T. cruzi initially penetrates through the mucous membranes on the skin and then multiplies in a lesion k/a chagoma.

In chronic stage of the disease the lesions are obseved in *Heart and GIT. Loasis- Loa Loa. Transmitted by Chrysops callidus. Clinical Features: CUP Calabar* swellings : Transient, non-erythematous, hot swellings of tissue around joints Urticaria
Pruritis Trophozoites of Giardi a lamb lia adhere to the epitheliu m but they do not cause invasive or locally destructive alterations. The development of lactose intolerance and significant malabsorption in a minority of in fected adults and children are clinical signs of loss of brush border enzy me activities. TORCH infectionso T- To xoplas mosis/Treponema o O- Other agents Co xsackie virus, Listeria and human parvovirus o R- Rubella o C- Cytomegalovirus/Chlamydia o H- Herpes Simplex (The acronym has also been listed as TORCHES for TOxoplasmosis, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, HErpes simplex, Syphilis)

It classically causes severe congenital anomalies but not recurrent abortions(spontaneous and recurrent abortion occurring consecutively on three or more occasions is called recurrent or habitual abortion). They can be transmitted to the child in the womb or during child-birth. The mother often has a mild infection with few or no symptoms.
83. In Chagas disease, the parasite in bone marrow exist in1. Trypomastigote form 2. Amastigote form-------------ans 3. Pro mastigote form 4. Opisthomastigote form Discussion- Bites--> Crushed--> Smeared on mucosa--> Infect ion--> RE b iopsy--> A mastigote

85. All is true about Babesia except1. B.divergens causes serious infection 2. Ring form mistaken for P.falciparum 3. Presence of tetrad form in erythrocytes 4. Presence of haemozoin pigments---------------ans DiscussionBabesia resembles malarial parasite--> falciparum (but Pigmentation of RBCs absent in Babesia) Maltese cross--> Babesia--> Option 3
88. A 30 year ol d female stored her contact lenses in tap water. She noticed deterioration in vision and visited an opththal mologist, who di agnosed her with kerati tis. Which of the followi ng is commonly invol ved1. Acanthamoeba polyphagia---------ans 2. Acanthamoeba culbertsoni 3. Naegleria fowleri 4. Acanthamoeba Castellan ii 91. A teenager who works in a dog kennel after school has had a skin rash, eosinophilia, and an enlarged li ver and spleen for two years. What is the most likely cause of this infecti on1. Schistosomiasis 2. To xoplasmosis 3. Trichinosis

4. Visceral larva migrans------------ans Discussion- Cause--> To xocara canis/catis--> Round worm of dog and cats 93. Sexual maturation and copul ation of Schistosoma haematobi um occur in1. Spleen 2. Capillaries of Urinary Bladder 3. Liver-----------------------------------------ans 4. Capillaries of Ileocecal reg ion Discussion- Intrahepatic portion of portal vein in liver 95. EXO-erythrocytic cycle is seen due to1. Brady zoites 2. Tachyzoites 3. Hypnozoite-----------ans 4. Sporozoite 96. A 9 year ol d girl appears listless and inattracti ve. The physician finds the chil d thi n and malnourished. The CB C reveals microcytic, Hypochromic amaemia, and the fecal examination detects oval , trans parent eggs. What is the most likely means by which chil d was infected1. Ingestion of eggs 2. Ingestion of larvae 3. Ingestion of cysts in muscles 4. Skin penetration be larvae----------ans 97. Tumor like invasi ve cyst seen in1. Cysticercosis 2. E mult ilocularis------ans 3. E. granulosus 4. H.nana