Andrew Yang PERSIAN Chart Period 7 AP World History

POLITICAL Leaders, Elites State Structure War Diplomacy, Treaties Courts, Laws

ECONOMIC Type of System Technology, Industry Trade, Commerce Capital/Money Types of Businesses

Chapter 10: New Civilization in Western Europe (The Middle Ages) 6th to 10th Centuries: The Dark Ages For many reasons, Western Europe (excluding Spain) was not a safe place and thus was backwards: 1. External Invasions from the Vikings (8th to 10th Centuries) sweeping through Germany, Poland, Low states, and Eastern Europe, Magyars in Hungary, and Arabs in Spain (Battle of Tours in 732 pushes back the Arabs) 2. Lack of a strong government = manorial system with serf, lord, knight, vassal. 3. Extremely low agricultural output and deep hard soils preventing much cultivation 4. Lack for learning because of constant protection against invaders 5. Decadence of former Roman cultural centers (population decrease) Turning Point: Late 8th Century: Beginnings of Carolingian Empire and Charlemagne 1. 700sCE = Carolingian family of the Franks grow in political strength, taking over France, Belgium, and West Germany (Charles Martel, winner of Battle of Tours against Arabs in 732CE) 2. Charlemagne in 800CE consolidates his control but takes the Popes crowning of him as an insult to his power 3. Empire fragments by his death in 814 CE ; empire is split; Weak leaders once again 9th to 13th Centuries: The High Middle Ages Western Europe comes out of the dark ages roaring, for various reasons: 1. Population Increase occurs 2. Greater regional political stability due to the settling and mingling of the Vikings in the 10th Century and the slow re-conquest of Spain from the Muslims 3. Influx of borrowed knowledge from the recovered classical Greek and Roman philosophers works translated by Muslims and Byzantine scholars; medium of diffusion is the crusades 4. Economic activity starts to increase and cause great prosperity 5. Feudalist system of serf and lord still exists (Age of Chivalry with knights that is comparable to Bushido of Samurai in Japan) 6. University centers in Italy set up 13th to 15th Centuries: Late Middle Ages Strains begin to appear in the feudal fabric: 1. The Catholic Church loses much influence in terms of political power to absolute monarchies. Feudal lords lose influence also 2. New war technologies change the tactics and units of war with the Hundred Years War between France and England (France exhaustingly wins in the end) 3. The Black Plague decimates Europes population and sets Western Europe back in terms of economic development. Turning Point: The Renaissance of learning and the Age of Absolutism begin the next unit of world history for Europe. Trade revives in the 10th century; especially a coveting for the precious spices of India and the East that will influence the events of world history for another few centuries Urban growth means the introduction to producing manufactured goods and promoting capitalist goals of profit for personal gain. Exported raw materials such as cloth to the East in exchange for the more sophisticated items of the East. Banking spearheaded by Italian businessmen, contributing positively to the flow of trade and allowing the ease of monetary transactions through trade Trade agreements in Europe set up between cities, culminating in things such as the Hanseatic League Guilds, groups of people banded together in the same profession to prevent unfair

RELIGIOUS Holy Books Beliefs, Teaching Conversion Sin/Salvation Deities

profitable practices, popped up as a check to the Capitalist model of self profit and monopolies. The Pope of the Catholic church has enormous influence over political as well as religious matters, combining and superseding state with religion. (He has the power to even remove monarchs that he deems unfit for protecting the interests of Christianity) Religion is the major social glue maintaining social unity; Thomas Aquinas tries to combine logical reasoning to make it fit with religious ideals and sets a series of Christian morals The Manorial and Feudal systems in Western Europe are reinforced by loyalty; at the top tier is the monarch, below him is the nobles, or lords, below them are the knights and lesser lords (vassals), and then the majority of the population falls under the class of serfs or peasant farmers bound to the land by loyalty (The system deteriorates with the introduction of commercial activity and free market economics) The Pope is at the very top of the social pyramid originally until the Catholic Church loses power; The growing merchant class gains prominence and wealth and favor with the monarchs. Women enjoy a certain limited number of freedoms; while less oppressive than the Islamic or Chinese spheres of influence, Christian Western Europe still sought to limit womens rights and role in society. The spoken language morphs from former Latin and Germanic dialects to become a combination of Romantic and Germanic languages such as English and French. The Universities established in Bologna and other Italian cities causes an intellectual drive to recover the lost teachings of the Greeks and Romans and fosters growth in scientific knowledge with the introduction of the study of Optics; Cambridge and Oxford are set up around the same time to promote thinking and Christian teaching as well The Renaissance opens up the era of Humanism, in which the potential of the individual is highlighted in art figures such as Michelangelos David or Leonardo Da Vincis Mona Lisa; a rebirth of scientific learning becomes the second scientific revolution in the world, paved in part by the Crusaders interaction with Muslim ideas culture Gothic architecture changes the design of churches with the flying buttress design that allows for higher ceilings, giant ornate stained glass windows, thinner walls, and more embellishment of the interior. Certain literary epics start to poke fun at the hypocrisy of Christians, such as the Canterbury Tales by Chaucer, and the chivalrous nature of knights in Don Quixote. Other literary works, including these, use vernacular local languages in their writing. Western Europe has rocky and deep soils that make cultivation difficult without the right type of plow, or moldboard, and the three field system to increase agricultural output Mountain ranges make it difficult to traverse through certain portions of Western Europe such as the Alps into Italy and The Pyrenees into France from Spain.

SOCIAL Family Gender Relations Social Classes Inequalities Life Styles

INTELLECTUAL, ARTS Art, Music Writing, Literature Philosophy Math & Science Education

NEAR: GEOGRAPHY Location Physical Movement Human/Environment Region

NOTES: In general, even though the Western Roman Empire was in shambles, Western Europe miraculously managed to limp along in the few centuries afterwards, making greater progress in religious and cultural achievements. From the Carolingian Renaissance came new prosperity, political systems with stronger monarchs, and new learning centers that revived the lost information from the Greeks and Romans. These ideals have shaped Western culture and ideas ever since the Middle Ages ended.