Introduction: Navigation is a art of science of conducting an aircraft/vehicle from one point to another point. U.S.

S. Dept of Defense decided to establish, develop, test, acquire and deploy GPS -1973 NAVSTAR GPS (Navigation Satellite Timing And Ranging Global Positioning System) GPS is a all weather Space based Navigation System GPS Satellites contains Radio transmitters, Atomic clocks, Various Equipment for Positioning, Military projects (atomic flash detection)

What is GPS? Global Positioning System(GPS) is technology that can be your accurate position anywhere on the earth (latitude/longitude). You need a special GPS receiver that can receive signals from satellites.

Satellite Information: Weighs approximately 2,000 lbs Travels 7,000 mph 17 feet across with solar panels extended Last 10 years Orbit 12,500 miles above Earth Circle the Earth twice daily.

How it works:
Satellite circles the Earth and transmits signal

 Signal contains time it was sent and its location All satellites send their signal at the same time Difference in time to reach receivers is used to determine location. Formula: Distance = Speed x Time Signal travels at the speed of light 186,282.3976 miles per second Speed and Time are known, use to calculate Distance

NEED FOR GPS DEVICE A GPS device can be used for many things. From giving you turn-by-turn directions on a map to measuring time with great accuracy. The GPS provides quickly,accurately the time position &velocity of the object any where on the global at any time.

Principles of GPS GPS employs time of arrival(TOA) ranging for user position determination Three dimensional position location via intersection of multiple spheres How to GPS works: The GPS system consists of three pieces.There are the satellites that transmit the position information, there are the ground stations that are used to control the satellites and update the information,and finally there is the receiver that you purchased. It is the receiver that collects the data from satellites and computes its location anywhere in the world based on information it gets from satellites. GPS satellite system: The 24 satellites that make up the GPS space segment are orbiting the earth about 12,000 miles above us. They are constantly moving, making two complete orbits in less than 24 hours. These satellites are travelling at speeds of roughly 7,000 miles an hour.

GPS satellites are powered by solar energy. They have backup batteries onboard to keep them running in the event of a solar eclipse, when there's no solar power. Small rocket boosters on each satellite keep them flying in the correct path. Here are some other interesting facts about the GPS satellites (also called NAVSTAR, the official U.S. Department of Defense name for GPS): The first GPS satellite was launched in 1978.

A full constellation of 24 satellites was achieved in 1994. Each satellite is built to last about 10 years. Replacements are constantly being built and launched into orbit. A GPS satellite weighs approximately 2,000 pounds and is about 17 feet across with the solar panels extended. Transmitter power is only 50 watts or less.

GPS Space Segment: Consists of 24 satellites in circular orbits In 6 orbital planes equispaced 600 a part Period of 12 hours siderial time Semimajor axis of 26500 kms Four satellites in one plane, unevenly placed Eccentricity < 0.02 Inclination 550

This constellation allows atleast 4 satellites to be visible to a user on the earth, anywhere anytime (typically 6-8 satellites are visible at a time) GPS Satellite:

Uses of GPS: Locating Tracking Navigating Mapping Timing.

Impact of GPS: All weather, works in rain, clouds, sun and snow. High accuracy 3D position, velocity and time. 24 hours and world-wide availability. GPS has an impact in all related fields in geo-sciences and engineering. GPS equipment is very expensive compared with other equipment.

Sources of error in GPS :

Atmospheric Effects :

DGPS
GPS Signal 1 GPS Signal 4 GPS Signal RR Roving Receiver 1 Error correction message 1 Error correction message 4 Satellite GPS Signal 2 GPS Signal 3

Error correction message 2 Error correction message 3

Roving Receiver 2 Reference Receiver RR

Roving Receiver 4

Roving Receiver 3

DGPS APPLICATIONS Precision Agriculture

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Industrial Geodetic Surveying Marine and Air navigation Vehicle Guidance Military Fleet Management Forest/land asset Management Automatic Vehicle Location Aircraft landings GIS and Map Making

Why GPS / WAAS / LAAS? To provide an inexpensive and reliable global area navigation capability. This is the cornerstone of free flight. To provide an inexpensive precision approach capability everywhere. This is a significant safety benefit. To do this, we have to deliver a navigation system capable of these services without reliance on other navigation systems. That is the purpose of WAAS and LAAS. Atmospheric Errors: Signal propagates through Ionosphere and Troposphere Ionosphere extends from 70 1000 km. Troposphere extends up to 20 km from the ground level Ionospheric delay is freq. Dependent and can be removed by dual freq. Receiver Kloubuchar model gives 50% of the delay Trophospheric delay is independent of frequency

 I t consists of dry component and Wet component Tropospheric delay can be successfully modeled Models by Hopfield, Black and Saastamonien are successful Multipath Error : The reception of a signal along a direct path and along one or more reflected paths. The classical example of multipath is the ghosting that appears on TV when an a plane passes overhead

Signal reaches antenna via two or more paths Effect can be reduced in the antenna design process Can also be reduced in the signal processing step Higher chip rate greater multipath immunity Pseudorange measurements 1- 5m Carrier phase measurements 1- 5 cms