MECH 318

Homework Set #3
Dr. Philip J. Pritchard Mechanical Engineering

Problem 3.6

[Difficulty: 2]

Given: Find: Solution:

Basic equation

Data on system before and after applied force Applied force

dp = g or, for constant dy p1 = patm + g h and

p = patm g y y0

with

p y0 = patm

( )

For initial state

F1 = p1 A = g h A

(Gage; F1 is hydrostatic upwards force)

For the initial FBD

Fy = 0

F1 W = 0

W = F1 = g h A

For final state

p2 = patm + g H

and

F2 = p2 A = g H A

(Gage; F2 is hydrostatic upwards force)

For the final FBD

Fy = 0

F2 W F = 0
2

F = F2 W = g H A g h A = g A ( H h )

D F = H2O SG g ( H h) 4

From Fig. A.1

SG = 13.54 kg m F = 45.6 N
3

F = 1000

13.54 9.81

m s
2

N s 2 ( 0.05 m) ( 0.2 0.025) m 4 kg m

Problem 3.18

[Difficulty: 2]

Given: Find: Solution:

Data on partitioned tank Gage pressure of trapped air; pressure to make water and mercury levels equal

The pressure difference is obtained from repeated application of Eq. 3.7, or in other words, from Eq. 3.8. Starting from the right air chamber pgage = SGHg H2O g ( 3 m 2.9 m) H2O g 1 m pgage = H2O g SGHg 0.1 m 1.0 m pgage = 999 kg m
3

)
Ns kg m
2

9.81

m s
2

( 13.55 0.1 m 1.0 m)

pgage = 3.48 kPa

If the left air pressure is now increased until the water and mercury levels are now equal, Eq. 3.8 leads to pgage = SGHg H2O g 1.0 m H2O g 1.0 m pgage = H2O g SGHg 1 m 1.0 m pgage = 999 kg m
3

)
Ns kg m
2

9.81

m s
2

( 13.55 1 m 1.0 m)

pgage = 123 kPa

Problem 3.19

[Difficulty: 2]

Given: Find: Solution:

Data on partitioned tank Pressure of trapped air required to bring water and mercury levels equal if right air opening is sealed

First we need to determine how far each free surface moves. In the tank of Problem 3.18, the ratio of cross section areas of the partitions is 0.75/3.75 or 1:5. Suppose the water surface (and therefore the mercury on the left) must move down distance x to bring the water and mercury levels equal. Then by mercury volume conservation, the mercury free surface (on the right) moves up (0.75/3.75)x = x/5. These two changes in level must cancel the original discrepancy in free surface levels, of (1m + 2.9m) - 3 m = 0.9 m. Hence x + x/5 = 0.9 m, or x = 0.75 m. The mercury level thus moves up x/5 = 0.15 m. Assuming the air (an ideal gas, pV=RT) in the right behaves isothermally, the new pressure there will be Aright Lrightold Lrightold patm = patm = p Vrightnew Aright Lrightnew Lrightnew atm Vrightold

pright =

where V, A and L represent volume, cross-section area, and vertical length Hence pright = 3 3 0.15 101 kPa pright = 106 kPa

When the water and mercury levels are equal application of Eq. 3.8 gives: pleft = pright + SGHg H2O g 1.0 m H2O g 1.0 m pleft = pright + H2O g SGHg 1.0 m 1.0 m pleft = 106 kPa + 999 pgage = pleft patm kg m
3

)
N s kg m
2

9.81

m s
2

( 13.55 1.0 m 1.0 m )

pleft = 229 kPa pgage = 128 kPa

pgage = 229 kPa 101 kPa

Problem 3.22

[Difficulty: 2]

Given:

Two fluid manometer contains water and kerosene. With both tubes open to atmosphere, the difference in free surface elevations is known Ho = 20 mm SGk = 0.82 (From Table A.1, App. A)

Find:

The elevation difference, H, between the free surfaces of the fluids when a gage pressure of 98.0 Pa is applied to the right tube. We will apply the hydrostatics equation. dp = g dh = SG water (Hydrostatic Pressure - h is positive downwards) (Definition of Specific Gravity)

Solution:

Governing Equations:

Assumptions:

(1) Static liquid (2) Incompressible liquid

When the gage pressure p is applied to the right tube, the water in the right tube is displaced downward by a distance, l. The kerosene in the left tube is displaced upward by the same distance, l. Under the applied gage pressure p, the elevation difference, H, is:

p l H0 h l H1 A B A B H

H = Ho + 2 l Since points A and B are at the same elevation in the same fluid, their pressures are the same. Initially: pA = k g Ho + H1

) )

pB = water g H1

Setting these pressures equal: k g Ho + H1 = water g H1 Solving for H1 H1 = k Ho water k SGk Ho 1 SGk

H1 =

0.82 20 mm 1 0.82

H1 = 91.11 mm

Now under the applied gage pressure: pA = k g Ho + H1 + water g l

pB = p + water g H1 l

Setting these pressures equal: p SGk Ho + H1 + l = + H1 l water g Substituting in known values we get:

l=

1 p + H1 SGk Ho + H1 2 water g

l =

1 N 1 m 1 s kg m m 98.0 + [ 91.11 mm 0.82 ( 20 mm + 91.11 mm) ] 2 999 kg 9.81 m 2 3 2 m N s 10 mm

3 2

l = 5.000 mm

Now we solve for H: H = 20 mm + 2 5.000 mm H = 30.0 mm

Problem 3.24

[Difficulty: 2]

Given: Find:

Data on manometer Gage pressure at point a Water, liquids A and B are static and incompressible

Assumption: Solution:
Basic equation

dp = g dy

or, for constant

p = g h where h is height difference

Starting at point a

p1 = pa H2O g h1 p2 = p1 + SGA H2O g h2 patm = p2 SGB H2O g h3

where

h1 = 0.125 m + 0.25 m h2 = 0.25 m h3 = 0.9 m 0.4 m

h1 = 0.375 m

Next, in liquid A

where

Finally, in liquid B

where

h3 = 0.5 m

Combining the three equations patm = p1 + SGA H2O g h2 SGB H2O g h3 = pa H2O g h1 + SGA H2O g h2 SGB H2O g h3 pa = patm + H2O g h1 SGA h2 + SGB h3 or in gage pressures pa = H2O g h1 SGA h2 + SGB h3 kg m
3

)
N s kg m
2

pa = 1000

9.81

m s
2

[ 0.375 ( 1.20 0.25) + ( 0.75 0.5) ] m

pa = 4.41 10 Pa

pa = 4.41 kPa

(gage)

Problem 3.27

[Difficulty: 2]

Given: Find: Solution:

Data on fluid levels in a tank Air pressure; new equilibrium level if opening appears

Using Eq. 3.8, starting from the open side and working in gage pressure pair = H2O g SGHg ( 0.3 0.1) m 0.1 m SGBenzene 0.1 m kg m
3

Using data from Table A.2

pair = 999

9.81

m s
2

( 13.55 0.2 m 0.1 m 0.879 0.1 m )

N s kg m

pair = 24.7 kPa

To compute the new level of mercury in the manometer, assume the change in level from 0.3 m is an increase of x. Then, because the volume of mercury is constant, the tank mercury level will fall by distance (0.025/0.25)2x. Hence, the gage pressure at the bottom of the tan can be computed from the left and the right, providing a formula for x

2 0.025 0.1 m x SGHg H2O g ( 0.3 m + x) = SGHg H2O g m ... 0.25

+ H2O g 0.1 m + SGBenzene H2O g 0.1 m

Hence

x =

[ 0.1 m + 0.879 0.1 m + 13.55 ( 0.1 0.3) m]

0.025 2 1 + 13.55 0.25

x = 0.184 m (The negative sign indicates the manometer level actually fell)

The new manometer height is

h = 0.3 m + x

h = 0.116 m

Problem 3.32

[Difficulty: 3]

Given:

Inclined manometer as shown. D = 96 mm d = 8 mm Angle is such that the liquid deflection L is five times that of a regular U-tube manometer. Angle and manometer sensitivity. We will apply the hydrostatics equations to this system. dp = g dz

Find: Solution:

Governing Equation: Assumptions:

(Hydrostatic Pressure - z is positive upwards)

(1) Static liquid (2) Incompressible liquid

Integrating the hydrostatic pressure equation we get: p = g z Applying this equation from point 1 to point 2: p1 g ( x + L sin ( ) ) = p2 Upon simplification: p1 p2 = g ( x + L sin ( ) ) 2 2 D x = d L 4 4 d x = L D
2

Since the volume of the fluid must remain constant:

d Therefore: p1 p2 = g L + sin ( ) D
2

Hence: p1incl p2incl p1U p2U =

g L

Now for a U-tube manometer:

p1 p2 = g h

d 2 + sin ( ) D
g h h d 1 8 mm = L D 5 96 mm
2 2

For equal applied pressures:

d 2 + sin ( ) = h D

Since L/h = 5:

sin ( ) =

= 11.13 deg L L = he SG h 5 SG

The sensitivity of the manometer:

s=

s=

Problem 3.49

[Difficulty: 2]

Given: Find:

Geometry of chamber system Pressure at various locations (1) Water and Meriam Blue are static and incompressible (2) Pressure gradients across air cavities are negligible

Assumptions: Solution:
Basic equation For point A Here we have

dp = g dy

or, for constant

p = g h pA = H2O g h1 h1 = 0.667 ft

where h is height difference

pA = patm + H2O g h1 or in gage pressure h1 = 8 in pA = 1.94 slug ft

3

32.2

ft s
2

0.667 ft

lbf s ft slugft 12 in

pA = 0.289 psi h2 = 0.333 ft

(gage)

For the first air cavity From Table A.1

pair1 = pA SGMB H2O g h2 where SGMB = 1.75 lbf in

2

h2 = 4 in

pair1 = 0.289

1.75 1.94

slug ft
3

32.2

ft s
2

0.333 ft

lbf s ft slug ft 12 in

pair1 = 0.036 psi

(gage)

Note that p = constant throughout the air pocket For point B pB = pair1 + SGHg H2O g h3 pB = 0.036 For point C lbf in
2

where 0.5 ft where 0.833 ft where ft s

2

h3 = 6 in lbf s
2

h3 = 0.5 ft
2

+ 1.75 1.94

slug ft
3

32.2

ft s
2

slug ft

ft 12 in

pB = 0.416 psi h4 = 0.833 ft

2

(gage)

pC = pair2 + SGHg H2O g h4 pC = 0.416 lbf in

2

h4 = 10 in lbf s ft slug ft 12 in h5 = 6 in lbf s

2 2

+ 1.75 1.94

slug ft
3

32.2

ft s
2

pC = 1.048 psi h5 = 0.5 ft

(gage)

For the second air cavity pair2 = pC SGHg H2O h5 pair2 = 1.048 lbf in
2

1.75 1.94

slug ft
3

32.2

0.5 ft

slug ft

ft 12 in

pair2 = 0.668 psi

(gage)