides LC with PrxNRT, PtxNRT & LNRT estimates After admitting RT RAB, AC provides LC with NC load increase estimate
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System Noise
System noise (PrxNoise) is the sum of all stationary noises;

thermal noise interference caused by spurious emissions of other systems, noise cause by additional equipment such as repeaters

PrxNoise can vary place to place and even time to time PrxNoise is a RNP parameter whose setting affects the capacity of cell

PrxNoise too low: overestimation of cell load and can lead to unnecessary call blocking PrxNoise too high: underestimation of cell load and can lead to overload situation

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PrxNoise Autotuning Algorithm

RNC provides tools to measure unloaded system noise, PrxUnloaded, and tools to adjust PrxNoise parameter based on these measurements PrxTotal = PrxUnloaded when own cell is considered unloaded (or very low load); Own Cell; LRT UnloadedRT and LNRT UnloadedNRT

UnloadedRT and UnloadedNRT are RNC parameters (values for NRT: 1 %, RT: 2 %)
LRT and LNRT are UL load factor for own cell RT (AC estimates) & PS users (PS estimates) RNC calculates averaged PrxUnloaded values using a mean filter to remove temporary interference peaks PrxNoise is updated by the autotuning algorithm based on PrxUnloaded PrxNoise autotuning step size is limited by PrxNoiseMaxTuneAbsolute parameter

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UL Preventive & Overload Thresholds

total received power Prx Total [dBm]

Overloaded Area
PrxTarget [dB] + PrxOffset [dB] Prx Target [dB]

Marginal Load Area Feasible Load Area

load factor
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UL Preventive Thresholds
Preventive threshold = PrxTarget Prx Target is relative to the system noise, it gives an upper threshold for the noise rise Target threshold defines the optimal operating point of the cell load, up to which PS & AC can operate normally and is calculated from the UL loading () value:

PrxTarget = 10 Log 10 (1 )

[dB ]

If cell load exceeds these limits then AC & PS move to PREVENTIVE STATE function New RT RABs are blocked, and PS can't schedule more NRT bit rates in the cell

PrxTarget range: default:

0...30 dB, step 0.1 dB 4 dB

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UL Overload Thresholds
Overload threshold = PrxTarget + PrxOffset Overload Threshold defines the limit when the cell is considered to be overloaded If load in the cell exceeds these limits then AC & PS move to OVERLOAD STATE function New calls are blocked, and PS starts to decrease NRT bit rates in the cell

PrxOffset range: default:

0...6 dB, step 0.1 dB 1 dB

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DL Preventive & Overload Thresholds

Cell Maximum

total received power Ptx Total [dBm]

Overloaded Area
Ptx Target [dBm] + PtxOffset [dB] Ptx Target [dBm]

Marginal Load Area Feasible Load Area

load factor
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DL Preventive Thresholds
Preventive threshold = PtxTarget Target threshold defines the optimal operating point of the cell load, up to which PS & AC can operate normally If cell load exceeds these limits then AC & PS move to PREVENTIVE STATE function New RT RABs are blocked, and PS can't schedule more NRT bit rates in the cell

PtxTarget range: default:

-10...50 dBm, step 0.1 dB 40 dBm

Default value depends on the cell max TX power: in case the cell max power is 43 dBm, the PtxTarget should be 40 dBm (3 dB below max)

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DL Overload Thresholds
Overload threshold = PtxTarget + PtxOffset Overload Threshold defines the limit when the cell is considered to be overloaded If load in the cell exceeds these limits then AC & PS move to OVERLOAD STATE function
New calls are blocked, and PS starts to decrease NRT bit rates in the cell

PtxOffset range: default:

0...6 dB, step 0.1 dB 1 dB

The default value is given for 20W WPA!

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Load Control
Introduction/Functions Radio Interface Load BTS Measurements

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Prx and Ptx Total Measurements

0 1 2

...
Prx / tx Total =
14 0

14

Frame Prx and Ptx Total measurements

rx / tx

Total

PrxTotal/PtxTotal

Frame average measurements

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Alpha Trimmed Filter

Ptx/Prx MeasAveWindow

PrxTotal/PtxTotal

1. Frame average measurement values are sorted into frames consisting of Ptx/Prx MeasAveWindow values 2. (Ptx/Ptx MeasAveWindow Ptx/Prx Alpha) lowest and highest values are removed 3. (Ptx/Ptx MeasAveWindow (1-Ptx/Prx Alpha)) values remain 4. Remaining values are used by the BTS for average Prx/Ptx Total calculation and are sent to the RNC every RRIndPeriod

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Example
Prx/PtxMeasAveWindow = 10 Prx/PtxAlpha = 0.2
Frame averages are sorted into groups consisting of 10 values 2 lowest and 2 highest values are excluded (0.2 10) Final Prx_total & Ptx_total averages are calculated using 6 remaining values
Prx/Ptx

Prx _ total

1 = (1 2 )NoFrames 1 8 = yk 6 k =3

(1 ) NoFrames k k =NoFrames +1

Prx _ total

Ptx _ total

1 = (1 2 )NoFrames 1 8 = yk 6 k =3

(1 ) NoFrames k k =NoFrames +1

Frame average measurements

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Ptx _ total

Parameters
Prx/PtxMeasAveWindow
The parameter defines the number of frames used for long term averaging at the BS of the short term (frame based) averages of Prx/PtxTotal measurements

range: default:

10...200 frames, step 1 frame 20 frames (during one RRI period when RRI=200 ms)

In case the measured values are fluctuating very much, the averaging period could be made longer to get better PS performance

Prx/PtxAlpha
Defines the type of measurement filter used for the total received wideband power (PrxTotal) in a cell. If the value is 0, pure sliding window mean filter is used and if the value is 0.5, sliding window median filter is used. If the value is between 0 - 0.5, trimmed mean filter is used

range: default:
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0... 0.5, step 0.05 0

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Radio Resource Indication Period

BTS Measurements

RRI Period

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Radio Resource Indication Period

RRIndPeriod
The parameter defines the reporting period of the RADIO RESOURCE INDICATION messages, which are used for cell based load measurements.

range: 0...2000 ms, step 100 ms default: 200ms

The BTS informs the RNC about the current load at the radio interface from the radio resource point of view and the load of every RACH in each cell. For that purpose the BTS sends periodically a Radio Resource Indication message to the RNC In the Radio Resource Indication message the BTS reports periodically:

the total uplink interference power of the cells the total transmitted power of the cell, and RACH load

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RACH Measurements
A BTS measures RACH load of cell, and reports it to the RNC using the RADIO RESOURCE INDICATION message RACH load includes following measurements:

RACH load: Averaged number of received RACH preambles per radio frame during the reporting period RACH decoded messages: Averaged number of all decoded RACH messages per radio frame during the reporting period Successfully decoded messages: Averaged number of successfully decoded RACH messages per radio frame during the reporting period

Reporting is controlled by parameters RRIndicationPeriod & RACHLoadIndicationPeriod which the BTS receives in the CONFIGURATION DATA message

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RACH Measurements
RACHLoadIndicationPeriod
The parameter defines the reporting period of the PRACHs in a BTS. The BTS may report load figures to the RNC in every Nth (N=1-20) NBAP Radio Resource Indication message. Value 0 of the parameter means that the BTS does not report the load information for RACH.

range: default:

1...20, step 1 1

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Connection Based Measurements

A base station measures:

transmission power of one carrier one scrambling code one channelisation code

and averages it during the reporting period. BTS reports transmitted code powers using dedicate RADIO LINK MEASUREMENT REPORT message.

Reporting is controlled by RLMeasRepPeriod parameter, which the BTS receives from the RNC in the CONFIGURATION DATA message. These measurement reports are used as an input for defining initial power for PS and AC The report affects the accuracy of PS and AC initial power definition

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Connection Based Measurements

RLMeasRepPeriod range: default:
0...2000 ms, step 100 ms 500 ms

Bigger value decreases Iub signalling load, smaller value increases accuracy Value 0 = OFF

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Chapter 3
-Load Control

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Which RRM functional entities are in direct relationship with load control? List the traffic load included in non controllable load List the traffic load included in controllable load Which LC parameter gives the upper limit for the noise rise? What is its default value? What hapens if cell load exceeds this limit? How the overload threshold is defined? What kind of filter is used for WBTS measurements? How offen BTS sends measurement to the RNC?

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