DEFINITION:

THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

POSITIVE FORM 2

SUBJECT (SUBJEKT I YOU HE SHE IT WE YOU THEY

+ + PLAY PLAY PLAYS PLAYS PLAYS PLAY PLAY PLAY

MAIN VERB GLAVNI GLAGOL) I YOU HE SHE IT WE YOU THEY WATCH WATCH WATCHES WATCHES WATCHES WATCH WATCH WATCH
Ponekad, radi izgovora, dodajemo ES na kraj glagola. To inimo kada glagol zavrava sa: CH, SH, X, SS ili O. Npr. Match = Matches Wash = Washes

Fix = Fixes
Kiss = Kisses Go = Goes

NEGATIVE FORM 4

SUBJECT (SUBJEKT

+ +

DO/DOES DO/DOES

+ +

NOT NOT +

MAIN VERB GLAVNI GLAGOL)

I YOU HE SHE IT WE YOU THEY

DO DO DOES DOES DOES DO DO DO

NOT

PLAY

QUESTION FORM 3

DO/DOES (DO/DOES DO DO DOES DOES DOES DO DO DO

+ +

SUBJECT SUBJEKT I YOU HE SHE IT WE YOU THEY

+ +

MAIN VERB GLAVNI GLAGOL) ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

PLAY

Simple Present Tense positive form only We never ________________ (study) after 11:00. Mark always ______________ (study) in the morning. You _________ (love) your husband. I ________________ (make) my bed every morning. Kathy ________________ (make) her bed. Kathy and I ____________ (sit) together in the same class and we ____________(walk) home together. 7) Barbara's dad _____________ (work) in Rijeka. 8) Your dog ___________ (eat) a lot. 9) The buses in Zadar ___________ (run) on time. They never __________ (arrive) late. Our school bus usually __________ (come) late in the mornings. 10) Vesna's children __________ (go) to daycare. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)

____ 13

Simple Present Tense positive, negative, question form 1) We never ________________ (study) after 11:00. 2) Mark always ______________ (study) in the morning. 3) _______ you _________ (love) your husband? Yes, I __________. 4) I ________________ (make, not) my bed every morning. 5) Kathy ________________ (make, not) her bed either. 6) Kathy and I ____________ (be) in the same class and we ____________ (walk) home together. 7) _______ Barbara's dad _____________ (work) in Zagreb or Rijeka? 8) _______ your dog ___________ (eat) a lot? No, he _____________. 9) The buses in Zadar ___________ (run) on time. They _________ (be) never late. Our school bus ___________ (be) usually late in the mornings. 10) ________ Vesna's children __________ (go) to daycare?

____ 15

Practise examples using the Simple Present Tense: 1) My friend, Mary, always ________________ (give) me good advice when I need it. 2) I always ______________ (keep) my promises. 3) This dog ____________ (sleep) a lot! 4) _______ you ____________ (have) a brother or sister? 5) Susan ____________ (gossip) a lot in school. I ______________________ (like, not) that. 6) I never _________ (go) to bed before 10:00pm. Marko always _____________ (go) to bed at 9:00pm! 7) _________ Benjamin ____________ (work) in Zagreb or Rijeka? He ___________ (work) in Zagreb. _____

10

DEFINITION:

a) The Present Continuous expresses an activity that is in progress at the moment of speaking. (Present Continuous je sadanje vrijeme koje se koristi kada govorimo o neemu to se dogaa upravo sada u trenutku govorenja.)

EXAMPLES:

1. We are sitting in class right now. 2. I am listening to the teacher. 3. He is writing in his notebook.

DEFINITION

b) Often, the activity is generally in progress: this week, this month, this year, etc. (esto, radnja je u toku: ovaj tjedan, ovaj mjesec, ove godine, itd.)

EXAMPLES:

1. Marija is studying hard for her math test this week. 2. We are preparing for our football tournament. PRESENT PAST FUTURE

KEY WORDS: Now Right now At this moment At this time Look! Shhh! What are you doing? What is he doing? This morning This afternoon This evening This week This month This year Etc.

THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

POSITIVE FORM 4

SUBJECT + VERB TO BE IN THE PRESENT + MAIN VERB + ING (SUBJEKT + GL. BITI U SADANJOSTI + GL. GLAGOL + ING) I YOU HE SHE IT WE YOU THEY AM ARE IS IS IS ARE ARE ARE PLAYING

NEGATIVE FORM 5

SUBJECT + VERB TO BE IN THE PRESENT + NOT + MAIN VERB + ING (SUBJEKT + GLAGOL BITI U SADANJOSTI + NOT + GL. GLAGOL + ING)

I YOU HE SHE IT WE YOU THEY

AM ARE IS IS IS ARE ARE ARE

NOT

PLAYING

QUESTION FORM 4

VERB TO BE IN THE PRESENT + SUBJECT + MAIN VERB + ING

(GLAGOL BITI U SADANJOSTI + SUBJEKT + GLAVNI GLAGOL + ING)

AM ARE IS IS IS ARE ARE ARE

I YOU HE SHE IT WE YOU THEY

PLAYING

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

SIMPLE PRESENT
1. I watch TV. (Ja gledam televiziju.) Marija makes her bed. (Marija pravi svoj krevet.)

VS.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS
1. I am watching TV. (Ja gledam televiziju.) Marija is making her bed. (Marija pravi svoj krevet.)

2.

2.

**

Ovo se dogaa svaki dan, openito, itd.

** Ovo se dogaa upravo sada.

** Na hrvatskom jeziku morate naglasiti je li radnja svakodnevna (openita, tjedna, itd.) ili se dogaa upravo sada. Ali, na engleskom jeziku, po sastavu reenice, moete prepoznati kada se radnja dogaa u sadanjosti.

SIMPLE PRESENT vs. PRESENT CONTINUOUS (Wait) (Want) (Leave) (Ring) (Eat) They _________________ for the bus right now. I __________ to go to Greece this summer. Mary _____________ for school at 7:30a.m. every morning. Listen! I think the telephone ___________________. A: Hi John! What are you doing? B: I ________________ a hamburger. (Play) 6. A: What do you do every Monday and Wednesday after school? B: I ________________ tennis at the Sports Center. (Watch) 7. Sandra ____________________ CSI New York right now. I think that she ________________ this TV show every Sunday night. (Study) 8. Shhh! Katarina __________________. SIMPLE PRESENT vs. PRESENT CONTINUOUS 1. Mary (go) _____________ to basketball practise twice a week. Right now, she (drive) ____________________ to a tournament in Zagreb. 2. In my home right now, Ivica (play) __________________ computer games, Anela and Marija (study) __________________ and Antonio (watch) ____________________ Teletubbies on TV. 3. 4. 5. ________ Caroline (like) ________________ the opera? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Katherine (have, not) ______________________ any brothers or sisters. She (be) __________ an only child. How many brothers and sisters ________ you (have) _____________? I (understand, not) ______________________English grammar. Right now, I (study) _______________________ for Friday's test. 6. Look! Those kids across the street (fight) __________________________!

M I N I T E S T #1 Use the simple present or the present continuous to complete the sentences. 1. 2. 3. I always (do) ________________ my homework. Katarina (pay, not) ____________________ her telephone bill on time every month. Shhh! The baby (sleep)_____________________. __________ Martina and Sarah (fight) __________________ in the classroom now? No, they (fight) ______________________. They (discuss) _________________________ something. ______ 10

4. A: B:

5.
6. 7.

_________ you (wait) __________________ for the bus every morning? My mom (make) _____________________ lunch everyday for us. Dennis usually (drink) _________________ coffee for breakfast, but this morning he (drink) _________________ tea instead.

M I N I T E S T #1bGroup A Use the simple present or the present continuous to complete the sentences. 1. 2. 3. Marko rarely (do) ________________ his homework. I (try) ____________________ to pay my telephone bill on time every month. Look! The baby (crawl)_____________________. __________ Barbara and Sarah (argue) __________________ in the classroom now? No, they (discuss) ______________________ something. But, very loudly. ______ 10

4. A: B: 5. 6. 7.

_________ you (ride) __________________ your bike to school every morning? My grandma (make) _____________________ lunch for us everyday. Kathy and Emil usually (drink) _________________ coffee for breakfast, but this morning they (drink, not) _________________ anything. They (be) _________ ill.

M I N I T E S T #1bGroup B Use the simple present or the present continuous to complete the sentences. 1. 2. 3. 4. I seldom (make) _____________ my bed in the morning. My mom and dad (try) ____________________ to go to church every Sunday. Oh my God! Look outside! That man (fall) _____________________ from that building! A: B: 5. 6. 7. __________ you (watch) __________________ the news right now? No, I (wash) ______________________ the dishes. ______ 10

_________ John (go) __________________ to work by car or by bus every morning? My grandma (make, not) _____________________ lunch for us everyday. Sometimes, we (buy) _______________ our lunch. I (love) _________________ coffee for breakfast, but this morning my sister and I (drink) _________________ tea instead. She asked me to try it.

SPELLING OF ing FORM END OF VERB -e SIMPLE FORM dance -ING FORM dancing

2 consonants

help

helping

2 vowels + 1 consonant

rain

raining

1 vowel + 1 consonant

stop

(1 syllable) visit (2 syllable) prefer (2 syllable)

stopping visiting preferring

-y

play (vowel + y) study (consonant + y)

playing studying

-ie

die

dying

NONCONTINUOUS VERBS Some verbs are noncontinuous. They are not used in any of the continuous tenses. These verbs describe a mental state, emotional state, possession, sense perception or some other types of states. The verbs that are noncontinuous are: Mental State: Emotional State: Possession: Sense Perceptions: Other Existing States: know, realize, believe, feel, imagine, doubt, want, need, understand, suppose, remember, prefer, recognize, forget & mean. like, dislike, love, hate, fear, envy, mind, care & appreciate. possess, own & belong. hear seem, cost, owe, exist, consist of, contain & include.

The following verbs can be used in the continuous and noncontinuous state, but with a difference in meaning: NONCONTINUOUS (existing state) Think Have Taste Smell See Feel Look Appear Weigh Be foolish.) I think he is a kind man. I have 4 children. This food tastes good. These flowers smell good. I see a butterfly on the window. I feel sick. She looks tired. He appears to be asleep. He weighs a lot. He is 120kg! I am hungry. CONTINUOUS (activity in progress)

I am thinking about this grammar. He is having a good time at the party. The cook is tasting the sauce. Mary is smelling the flowers. The doctor is seeing a patient. Sandra is feeling the cat's fur. I am looking out the window. The actor is appearing on the stage. The grocer is weighing the bananas. Tom is being foolish. (Tom is acting

Definition: particular time

The Simple Past is used to talk about something that happened in the past. The activity or situation began and ended before now (in the past) and it happened at one in the past. (Simple Past je prolo vrijeme koje se koristi kada govorimo o neemu to se

dogodilo u prolosti. Aktivnost ili situacija poela je i zavrila prije sada (u prolosti) i dogodila se u jedno odreeno vrijeme u prolosti.) ****Ovo vrijeme koristi pravilne i nepravilne glagole. Pravilni glagoli su jednostavni jer samo nadodate ed na kraj glagola. Nepravilni glagoli su teki jer ih morate nauiti napamet(2. red tablice)

Examples: 2) 2)

Regular verbs:

1) I watched a good movie last night. We played soccer yesterday.

Irregular verbs: 1) Kathy went to Meugorje last summer. I bought a new car. PRESENT PAST FUTURE

KEY WORDS: YESTERDAY Yesterday Yesterday morning Yesterday afternoon **Yesterday evening LAST **Last night Last week Last month Last year Last summer **Nemoj rei Last Monday AGO (PRIJE) 5 minutes ago 2 hours ago 10 days ago 3 weeks ago 6 years ago 1 month ago In 1998 In September In the wintertime Etc. IN

yesterday night

Etc.

A month ago

THE SIMPLE PAST (Regular verbs) POSITIVE FORM 3

SUBJECT SUBJEKT I YOU HE SHE IT WE YOU THEY

+ +

MAIN VERB

+ +

ED ED

GLAVNI GLAGOL PLAYED

NEGATIVE FORM 4

SUBJECT SUBJEKT

+ +

DID DID

+ +

NOT NOT

+ +

MAIN VERB (infinitive) GL. GLAGOL (infinitiv)

I YOU HE SHE IT WE YOU THEY

DID

NOT

PLAY

QUESTION FORM 3

DID DID

+ +

SUBJECT SUBJEKT

+ +

MAIN VERB (infinitive) GLAVNI GLAGOL (infinitiv)

DID

I YOU HE SHE IT WE YOU THEY

PLAY

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

THE SIMPLE PAST (Irregular verbs)

POSITIVE FORM 2

SUBJECT SUBJEKT I YOU HE SHE IT WE YOU THEY

+ +

MAIN VERB IN THE PAST (2nd row of the chart) GLAVNI GLAGOL U PROLOSTI (2. red tablice)

WENT

NEGATIVE FORM 4

SUBJECT SUBJEKT

+ +

DID DID

+ +

NOT NOT

+ +

MAIN VERB (infinitive) GL. GLAGOL (infinitiv)

I YOU HE SHE IT WE YOU THEY

DID

NOT

GO

QUESTION FORM 3

DID DID

+ +

SUBJECT SUBJEKT

+ +

MAIN VERB (infinitive) GLAVNI GLAGOL (infinitiv)

DID

I YOU HE SHE IT WE YOU THEY

GO

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Practise examples for the simple past (regular verbs only): (Change) (Visit) (Visit, not) (Mail) (Arrive) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. We _______________ planes in Vancouver 2 hours ago. Mary _______________ her grandmother last Sunday. She _____________________ her cousins then. ________ you ____________ your letter yesterday morning? I ______________ late for class yesterday.

Practise examples for the simple past (irregular verbs only): (Write) (Sell) (Speak, not) (Come) (Read) 1. I stayed home last night and ____________ several letters. 2. Mr. Rice finally _______________ his house yesterday. 3. Mario _____________________ to me last week because he was angry with me. 4. _________ Karolina and Marija _________________ to your party last night? 5. I ____________ that novel 2 months ago.

THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) I _________ (have) a great time at the party last night. John, finally, __________ (fix) his car yesterday. My brother _________ (eat) a big sandwich for lunch. Mary _________ (be) very tired in class today. I __________ (phone) my friend Robert and we __________ (talk) on the phone for 1 hour. My grandma __________ (write) me a letter from Canada. We __________ (see) a great film last night. Sandra __________ (call) the police. _____ John and Steve _____________ (understand) the whole lesson. 10 THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) I ___________ (sleep) for 10 hours yesterday! My dad and I _____________ (drive) to Dubrovnik last summer. We _________ (be) very tired when we ___________ (arrive). Barbara __________ (wait) for me at the bus stop this morning. I __________ (walk) home from school yesterday afternoon. Martin ________ (do) all of his homework. Our teacher __________ (work) all day yesterday. We ___________ (go) to a great part last weekend. _____ My sister ___________ (drink) a lot of coffee last night. 10 MINI-TEST OF THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE (catch) (know) (take) (wait) (come, not) (be) (have) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. The police ______________ the thief last night. Jennifer _____________ all the answers in class yesterday. Alan _____________ a long vacation last summer. They ________________ for John for 2 hours last night. He _____________________ to the party at Karlo's house. Marko ____________ president of the class 3 years ago. _______ everyone ___________ a good time at the picnic last Sunday?

(sleep, not) (work)

8. I ______________________ a wink last night. 9. ________ you ____________ late today? You look tired.

_____ 9

SIMPLE PRESENT vs. SIMPLE PAST 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. My son ___________ (go) to a basketball game yesterday. I _________ (love) school. Matija ___________ (walk) to school every morning. Sometimes, the dogs __________ (sleep) in the house. Mrs. Jones ____________ (call) the police last night. We _____________ (write) a big test last week. Nenad ____________ (fix) cars. He is a mechanic.

8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

We ___________ (drink) a lot of Cola last night. My grandpa ____________ (help) me fix the car yesterday. I usually __________ (drink) a lot of Cola. Susan __________ (walk) home from school everyday. My parents __________ (have) a great time at the party last Saturday night. John ___________ (kiss) his wife every morning. Usually the students _____________ (sit) in class quietly.

15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.

My grandma ____________ (cook) a beautiful cake last Sunday. My grandma always ____________ (make) delicious desserts. I ___________ (be) in Dubrovnik last summer. Robert _____________ (watch) the news every night at 7:30pm. We _____________ (listen) to our teacher everyday. My cats ____________ (eat) a lot every morning for breakfast. I _____________ (do) all of my homework last night.

22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28.

Ante ____________ (go) hunting every weekend. Last weekend, we _____________ (see) a big bear in the zoo. Animals _____________ (hunt) for food. I _____________ (know) all of the answers on yesterday's history test. I ____________ (wait) for my friend at the bus stop every morning at 7:00am. Tamara usually ______________ (come) to my house after school. It _____________ (rain) a lot last week.

M I N I T E S T #2 USE THE SIMPLE PRESENT, PRESENT CONTINUOUS OR SIMPLE PAST (REGULAR VERBS) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. I (walk) __________________ to school yesterday. I (sit) __________________ in class right now. I usually (go)________________ to bed at eleven o'clock every night. Sally (finish)________________her homework at ten o'clock last night. I (study)________________at the library yesterday. I (study)________________English every day. I am in class right now.I (study)________________English. I need an umbrella because it (rain)________________right now. It (rain)_______________yesterday morning. My roommate (help)_______________me with my homework last night. We can go outside now.The rain (stop)________________a few minutes ago. The children are in the park.They (play)________________basketball. I (play)_________________ soccer last week. Yesterday morning I (brush)__________________ my teeth, (wash)__________________my face,and (shave)_______________ . Ann is in her living room right now.She (watch)_________________ television. Ann usually (watch)________________TV in the evening. She (watch)_______________ a good program on TV last night. We (do)________________ an exercise in class right now.We (use)_________________verb tenses in sentences. I (arrive)_________________ in the United States a month ago. Tom's airplane (arrive)_________________ at the airport at 6:05 p.m yesterday.

MINI TEST #3 USE THE SIMPLE PRESENT, PRESENT CONTINUOUS OR SIMPLE PAST (REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS) 1. I (get) ____________ up at 8:00 yesterday morning.

2. Mary (talk) ______________ to John on the phone last night. 3. Mary (talk) ______________ to John on the phone right now. 4. Mary (talk) ______________ to John on the phone everyday. 5. Jim and I (eat) _____________ lunch at the cafeteria 2 hours ago. 6. We (eat, not) ____________________ lunch in the cafeteria everyday. 7. I (go) ___________ to be early last night. 8. Usually, I (go) ___________________ to bed at 8:00pm. 9. My roommate (study) ___________________ Spanish this year. 10. _________ you (study) ________________ Spanish or French this year? 11. Sue (write) ____________ a letter to her parents yesterday. 12. She (write) ____________ to her parents once a week. 13. Last week, she (be) _________ very busy and she (write, not) __________________ ________________ them a letter. They (call) _____________ her because they (be) _____________ very worried. 14. Alice (smoke) __________________ Craven A cigarrettes. 15. ________ Mark (come) ____________ home at midnight last night? 16. Our teacher (stand) __________________ in the middle of the room right now. She usually (sit) ________________ at her desk when talking to us.

_______ 20

MINI-TEST #3c Complete the sentences using the Simple Present, Present Continuous or Simple Past: 1) My mom ______________ (be) in Germany in 1964. 2) Marko ___________ (sleep) well at night. 3) We _________________ (correct) a test right now. 4) John and Mary _____________ (be) in Tunis last summer. 5) Mary ___________________ (stay) up all night last night writing her essay. 6) Susan ___________________ (attend) Zagreb University this year. 7) Martin __________ (love) school. 8) Joseph and Tomas_____________ (work) at the Coca-Cola company. 9) Look! Nancy ______________ (drive) in a new car?! 10) My grandma ______________ (talk) to my other grandma for 1 hour yesterday. Test A ________ 10

MINI-TEST #3c Complete the sentences using the Simple Present, Present Continuous or Simple Past: 1) We ____________ (arrive) in America in 1950. 2) Janice ______________ (write) beautiful poems. 3) Marija and Nikolin ___________ (go) to be late every night. 4) Shhh! My son ________________ (sleep) at the moment. He is very tired. 5) My dad and I ___________________ (see) Steve at the party last weekend. 6) Sandra _____________________ (attend) a sports camp last summer. 7) I _____________ (walk) to school every morning. 8) We ______________ (be) in grade 7 last year. 9) My brother and sister _________________ (drive) to school together yesterday. 10)The dogs ______________ (eat) now. Don't disturb them. Test B ________ 10

MINI-TEST #3b Complete the sentences using the Simple Present, Present Continuous or Simple Past: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) Test A James Cook ______________ (come) to Australia in 1778. ________ you ____________ (dream) every night? We _________________ (write) a test right now. Agatha Christie _____________ (be) a famous writer. Mary ___________________ (sleep, not) at all last night. Kathy and Bobby ___________________ (attend) Zagreb University this year. ________ Martin ___________ (go) to Sally's party last Saturday? Joseph _____________ (work) for the Coca-Cola company. Look! _________ that Nancy ______________ (drive) a new car?! My mom and I ______________ (talk) on the phone for 2 hours yesterday. ________ 10

MINI-TEST #3b Complete the sentences using the Simple Present, Present Continuous or Simple Past: 1) The Puritans ____________ (arrive) in America in 1620. 2) Agatha Christie ______________ (write) detective novels. 3) ________ Marija ___________ (go) to bed late every night? 4) Tony ________________ (sleep) at the moment. He is very tired. 5) My dad and I ___________________ (see, not) Steve at the party last weekend. 6) Sandra _____________________ (attend) a sports camp this summer. 7) _______ you _____________ (walk) to school yesterday morning? 8) We ______________ (be) in grade 7 last year. 9) My brother and sister _________________ (drive) to school together every morning. 10) Shhh! _________ someone _____________ (knock) at the door? Test B ________ 10

IRREGULAR VERBS INFINITIVE Be Become Begin Break Bring Buy Catch Choose Come Cut Do Drink Drive Eat Fall Feel Find Fly Get Give Go Have Hear Hide Keep Know Leave Lose Make Meet Pay Put Read Ride Ring Run Say See Sell Send Sit Steal Swim Take Tell Think Understand Wear PAST TENSE PAST PARTICIPLE

Win Write

Definition:

a) The past continuous shows that an activity was in progress (was happening) at a particular time in the past when another activity took place. In other words, 2 actions occurred at the same time, but one action began earlier and was in progress when the other action occurred. (Ovo je prolo vrijeme koje pokazuje da je neka radnja bila u toku u odreeno vrijeme u prolosti kada se je druga radnja dogodila. Drugim rijeima, 2 radnje su se dogodile u isto vrijeme, ali jedna radnja je poela prije druge radnje i bila je u toku kada se je druga radnja dogodila.)

Examples:

1. While I was talking on the phone, someone knocked at the door. (Dok sam razgovarala na telefonu, netko je pokucao na vrata.)

2. I was walking home from school when it began to rain.

(etala sam kui iz kole, kada je poelo kiiti.)

PRESENT PAST FUTURE

Definition:

b) Sometimes, the past continuous is used in both parts of a sentence when 2 actions are in progress simultaneously. (Ponekad se past continuous koristi u oba dijela reenice. To se dogaa kada su 2 radnje u toku istodobno.)

Example:

1. While I was preparing dinner in the kitchen, Ivica was watching TV in the living room. (Dok sam pripremala veeru u kuhinji, Ivica je gledao televiziju u dnevno sobi.)

Definition:

c) In some cases, the simple past and the past continuous have almost the same meaning. (U nekim sluajevima, simple past i past continuous imaju skoro isto znaenje.)

Examples:

1.

It snowed this morning.

2. It was snowing this morning.

Key Words: While When As

What were you doing? What was he doing?

THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

POSITIVE FORM 4

SUBJECT + VERB TO BE IN THE PAST + MAIN VERB + ING (SUBJEKT + GL. BITI U PROLOSTI I YOU HE SHE IT WE YOU THEY WAS WERE WAS WAS WAS WERE WERE WERE PLAYING + GL. GLAGOL + ING)

NEGATIVE FORM 5

SUBJECT + VERB TO BE IN THE PAST + NOT + MAIN VERB + ING (SUBJEKT + GLAGOL BITI U PROLOSTI + NOT + GL. GLAGOL + ING)

I YOU HE SHE IT WE YOU THEY

WAS WERE WAS WAS WAS WERE WERE WERE

NOT

PLAYING

QUESTION FORM 4

VERB TO BE IN THE PAST + SUBJECT + MAIN VERB + ING

(GLAGOL BITI U PROLOSTI + SUBJEKT + GLAVNI GLAGOL + ING)

WAS WERE WAS WAS WAS WERE WERE WERE

I YOU HE SHE IT WE YOU THEY

PLAYING

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

VS.

PAST CONTINUOUS

SUBJEKT + GLAGOL BITI + GLAVNI + ING U GLAGOL SADANJOSTI

SUBJEKT + GLAGOL BITI + GLAVNI + ING U GLAGOL PROLOSTI

I am studying. He is studying. We are studying.

I was studying. He was studying. We were studying.

What am I doing? What are you doing? What is he doing?

What were you doing? What was he doing?

Radnja (jedna) se dogaa upravo sada.

Dvije radnje su se dogodile istodobno, ali jedna je poela prije druge i ta druga radnja je presjekla prvu.

Ako dobijete 2 glagola u jednoj reenici, kako ete znati gdje se glagol pie u Past Continuous-u a gdje u Simple Past-u?: While I _________________ (drive) home, I _________________ (witness) an accident. ** Ako je kljuna rije WHILE (ili AS), onda na prvu praznu crtu (prema desno) piete glagol u PAST CONTINUOUS-u a onda na drugu praznu crtu piete glagol u Simple Past-u. To jest: While I

was driving

(drive) home, I

witnessed

(witness) an accident.

==========================================================

I ____________________ (drive) home, when I _________________ (witness) an accident. ** Ako je kljuna rije WHEN, onda na prvu praznu crtu (prema desno) piete glagol u SIMPLE PAST a onda na drugu praznu crtu piete glagol u Past Continuous-u. To jest: I was driving

(drive) home, when I

witnessed

(witness) an accident.

PRACTISE EXAMPLES USING THE PAST CONTINUOUS:

(eat) (shovel) (argue) (climb) 1. While Robert ________________________ dinner, Ann came through the door. 2. While John ________________________ snow in his driveway, his wife brought him a cup of coffee. 3. When I walked into the room, my brother and sister __________________________ about something. 4. Stanley ___________________________ the stairs when he tripped and fell.

MINI TEST #4A

USE THE SIMPLE PRESENT, PRESENT CONTINUOUS, SIMPLE PAST OR PAST CONTINUOUS:

(go) (write) (rain) (greet) (snow) (help) (pray) (visit) (eat)

1. 2. 3. 4.

Yesterday, Martin ______________ to Europe. I ________________ a test right now. It ________________ when I left home. Henry ________________ Mrs. Smith last night at the meeting.

5A: ________ it _______________ when you arrived? B: No, it __________________ when I arrived. 6. 7. 8. 9. Joanna _____________ her mother in the kitchen everyday after school. I ______________ for my family in church last Sunday. _______ Karlo ____________ Dubrovnik two summers ago? They _____________ a big dinner last night. _____ 10

MINI TEST #4B USE THE SIMPLE PRESENT, PRESENT CONTINUOUS, SIMPLE PAST OR PAST CONTINUOUS:

(have) (type) (rain) (wash) (help) (work) (pray, not) (see)

1. We ____________ a great time at the part last night. 2. At this moment, I __________________ a test for my grade 8 students. 3. A: _________ it ______________ when you left home? B: No, ____________________ when I left my house. 4. Joanna __________________ the dishes when she cut her finger on a knife. 5. Martin ______________ his dad fix the car yesterday. 6. My mom __________ very hard everyday. 7. I _________________ every night before I go to bed, but I should. 8. ________ you _________ our biology teacher yesterday? She looked terrible! _____ 10

(be)

9, They __________ in the Bahama's 3 years ago.

DEFINITION:

A) The Present Perfect expresses that an activity or situation (something) happened (or did not happen) before now, at an unspecified time in the past. The exact time it happened is not important. If there is a specific mention of time, then the Simple Past is used. (Present Perfect govori o situaciji koja se dogodila (ili nije dogodila) prije sada, u neodreenom vremenu u prolosti. Nije vano znati ili naglasiti kada se je neto tono dogodilo. Ako se spominje tono vrijeme dogaaja, onda se koristi Simple Past vrijeme.) PRESENT PAST FUTURE

EXAMPLES: 2. 3.

1. I have seen that movie before. (Vidio sam taj film prije.) Kathy has already eaten lunch. (Kathy je ve ruala.) We have never been to China. (Nikada nismo bili u Kini.)

DEFINITION:

B) The Present Perfect often expresses that an activity was repeated several times or many times in the past. The exact time of each repetition is not known and it is not important. (Present Perfect se takoer koristi kada govorimo o situaciji koja se je ponovila ee ili vie puta (najmanje 2x) u prolosti. Tono vrijeme ponavljanja se ne zna i nije vano.) PRESENT PAST FUTURE

EXAMPLES: 2. 3.

1. We have read 4 novels since the beginning of this school year. (Proitali smo 4 lektire od poetka ove kolske godine.) Sandra has been to Germany 5 times. (Sandra je bila u Njemakoj 5 puta.) I have seen that movie several times. (Vidio sam taj film vie puta.)

DEFINITION

C) When the Present Perfect is used with SINCE or FOR, it expresses a situation that began in the past and continues to the present. (Kada se rijei SINCE ili FOR koriste sa Present Perfect, onda to

pokazuje da je radnja ili situacija poela u prolosti i nastavlja do sadanjosti.) PRESENT PAST FUTURE

EXAMPLES: 1. I have known Sabrina since grade 1. (Poznajem Sabrinu od prvog razreda.) 2. Prof. Rose Doen has lived in Gospi since 1998. (Prof. Rose Doen ivi u Gospiu od 1998. godine.) 3. She has been here for 12 years, (Ovdje je 12 godina.) 4. I have had this same pair of shoes for 3 years. (Imam ove iste cipele 3 godine.)

KEY WORDS:

Since For Before Already Just Yet In my lifetime Once Twice

Many times Several times A couple of times 3 times, etc. Never

Have you ever? (Jesi li ikada.?) How long have you ..? (Koliko dugo.?)

THE PRESENT PERFECT -- REGULAR VERBS POSITIVE FORM 4

SUBJECT SUBJEKT I YOU HE SHE IT WE YOU THEY

+ +

HAVE/HAS HAVE/HAS HAVE HAVE HAS HAS HAS HAVE HAVE HAVE +

PAST PARTICIPLE (VERB + ED) PAST PARTICIPLE (GLAGOL + ED)

PLAYED

NEGATIVE FORM 5

SUBJECT

+ HAVE/HAS HAVE/HAS

NOT

+ +

PAST PARTICIPLE PAST PARTICIPLE

SUBJEKT +

+ NOT

I YOU HE SHE IT WE YOU THEY

HAVE HAVE HAS HAS HAS HAVE HAVE HAVE

NOT

PLAYED

QUESTION FORM 4

HAVE/HAS HAVE/HAS

+ +

SUBJECT SUBJEKT

+ +

PAST PARTICIPLE PAST PARTICIPLE

HAVE HAVE HAS HAS HAS HAVE

I YOU HE SHE IT WE

PLAYED

? ? ? ? ? ?

HAVE HAVE

YOU THEY

? ?

THE PRESENT PERFECT -- IRREGULAR VERBS

POSITIVE FORM 3

SUBJECT SUBJEKT I YOU HE SHE IT WE YOU THEY

+ +

HAVE/HAS

PAST PARTICIPLE (3rd ROW)

HAVE/HAS + PAST PARTICIPLE (3. RED TABLICE) HAVE HAVE HAS HAS HAS HAVE HAVE HAVE SEEN

NEGATIVE FORM 4

SUBJECT

+ HAVE/HAS HAVE/HAS

NOT

+ +

PAST PARTICIPLE PAST PARTICIPLE

SUBJEKT +

+ NOT

I YOU HE SHE IT WE YOU THEY

HAVE HAVE HAS HAS HAS HAVE HAVE HAVE

NOT

SEEN

QUESTION FORM 3

HAVE/HAS HAVE/HAS

+ +

SUBJECT SUBJEKT

+ +

PAST PARTICIPLE PAST PARTICIPLE

HAVE HAVE HAS HAS HAS

I YOU HE SHE IT

SEEN

? ? ? ? ?

HAVE HAVE HAVE

WE YOU THEY

? ? ?

PRACTISE EXAMPLES USING THE PRESENT PERFECT (know) (live) (be) (see) (work) (speak) (have) (do, not) (write) (buy, not) 1. Bob and Jane are old friends. They ___________________ each other for a long time. 2. I _____________________ in Gospi for 3 years. 3. Mario _________ never __________ to Germany. 4. ________ you ____________ that film before? 5. She ____________________ for him many times. 6. _________ Alan ever _____________ to Professor Alston? 7. I _____________________ several part-time jobs. 8. In my lifetime, I ___________________ many good things. 9. Since the semester began, we ___________________ 4 tests. 10. Patricia _______________________ any new clothes for a long time.

M I N I T E S T #6
SIMPLE PRESENT PRESENT CONTINUOUS SIMPLE PAST ( REGULAR & IRREGULAR VERBS ) PAST CONTINUOUS PRESENT PERFECT

( BLOW ) 1. The wind _________________ hard when I came to work this morning. ( READ ) 2. I ________________ two books last week.

( WEAR ) 3. Jacqueline ___________________ that coat many times. ( FLY ) ( PLAY) (SIT ) 4. Mr. Mlinarevi ______________ to Dallas right now. 5. _________they ________________ soccer with us before? 6. I ________________ at this table usually.

( MOVE ) 7. __________ Mark and Mary ____________ into their new house last Monday? ( BE ) (BE) 8. I ________________ to Zadar 5 times. 9. I _____________ in Zagreb last weekend.

(GO, NOT)10. Sarah ___________________ to the party last night. (LIKE) (TAKE) (STUDY) (CALL) 11. Ilija _____________ Ana, but Ana (LIKE, NOT) __________________ Ilija. 12. The Anderson family _______________ a long vacation last summer. 13. While my friends ________________________ for the test, I was at the movies. That is why I failed the test! 14. ___________ you _______________ me a few minutes ago?

(WAIT)

15. ___________ your brother ___________ for us now?

______ 16

DEFINITION:

A) The Present Perfect Continous is used to indicate the duration of an activity that began in the past and continues to the present. With this tense, a person wishes to stress the duration of time. (Present Perfect Continuous koristi se kada elimo naglasiti koliko dugo neka radnja traje. Radnja je poela u prolosti i traje do sadanjosti.).

EXAMPLES:

1. I have been sitting here for 3 hours waiting for the doctor! 2 .It has been raining all day!

PRESENT PAST FUTURE

DEFINITION:

B) When this tense is used without any specific mention of time, it expresses a general activity in progress recently (lately). (Kada se PPC koristi u reenici, a odreeno vrijeme se ne spominje u reenici, onda radnja ili aktivnost je u toku od neodavno.)

EXAMPLES:

1. I have been thinking about changing the date of my party. Maybe Friday evening is not a good day. Saturday is probably better. 2. Mark has been sleeping on the floor lately because his back hurts and his bed is too soft.

PRESENT PAST FUTURE

DEFINITION:

C) With certain verbs (especially live, work and teach), there is little or no difference in meaning between the two tenses (present perfect and present perfect continous) when since or for is used. (S nekim glagolima LIVE, WORK i TEACH nema velike razlike u znaenju bez obzira da li se koristi Present Perfect ili Present Perfect Continuous kada se rijei SINCE ili

FOR koriste u reenici. Bolje je koristiti PPC kada se ovi glagoli spominju u reenici.) KEY WORDS: Since For

All morning All day All week Etc.

THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

POSITIVE FORM 5

SUBJECT SUBJEKT I YOU HE SHE IT WE YOU THEY

+ HAVE/HAS + HAVE/HAS HAVE HAVE HAS HAS HAS HAVE HAVE HAVE

BEEN

MAIN VERB

+ ING

+ BEEN BEEN

+ GLAVNI GLAGOL + ING STUDYING

NEGATIVE FORM 6

SUBJECT + HAVE/HAS + NOT + BEEN + MAIN VERB + ING SUBJEKT + HAVE/HAS + NOT + BEEN + GLAVNI GLAGOL + ING

I YOU HE SHE IT WE YOU THEY

HAVE HAVE HAS HAS HAS HAVE HAVE HAVE

NOT

BEEN

STUDYING

QUESTION FORM 5

HAVE/HAS HAVE/HAS

+ +

SUBJECT SUBJEKT

BEEN

MAIN VERB

+ ING

+ BEEN + GLAVNI GLAGOL + ING

HAVE HAVE HAS HAS HAS

I YOU HE SHE IT

BEEN

STUDYING

? ? ? ? ?

HAVE HAVE HAVE

WE YOU THEY

? ? ?

Practise examples using the present perfect continuous tense: (Play) (Talk) (Try) 1. The boys are playing soccer right now. They ________________________ for almost 2 hours. They must be getting tired. 2. Alex is talking on the phone. He ______________________ on the phone for over an hour! Who is he talking to?! 3. I am trying to study. I _______________________ to study for the last half hour,but something always seems to interrupt me. I think it would be best if I just went to the library.

(Wait)

4. This is ridiculous! Sandra and I _________________________ for the secretary for more than an hour.

M I N I T E S T #8a SIMPLE PRESENT PRESENT CONTINUOUS SIMPLE PAST ( REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS ) PAST CONTINUOUS PRESENT PERFECT PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS 1. Sarah _____________________ TV at the moment. 2. Caroline _______________________ in California since October. She loves it there. 3. I _________________ chapter 2 last week. 4. I _________________________ yet __________________ chapter 3. 5. While Mark __________________, the electricity went out. 6. _________ you ever _____________ the chicken pox? 7. Helen ______________ all her chores yesterday. 8. Mary always _____________ her mom bake cookies. 9. A: ___________ she __________ Mark ? B: No, she ________________________ Mark. She __________ Tom. 10. A: ____________ you ever ______________ to Africa ? B: Yes,I __________ . I ( go ) _________ in 1966. 11. We ___________________ down the street, when it began to rain. 12. Hurry up! You ________________________ that coffee for an hour! When are you going to finish it?.

( WATCH ) (LIVE) ( STUDY ) ( STUDY, NOT ) ( WORK ) (HAVE) ( DO, NOT ) (HELP) ( LIKE ) ( BE ) ( WALK ) (DRINK)

DEFINITION:

The Simple Future talks about something that will happen or is intended to happen. WILL and BE GOING TO are used to express the future time. (Simple Future je budue vrijeme koje pokazuje da e se neto dogoditi ili se namjerava dogoditi u budunosti. WILL i BE GOING TO koriste se za budue vrijeme.) WILL se koristi kada e se neto 100% dogoditi u budunosti. BE GOING TO koristi se kad se neto namjerava dogoditi u budunosti.

EXAMPLES: 1a. I will buy a new sweater tomorrow. 1b. I am going to buy a new sweater tomorrow. 2a. Sandra will celebrate her birthday today. 2b. Sandra is going to celebrate her birthday today. PRESENT PAST FUTURE

KEY WORDS: TOMORROW Tomorrow morning afternoon evening night NEXT Next week month year winter Monday etc. IN In 2 minutes 4 hours 7 days 1 week 9 months 3 years etc.

*Tonight *This evening afternoon evening

*Later on today tonight etc.

etc.

*From now on

THE SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE -- WILL

POSITIVE FORM 3

SUBJECT SUBJEKT I YOU HE SHE IT WE YOU THEY

+ +

WILL WILL WILL

+ +

MAIN VERB GLAVNI GLAGOL PLAY

NEGATIVE FORM 4

SUBJECT SUBJEKT

+ +

WILL WILL

+ +

NOT NOT

+ +

MAIN VERB GLAVNI GLAGOL

I YOU HE SHE IT WE YOU THEY

WILL

NOT

PLAY
** Will not = Won't

QUESTION FORM 3

WILL WILL

+ +

SUBJECT SUBJEKT

+ +

MAIN VERB GLAVNI GLAGOL

WILL

I YOU HE SHE IT WE YOU

PLAY

? ? ? ? ? ? ?

THEY

THE SIMPLE FUTURE -- BE GOING TO

POSITIVE FORM 4

Subject

+ verb to be in the present + glagol biti u sadanjosti AM ARE IS IS IS ARE ARE ARE GOING + TO

going to going to PLAY

+ +

main verb glavni glagol)

(Subjekt + I YOU HE SHE IT WE YOU THEY

NEGATIVE FORM 5

Subject + verb to be in the present + not + going to + main verb (Subjekt + glagol biti u sadanjosti + not + going to + glavni glagol)

I YOU HE SHE IT WE YOU THEY

AM ARE IS IS IS ARE ARE ARE

NOT

GOING TO

PLAY

QUESTION FORM 4

Verb to be in the present

subject subjekt

going to

main verb

(Glagol biti u sadanjosti +

+ going to +

glavni glagol)

AM ARE IS IS IS ARE ARE

I YOU HE SHE IT WE YOU

GOING TO

PLAY

? ? ? ? ? ? ?

ARE

THEY

POSITIVE FORM

Subject + verb to be in the present (Subjekt + glagol biti u sadanjosti

+ going to + + going to +

main verb glavni glagol)

AM

GOING

TO

DRINK

YOU

ARE

GOING

TO

TAKE

HE

IS

GOING

TO

GO

NEGATIVE FORM

Subject + verb to be in the present + not + going to + main verb (Subjekt + glagol biti u sadanjosti + not + going to + glavni glagol)

AM

NOT

GOING

TO

SING

YOU

ARE

NOT

GOING

TO

SLEEP

HE

IS

NOT

GOING

TO

BE

Practise examples using the simple future tense (will): (Buy) (Have) (Be) (Watch, not) 4. (Visit) 5. 1. 2. Sabrina ______________________ a new car this month. ________ you ___________ enough money for your car insurance next month? 3. Sarah ______________________ at home tomorrow evening.

I __________________________ that dumb movie tonight! John and Kathy ___________________________ thier grandmother next Sunday.

Practise examples using the simple future tense (be going to): (Buy) (Have) (Be) (Watch, not) 4. (Visit) 5. 1. 2. Sabrina ______________________ a new car this month. ________ you ___________ enough money for your car insurance next month? 3. Sarah ______________________ at home tomorrow evening.

I __________________________ that dumb movie tonight! John and Kathy ___________________________ thier grandmother next Sunday.

M I N I T E S T #6
SIMPLE PRESENT PRESENT CONTINUOUS SIMPLE FUTURE ( WILL & BE GOING TO )

( BUY,BE GOING TO ) 3. Jacqueline _______________________ that coat tomorrow. ( FLY ) 4. Mr. Mlinarevi ______________ to Dallas right now.

( PLAY,BE GONIG TO ) 5. ______________ they ________________ soccer with us tonight? (SIT ) ( BE ) 6. I ________________ at this table usually. 8. Tomorrow, I ________________ in Zadar at 10:00.

(BE, NOT, BE GOING TO) 9. I __________________________ in Zagreb tomorrow. (ATTEND, NOT, BE GOING TO) 10. Sarah ________________________ class next week (LIKE) 11. Ilija _____________ Ana, but Ana (LIKE, NOT) __________________ Ilija.

(CALL) (WAIT)

14. ___________ you _______________ me tomorrow night? 15. ___________ your brother ___________ for us after the show finishes tonight?

M I N I T E S T #6
SIMPLE PRESENT PRESENT CONTINUOUS SIMPLE PAST ( REGULAR & IRREGULAR VERBS ) PAST CONTINUOUS SIMPLE FUTURE ( WILL & BE GOING TO )

( BLOW ) 1. The wind _________________ hard when I came to work this morning. ( READ ) 2. I ________________ two books last week.

( BUY,BE GOING TO ) 3. Jacqueline _______________________ that coat tomorrow. ( FLY ) 4. Mr. Mlinarevi ______________ to Dallas right now.

( PLAY,BE GONIG TO ) 5. ______________ they ________________ soccer with us tonight? (SIT ) 6. I ________________ at this table usually.

( MOVE ) 7. __________ Mark and Mary ____________ into their new house last Monday? ( BE ) 8. Tomorrow, I ________________ in Zadar at 10:00.

(BE, NOT, BE GOING TO) 9. I __________________________ in Zagreb tomorrow. (ATTEND, NOT, BE GOING TO) 10. Sarah ________________________ class next week (LIKE) (TAKE) (STUDY) (CALL) (WAIT) 11. Ilija _____________ Ana, but Ana (LIKE, NOT) __________________ Ilija. 12. The Anderson family _______________ a long vacation last summer. 13. While my friends ________________________ for the test, I was at the movies. That is why I failed the test! 14. ___________ you _______________ me tomorrow night? 15. ___________ your brother ___________ for us after the show finishes tonight?

DEFINITION:

The Past Perfect expresses that an activity was completed (began and finished) before another activity (or time) in the past. (Past Perfect pokazuje da se jedna radnja dogodila (poela i zavrila)

prije druge radnje ili vremena u prolosti.)

EXAMPLES: 2. 3.

1. My parents had already eaten lunch by the time I got home. (Moji roditelji su ve ruali dok sam ja doao kui.) Sam had finished his homework by the time Joseph came over. (Sam je zavrio svoju zadau dok je Josip doao k njemu.) I had finished making lunch by 1:00. (Zavrila sam praviti ruak do 13:00.)

PRESENT PAST FUTURE

KEY WORDS: Already By the time * Before * After

* Ako se before ili after upotrebljavaju u reenici, onda nije potrebno koristiti Past Perfect jer se zna da se je neto dogodilo prije neke druge radnje. U tom sluaju, moe se Simple Past upotrebiti. Npr. a) Sam had left before we got there. b) Sam left before we got there. c) After the guests had left, I went to bed.

d) After the guests left, I went to bed. THE PAST PERFECT -- REGULAR VERBS

POSITIVE FORM 4

SUBJECT SUBJEKT I YOU HE SHE IT WE YOU THEY

+ +

HAD HAD HAD

+ +

PAST PARTICIPLE (VERB + ED) PAST PARTICIPLE (GLAGOL + ED) PLAYED

NEGATIVE FORM 5

SUBJECT

+ HAD HAD

+ +

NOT NOT

+ +

PAST PARTICIPLE PAST PARTICIPLE

SUBJEKT +

I YOU HE SHE IT WE YOU THEY

HAD

NOT

PLAYED

QUESTION FORM 4

HAD HAD

+ +

SUBJECT SUBJEKT

+ +

PAST PARTICIPLE PAST PARTICIPLE

HAD

I YOU HE SHE IT WE YOU

PLAYED

? ? ? ? ? ? ?

THEY

THE PAST PERFECT -- IRREGULAR VERBS POSITIVE FORM 3

SUBJECT SUBJEKT I YOU HE SHE IT WE YOU THEY

+ +

HAD HAD HAD

+ +

PAST PARTICIPLE (3rd ROW) PAST PARTICIPLE (3. RED TABLICE) SEEN

NEGATIVE FORM 4

SUBJECT

+ HAD HAD

+ +

NOT NOT

+ +

PAST PARTICIPLE PAST PARTICIPLE

SUBJEKT +

I YOU HE SHE IT WE YOU THEY

HAD

NOT

SEEN

QUESTION FORM 3

HAD HAD

+ +

SUBJECT SUBJEKT

+ +

PAST PARTICIPLE PAST PARTICIPLE

HAD

I YOU HE SHE IT WE

SEEN

? ? ? ? ? ?

YOU THEY

? ?

M I N I T E S T #8

SIMPLE PRESENT PRESENT CONTINUOUS SIMPLE PAST ( REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS ) PAST CONTINUOUS SIMPLE FUTURE ( WILL AND BE GOING TO ) PRESENT PERFECT PAST PERFECT

( WATCH ) 1. Sarah _____________________ TV at the moment. ( LEAVE ) ( STUDY ) 2. The students _____________________ by the time the teacher arrived. 3. I _________________ chapter 2 last week.

( STUDY, NOT ) 4. I _________________________ yet __________________ chapter 3. ( WORK ) ( BE ) ( DO ) 5. While Mark __________________, the electricity went out. 6. _________ you ____________ home tomorrow night. 7. Helen ______________ all her chores yesterday.

( FINISH ) 8. A: ______________ you _______________ your work by the time your parents got home ? B: No, I __________________ my work by the time they got home. ( LIKE ) ( BE ) 9. A: ___________ she __________ Mark ? B: No, she ________________________ Mark. She __________ Tom. 10. A: ____________ you ever ______________ to Africa ? B: Yes,I __________ . I ( go ) _________ in 1966.

( WALK ) 11. We ___________________ down the street, when it began to rain. ( WAIT, BE GOING TO ) 12. I ________________________ for you after school today. ( LEND ) 13. ___________ John ____________ Joseph 500 kn yesterday ? ( TAKE ) 14. _______ Andrea ____________ a shower now ? ( FIX, NOT ) 15. I ______________________ your car later on today .I'm too busy.

_________

20

SIMPLE PRESENT
-- sadanje vrijeme koje pokazuje to radimo svaki dan, ponekad, inae, itd. -- pria o injenicama i navikama.

SIMPLE PAST
-- prolo vrijeme koje pokazuje da se je neto dogodilo u 1 odreeno vrijeme u prolosti. -- dogaaj je poeo i zavrio. -- znate kada se je neto dogodilo. **koristi pravilne i nepravilne glagole.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS
-- sadanje vrijeme koje pokazuje da se neto dogaa upravo sada (u trenutku govorenja). -- esto, neka aktivnost moe biti u toku: ovaj tjedan, ovaj mjesec, itd.

PAST CONTINUOUS
-- prolo vrijeme koje pokazuje da su se 2 radnje dogodile istodobno u odreeno vrijeme, ali 1 radnja je poela prije 2. i bila je u toku kada se je 2. radnje dogodila. (esto je 2. radnja presjekla 1. radnju.) -- moe se dogoditi da su se 2 radnje dogaale istodobno, ali nijedna nije presjekla drugu.

-- Everyday, every week, ..... -- Always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, rarely, never. -- Once, twice, 3 times, ..... -- How often do you...? How often does he...?

-- Yesterday, yesterday morning yesterday afternoon, ....... -- Last night, last week, last Monday, ........ -- A month ago, 2 weeks ago, 10 days ago, ....... -- In 1995, in March, in the wintertime, .......

-- Now, right now, at this time, at this moment. -- Look!, Listen!, Shhh!

-- While -- As -- When

-- What are you doing? What is he doing?

-- What were you doing? -- What was he doing?

SIMPLE PRESENT

SIMPLE PAST
Za pravilne gl. (poz. oblik):
Subjekt + glavni glagol + ' ed' I You He She worked It We You They

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

PAST CONTINUOUS

Subjekt + glavni glagol

Subjekt + am/is/are + glavni glagol + 'ing'

Subjekt + was/were + gl. glagol + 'ing'

I You We They He She It

I He She It We You They

am is

working working

work

I He She It We You They

was

working

works/kisses

Za nepravilne gl. (poz. oblik):

Subjekt + 2. red tablice I You He She went It We You They ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

are

working

were

working

Subjekt + do/does + not + glavni glagol

Subjekt + am/is/are + not + gl. glagol + 'ing'

Subjekt + was/were + not + gl..glag. + 'ing'

I You We They He She It

I He She It We You They

am is

not not

working working

do not work

I He She It We You They

was

not working

does not work

Njeni i upitni oblik pravilnih i nepravilnih glagola

Subjekt + did + not + glavni glagol I You He She did not work It did not go We You They Did + subjekt + glavni glagol I you he Did she work...? Did it go.....? we you they

are

not working

were

not working

Do/does + subjekt + glavni glagol

Am/is/are + subjekt + gl. glagol + 'ing'

Was/were + subjekt + gl. glagol + 'ing'

Do

I you we they he she It

Am Is

I he she it we you the

working......? Was working......?

work.....?

I he working......? she it we you working......? they

Does

work.....?

Are

working......?

Were

PRESENT PERFECT
-- pokazuje da se je neto dogodilo (ili nije) u neodreenom vremenu u prolosti. -- Nije vano znati kada se je neto dogodilo. -- PP esto koristimo kada govorimo o situaciji koja se je ponovila ee ili vie puta u prolosti. Nije vano naglasiti kada. -- kada se SINCE i FOR koriste s PP onda to pokazuje da je radnja ili situacija poela u prolosti i traje do sadanjosti. -- Since, For -- Before, already, just, yet, in my lifetime, ....... -- Many times, several times, a couple of times, once, twice, 3 times, ........ -- Never -- Have you ever ....? -- Has he ever ......? -- How long have you .....? -- How long has he ......?

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

-- radnja je poela u prolosti ali jo traje. Sa PPC eli naglasiti koliko dugo neka radnja traje. **Kada se koriste glagoli live, work i teach onda je bolje koristiti PPC umjesto PP, iako imaju isto znaenje.

SIMPLE FUTURE
-- budue vrijeme -- koristi se kada govorimo o onome to emo 100% raditi ili to namjervavmo raditi. -- WILL = 100% raditi -- BE GOING TO = namjeravamo raditi --

PAST PERFECT
-- pokazuje da se jedna radnja dogodila (poela i zavrila) prije druge radnje (ili vremena) u prolosti.

-- Since -- Since 8:00! -- For -- For 3 hours! -- For 2 weeks! -- All morning! -- All day!

-- Tomorrow Tomorrow morning Tomorrow evening etc -- Next week Next month Next year etc. -- In 2 minutes In 5 days etc.

-- Later on Later on today etc. -- From now on * *

-- Already -- By the time -- Before -- After

_____________________

______________________

PRESENT PERFECT
Za pravilne glagole:
Subjekt + have/has + gl.glagol + 'ed'
I You We They He She It I You We They He She It have worked

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Will:

SIMPLE FUTURE
Subject + will + glavni glagol I You He She will work It We They Subject + will + not + glavni glagol I You He She will not work **Will not = Won't It We They Will + subject + glavni glagol I you he Will she work......? It we they I He She It We You They

PAST PERFECT
Za pravilne glagole:
Subjekt + had + glavni glagol + 'ed'

Subjekt + have/has + been + gl.gl. + 'ing'

had

worked

has

worked

Subjekt + have/has + not + gl.glagol + 'ed'

have not worked

I You We They He She It

have been

working

Subjekt + have/has + not + gl.glagol + 'ed'

I He She It We You They had not worked

has

been

working

has

not

worked

Have/has + subjekt + gl.glagol + 'ed'

Have I you we they he she It worked...?

Have/has + subjekt + gl.glagol + 'ed'

Had I he she it we you they worked...?

Subj. + have/has + not + been + gl.gl. + 'ing'

Has

worked...?

Za ne pravilne glagole:
Subjekt + have/has + 3. red tablice
I You We They He She It I You We They He She It have gone

I You have We They He She has It

not

been

working

Be going to:
Subject + glagol biti u + going to + glavni glagol sadanjosti I am going to work He She It is going to work

Za ne pravilne glagole:
Subjekt + had + 3. red tablice
I He She It We You They

not

been

working

has

gone

Subjekt + have/has + not + 3.red tablice

have not gone

Have/has + subjekt + been + gl.gl. + 'ing'

has not gone

I Have you been working...? we they Has he she it been working..?

Have/has + subjekt + 3. red tablice

Have I you we they he she it gone...?

Has

gone...?

We You are going to work They Subject + glagol biti u + not + going to + gl. glagol sadanjosti I am not going to work He She is not going to work It We You are not going to work They Glagol biti u + subject + going to + gl. glagol sadanjosti Am I going to work .....? he Is she going to work .....? it we Are you going to work......? they

had

gone

Subjekt + had + not + 3.red tablice

I He She It We You They had not gone

Had + subjekt + 3. red tablice

Had I he she it we you they gone...?

LIST OF COMMON ADVERBS

An ADVERB modifies a verb. It helps tell how, when or where the action took place. For example, She ran quickly., She ran yesterday. or She ran to the store. An adverb can also modify another adverb. For example, She ran very quickly to the store.

Adjective
accident almost always angry annual anxious awkward bad blind bold brave brief bright busy calm careful careless cautious cheerful clear correct courageous cruel day deliberate doubtful easy elegant enormous enthusiastic equal eventual exact faithful fast fatal fierce fond foolish fortunate frantic gentle

Adverb
accidentally angrily annually anxiously awkwardly badly blindly boldly bravely briefly brightly busily calmly carefully carelessly cautiously cheerfully clearly correctly courageously cruelly daily deliberately doubtfully easily elegantly enormously enthusiastically equally eventually exactly faithfully far fast fatally fiercely fondly foolishly fortunately frantically gently

Adjective
glad graceful greedy happy hasty honest hour hungry innocent irritable joyous just kind lazy loose loud mad merry month mysterious near neat nervous noisy obedient obnoxious often only painful perfect polite poor powerful prompt quick quiet rapid rare reckless

Adverb
gladly gracefully greedily happily hastily honestly hourly hungrily innocently irritably joyously justly kindly lazily less loosely loudly madly merrily monthly more mysteriously nearly neatly nervously never noisily not obediently obnoxiously only painfully perfectly politely poorly powerfully promptly quickly quietly rapidly rarely recklessly

Adjective
regular repeated rough rude sad safe seldom selfish serious shaky sharp shy silent sleepy slow smooth soft speedy successful sudden suspicious tender tense thoughtful tight truthful unexpected violent warm weak weary good wild

Adverb
regularly repeatedly roughly rudely sadly safely selfishly seriously shakily sharply shyly silently sleepily slowly smoothly softly sometimes soon speedily successfully suddenly suspiciously tenderly tensely thoughtfully tightly tomorrow too truthfully unexpectedly very violently warmly weakly wearily well wildly yearly yesterday

**More adverbs exist and you can add them to this list.

ARTICLES:

A/AN

THE

The difference between A and AN (Razlika izmeu A i AN):

A is used in front of a singular count noun or an adjective that begins with a consonant. (A se koristi ispred brojne imenice u jednini ili ispred pridjeva koji poinje sa suglasnikom). Example: 1. a pencil 3. a dog 2. a book 4. a yellow banana

AN is used in front of a singular count noun or an adjective that begines with a vowel. (AN se koristi ispred brojne imenice u jednini ili ispred pridjeva koji poinje sa samoglasnikom). Example: 1. an apple 2. an egg ** Izuzeci: A university An hour An honest man 3. an ice cream 4. an orange 5. an ugly dog

A (or AN) is used with a singular count noun when talking about one thing (or person) that is not specific or it is mentioned for the first time in a sentence. (A ili AN se koriste ispred brojne imenice u jednini kada pria o 1 stvari (ili 1 osobi) koja je neodreena ili se prvi put spominje u reenici. Example: 1. I saw a dog in my backyard. (Vidio sam psa u dvoritu.) (The speaker is saying that he saw 1 dog in his backyard. It is only 1 out of the whole group of animals called dogs. The speaker does not know this dog. It was not a specific dog.) (Govornik je vidio 1 psa u dvoritu. To je 1 iz cijele skupine pasa. Govornik ne poznaje tog psa. Pas nije odreen.) 2. A dog is a good pet. (Pas je dobar ljubimac.) (The speaker is making a generalization. He is talking about any dog, all dogs, dogs in general. Not one dog specifically.) (Govornik generalizira. Govori o bilo kojem psu, svim psima, openito o psima. Ne govori o jednom odreenom psu.)

 THE is used in front of a singular count noun (ex. the dog), a plural count noun (ex. the dogs) and a noncount noun (ex. the money) when the speaker and the listener are thinking about the same specific thing. (THE se koristi ispred brojne imenice u jednini (npr. pas), brojne imenice u mnoini (npr. psi) i nebrojne imenice (npr. novac) kada govornik i sluatelj misle o istoj odreenoj stvari i osobi.) Example: was mentioned before.) (Sluatelj i govornik misle na istog psa koji je ranije spomenut.) 2. Please turn off the lights. (Molim te, ugasi svijetla.) (The lights are not mentioned a second time, but the listener knows which lights the speaker is talking about.) (Svijetla nisu spomenuta po drugi put , ali sluatelj zna o kojim svijetlima pria govornik.) 1. The dog is in my yard again! (Pas je opet u mom dvoritu!) (The listener and speaker are thinking about the same specific dog that

THE is also used with / THE se takoer koristi sa: a) ordinal numbers / rednim brojevima: the first, the second, the third, the fourth... b) names of seas / imenima mora: The Adriatic Sea, The Black Sea... c) names of oceans / imenima oceana: The Atlantic Ocean, The Pacific Ocean... d) names of rivers / imenima rijeka: The Sava River, The River Gacka ... e) names of people (as a group) / imenima ljudi (kao skupina): The Pairoa, The Incas ... f) names of island chains / imenima lanaca otoka: The Bahamas, The Island of Krk, The 1000 Islands, The Canary Islands .... g) names of mountain ranges / imenima lanaca planina: The Rocky Mountains, The Velebit... h) names of deserts / imenima pustinja: The Sahara Desert, The Atacama Desert ... i) names of some countries / imenima nekih drava:The USA, The Netherlands, The Philippines, The Dominican Republic, The United Kingdom j) names of geographical areas / imenima geog. podruja: The Middle East, The West... k) points on the globe / tokama na globusu: The Equator, The North Pole... l) names of forests / imenima uma: The Black Forest m) names of gulfs / imenima zaljeva: The Persian Gulf, The Gulf of Mexico... n) names of peninsulas / imenima poluotoka: The Balkan Peninsula, The Iberian Peninsula... o) names of a group of lakes / imenima skupine jezera: The Great Lakes

 NO ARTICLE (0) is used with a plural count noun (ex. dogs, pencils,) and with a noncount noun (money, fruit,). (LANOVI se ne koriste s brojnim imenicama u mnoini (npr. psi, olovke...) i s nebrojnim imenicama (novac, voe...). The speaker is making a generalization. He is talking about any dog, any fruit, all dogs, all fruit, dogs in general, fruit in general. The speaker is not talking about something specific. (Govornik generalizira. Govori o bilo kojem psu, bilo kojem vou, svim psima, svakom vou, openito o psima, openito o vou. Ne govori se o odreenoj stvari ili osobi). Example: 2. 1. Dogs are good pets. (Psi su dobri ljubimci.) Fruit is good for you. (Voe je dobro za vas.)

NO ARTICLE (0) is also used with / LANOVI se ne koriste sa: a) names of most countries ili territories / imenima drava ili teritorija: Italy, Mexico, Bolivia, Croatia... b) names of cities / imenima gradova: Zagreb, Gospi, Toronto.... c) names of states or provinces / imenima savezni drava ili provincija: California, Ontario... d) names of lakes / imenima jezera: Lake Michigan, Lake Ontario... e) names of mountains / imenima planina: Mount Everest, Mount Fuji... f) names of continents / imenima kontinenata: Europe, Asia, North America... g) names of islands / imenima otoka: Maui, Key West...

AUXILLIARY VERBS POMONI GLAGOLI

VERB TO BE Present I am You are He is She is It is We are You are They are

VERB TO DO Present I do You do He does She does It does We do You do They do

VERB TO HAVE Present I have You have He has She has It has We have You have They have

Past I was You were He was She was It was We were You were They were

Past I did You did He did She did It did We did You did They did

Past I had You had He had She had It had We had You had They had

Future I will be You will be He will be She will be It will be We will be You will be They will be

Future I will do You will do He will do She will do It will do We will do You will do They will do

Future I will have You will have He will have She will have It will have We will have You will have They will have

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES KOMPARACIJA PRIDJEVA Number of syllables

Adjective

Comparative form

Superlative form

1 syllable

Fast

Faster than

The fastest

Small

Smaller than

The smallest

3+ syllables

Interesting

More interesting than

The most interesting

Expensive

More expensive than

The most expensive

Happy 2 syllables Yellow

Happier than
or

The happiest
or

More happy than

The most happy

Yellower than
or

The yellowest
or

More yellow than Good Bad Irregular Adjectives Far Little Better than Worse than Farther/Further than Less than

The most yellow The best The worst The farthest/furthest The least

Much Many

More than More than FIRST CONDITIONAL

The most The most

DEFINITION:

It is used if the sentence is TRUE and in the FUTURE. (Koristi se ako je reenica ISTINITA i u BUDUNOSTI.) **to namjeravamo raditi ili to e se dogoditi u budunosti.

TVORBA 1. KONDICIONALA: IF _______________________, ________________________ (simple present) (simple future)

EXAMPLES:
1.

If I have enough time tomorrow, I will write to my parents. (Ako imam vremena sutra, ja u pisati svojim roditeljima.) If I don't eat breakfast tomorrow morning, I will get a headache. (Ako ne dorukujem sutra ujutro, zaboljeti e me glava.)

2.

Exercises: 1. 2. If Melissa studies hard, she ______________ (pass) her finals. If I finish my work in time, I _____________ (go) to the concert. 3. If I see Henry, I ______________ (give) him your message. 4. If he works hard, he ____________(get) the raise. 5. If you don't hurry, we ______________(be) late for class. 6. If he tries hard, he ___________(find) a job somewhere. 7. If he fails the test, he ______________ (have) to repeat the course. 8. If the weather is nice tomorrow, we _____________ (go) to the beach. 9. If Naomi arrives on time, I ______________ (talk) to her. 10. If I have time tomorrow, I _____________ (go) shopping with you. 11. 12. 13. 14. If I _________(find) the book, I will give it to you. If the weather _________ (be) warm, we will go to the park tomorrow. If you _________ (turn) out the light, we will be in the dark. If you _________ (save) your money, you will be able to go on a vacation. 15. If you _________ (drive) slowly, you won't have any accidents.

16. If Jack ________ (call), I will speak to him. 17. If you __________ (learn) how to swim, you will be able to go with us to the beach on Sundays. SECOND CONDITIONAL DEFINITION: It is used if the sentence is UNTRUE in the PRESENT or FUTURE. (Koristi se ako je reenica NEISTINITA u SADANJOSTI ili BUDUNOSTI.) **2. kondicional se koristi kada sanja, mata, eli Nai izgovor ili eli ispasti poten kao kada reete nekome da be im posudili novaca da ih imate ali u stvarnosti, nemate ih.

TVORBA 2. KONDICIONALA: IF ________________________, _______________________________ (simple past) (modalni glagol + infinitiv) inae WOULD EXAMPLES: If I had enough time now, I would write to my parents. (Da imam vremena sada, pisala bih roditeljima.) **U stvarnosti, nemam vremena i zato neu pisati njima. If I owned a car, I would take a trip to Italy. (Da imam auto, otila bih na putovanje u Italiju.) **U stvarnosti, nemam auto i zato ne mogu ii u Italiju.
Exercises: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. If I knew her well, I ________________ (speak) to her. If he attended class regularly, he ______________(make) good progress. If we had the money, we _____________ (take) a trip to South America. If he went to bed earlier, he _________ not __________ (feel) so tired. If he drove more carefully, he _________________ fewer accidents. If John paid he debts, people ________________ (respect) him more. If I knew English better, I _______________ (read) some English novels. If he prepared his homework every night, he _______________ (get) better grades. If I _____________ (own) an automobile, I would take a trip to California. If she ____________ (work) harder, she would probably get a better salary. If I _____________(know) how to drive, I would buy a car.

12. 12.

If Louis ____________ (know) more grammar, he would make fewer mistakes. If he __________ not ____________ (waste) so much time in class, he would make better progress.

THIRD CONDITIONAL DEFINITION: It is used if the sentence is UNTRUE in the PAST. (Koristi se ako je reenica NEISTINITA u PROLOSTI.)

TVORBA 3. KONDICIONALA: IF __________________, _______________________________________ (past perfect) (would have + past participle)

EXAMPLES: If I had had enough time, I would have written to my parents yesterday. (Da sam imao dosta vremena, pisao bih roditeljima juer.) **U stvarnosti, nisam imao vremena i nisam pisao roditeljima. If they had studied, they would have passed the exam. (Da su oni uili, proli bih na ispitu.) **U stvarnosti, nisu uili i nisu proli na ispitu.

Exercises: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. If I had known her, I _______________________ (speak) to her. If he had learned the truth, he ___________________ (be) very angry. If I had known that you needed me, I ___________________ (come) at once. If they had invited us, naturally we ______________________(go) to the party. If you had worn your overcoat, you ______________ not _________________ (catch) a cold. If I had had your address, I _____________________ (write) to you. If yesterday had been a holiday, I _______________________ (go) to the beach. If you had asked me, I _____________________ (help) you. If I ___________________ (know) about this yesterday, I would have worried all day long. If the weather _________________ (be) nice yesterday, we would have gone to the beach. I would have looked you up if I ___________________(know) you were living in Kansas.

12. 13.

I wouldn't have gotten wet if I ___________________ (wear) a raincoat. If he ___________________ (study) more, he would have gotten better grades.

ZERO CONDITIONAL DEFINITION: It is used if the sentence is TRUE in the PRESENT. (Koristi se ako je reenica ISTINITA u SADANJOSTI.) **Zero conditional se koristi kada se pria o istinitoj situaciji ili injenici kada stvarno neto radi). The simple present is used in the result clause to express a habitual activity/situation OR to express a predictable fact. (Simple present se koristi u drugom dijelu reenice da izrazi neku naviku ILI oekivanu injenicu.)

TVORBA 0 - KONDICIONALA: IF _______________________, _______________________ (simple present) (simple present)

EXAMPLES: (HABITUAL ACTIVITY): If I have enough time, I write to my parents every week. (Ako imam vremena, ja piem svojim roditeljima svaki tjedan.)

(FACT):

If I don't eat breakfast, I get a headache. (Ako ja ne dorukujem, zaboli me glava.)

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES 1st and 2nd

1.

If Melissa _____________(study) hard, she ______________ (pass) her finals. 2. If I ___________ (finish) my work in time, I ______________ (go) to the concert. 3. If I ____________ (know) her well, I _______________ (speak) to her. 4. If we ____________ (have) the money, we _____________ (take) a trip to South America. 5. If I ____________ (see) Henry, I ______________ (give) him your message. 6. If he __________ (work) hard, he ____________(get) the raise. 7. If you ______________ (hurry, not), we ______________(be) late for class. 8. If he ______________ (attend) class regularly, he ______________(make) good progress. 9. If he ________________(prepare) his homework every night, a. he _______________ (get) better grades. 10.If he ____________ (try) hard, he ___________(find) a job somewhere. 11.If he ____________ (fail) the test, he ______________ (have) to repeat the course. 12. If I _____________ (own) an automobile, I ________________ (take) a trip to California. 13. If he ______________ (drive) more carefully, he _________________ (have) fewer accidents. 14.If the weather _________ (be) nice tomorrow, we _____________ (go) to the beach. 15. If John __________ (pay) he debts, people __________________ (respect) him more. 16. If Louis ____________ (know) more grammar, he _______________ (make) a. fewer mistakes. 17. If Naomi ____________ (arrive) on time, I ______________ (talk) to her. 18. If I ___________ (have) time tomorrow, I _____________ (go) shopping with you. 19.If she ____________ (work) harder, she ______________ (get) a better a. salary. 20.If I _________(find) the book, I ________________ (give) it to you. 21.If the weather _________ (be) warm, we _______________ (go) to the park tomorrow. 22. If you _________ (turn) out the light, we _______________ (be) in the dark. 23.If I ____________ (know) English better, I _________________ (read) some English novels. 24. If you _________ (drive) slowly, you ___________________ (have, not) any accidents. 25. If I _____________(know) how to drive, I _________________ (buy) a car. 26.If Jack ________ (call), I _________________ (speak) to him. 27. If he ___________ (go) to bed earlier, he _________ not __________(feel) so tired.

28.If he __________ not ____________ (waste) so much time in class, he a. ___________________ (make) better progress.
COUNT AND NONCOUNT NOUNS BROJNE I NEBROJNE IMENICE COUNT NOUN SINGULAR a chair one chair PLURAL 1 2 some several a lot of many a few chairs chairs chairs chairs chairs chairs chairs chairs Some nouns are called count nouns: 1) In the singular, they can be preceded by a/an or one. 2) They have a plural form: -s or -es.

NONCOUNT NOUN

furniture some furniture a lot of furniture much furniture a little furniture

Some nouns are called noncount Nouns: 1) They are not immediately preceded by a/an or one. 2) They do not have a plural form (no final s is added).

MUCH and MANY. How many apples did you buy? How much money did you spend? Many is used with count nouns. Much is used with noncount nouns.

A FEW and A LITTLE A) I bought a few apples. B) I bought a little fruit. A few is used with count nouns. A little is used with noncount nouns.

SOME and ANY. I took some books home with me. I took some fruit from the table. I did not take any books home with me. I did not take any fruit from the table. Some is used in positive sentences. Any is used in negative sentences.

THERE IS and THERE ARE

A) There are a lot of vegetables on the table. There are is used with count nouns. B) There is a lot of fruit on the table. There is is used with noncount nouns.

COMMON NONCOUNT NOUNS Whole groups made up of individual parts: Clothing Change Equipment Postage *Food Scenery Fruit Stuff Furniture Traffic Garbage Homework Hardware Housework Jewellery *Work Machinery Advice Mail Information Make-up *Gossip Money News Cash *Noise Liquids: *Beer Blood *Coffee Cream Gasoline Honey Juice Milk Oil Shampoo Soap Tea Water Wine Natural phenomena: Weather Dew Fog Hail Heat Humidity Lightning Solids: Bread Butter Cheese Ice Ice cream Lettuce Margarine Meat Bacon *Chicken *Fish Ham, etc. Toast Cement Rain Sleet Snow Thunder Wind Darkness *Light

History Literature Music Poetry Psychology Engineering Biology Chemistry Physics, etc. English, etc. Grammar Slang Vocabulary Chalk Copper Cotton *Glass Gold *Iron *Paper Rubber Silver Soap Tin Toothpaste *Wood Wool Daylight Moonlight Sunlight Sunshine Electricity *Fire Gravity Ignorance Intelligence Justice Knowledge Laughter *Love Luck

Corn Dirt Dust Floor Grass *Hair *Pepper Rice Salt Sugar Wheat

Gases: Air Fog Oxygen Hydrogen Pollution Smog Smoke Steam

Things you cannot touch (abstractions): Anger Fun Beauty Generosity Confidence Greed Courage Happiness Cowardice Hate *Education Health Enjoyment Help

Poverty Pride Progress Recreation *Space Stupidity *Time

Entertainment *Experience

Honesty Hospitality

Patience Peace

Violence Wealth

* A noun can be both COUNT and NONCOUNT

DIRECT (QUOTED) SPEECH

Verb to be Simple Present Present Continuous Past Continuous Simple Past Present Perfect Past Perfect Simple Future (will) Simple Future (be going to) Can May Might Must Have to Should Ought to Commands (zapovijedi) Questions She said, I am hungry. She said, The world is round. (injenica) She said, I watch TV everyday. She says, I watch TV everyday. She said, I don't like chocolate ice cream. (injenica) She said, I am watching TV. She said, I was watching TV. She said, I watched TV. She said, I have watched TV. She said, I had watched TV. She said, I will watch TV. She said, I am going to watch TV. She said, I can watch TV She said, I may watch TV She said, I might watch TV She said, I must watch TV She said, I have to watch TV She said, I should watch TV She said, I ought to watch TV She said, Clean your room! She said, Don't leave the light on! She said, Do you watch TV? She asked, Where did you buy this dress? She asked, What is the size of this dress? She said, Is there a post office nearby?

INDIRECT (REPORTED) SPEECH

She said (that) she was hungry. She said (that) the world is round. She said (that) she watched TV everyday. She says (that) she watches TV everyday. She said (that) she doesn't like chocolate ice cream. She said (that) she was watching TV. She said (that) she had been watching TV. She said (that) she had watched TV. She said (that) she had watched TV. She said (that) she had watched TV. She said (that) she would watch TV. She said (that) she was going to watch TV. She said (that) she could watch TV. She said (that) she might watch TV. She said (that) she might watch TV. She said (that) she had to watch TV. She said (that) she had to watch TV. She said (that) she should watch TV. She said (that) she ought to watch TV. She told me to clean my room. She told me not to leave the light on. She asked (me) if I watched TV. She asked (me) where I had bought that dress. She asked (me) what the size of that dress was. She wants to know/asked (me) if there is a post office.....

**If the reporting verb (for example, said) is in the past, then the verb in the noun clause will usually also be in the past form. **Immediate reporting: A: What did the teacher just say? I didn't hear him. Later reporting: A: I didn't go to class yesterday. B: He said (that) he wants us to read Chapter Six. Did Mr. Smith give us any homework? B: Yes. He said (that) he wanted us to read Chapter Six. **Sometimes you must change the time/place in the sentence. For example: now ---then, at the time this week ---that week today ---that day last week ---the week before, the previous week yesterday ---the day before, the previous day here ---there

tomorrow

----

the next day, the following day

this these

-------

that those

Change the quoted speech (direct speech) to reported speech (indirect speech): 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. Jim said, I am sleepy. ______________________________________________ _____________________________________ __________________________________ ___________________________________

Sally said, I don't like chocolates.

Mary said, I am planning to take a trip. Tom said, I have already eaten lunch. Linda said, I called my doctor.

_________________________________________ _______________________________

Mr. Rice said, I'm going to go to Chicago. Fred said, I will come to the meeting.

___________________________________

Jean said, I can't afford to buy a new car. _________________________________ Martha said, I may go to the library. Ted said, I have to finish my work. Sue said, I must talk to Prof. Reed. ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ______________________________

Alice said, I should visit my aunt and uncle.

Carolyn said, I will be here at noon. _____________________________________ David said, The plane will probably get in late. _____________________________ The boss said, I have to finish this report by tonight. _________________________ The doctor said, She'll get well quickly. __________________________________

The teacher said, Everyone has to write a report. ____________________________ Richard said, I saw that movie last week. _________________________________ Janie said, I've read that book. __________________________________________ Suzanne said to her boyfriend, I can't go tonight. ____________________________ William said to me, I'll finish this tomorrow. _______________________________ She said to him, The lights aren't working. ________________________________ I said to the waitress, This bill is wrong. __________________________________ The boy said to me, I'm only 8 years old. _________________________________

GERUNDS A) A gerund is the ing form of a verb. It is used as a noun. For example, Listen (verb) listening (noun) Dance (verb) dancing (noun) The object of a verb can also be a gerund. Example: I enjoy music. noun I enjoy listening to music. gerund I enjoy listening to music. gerund phrase Common verbs followed by gerunds: 1. Enjoy 2. Finish 3. Stop 4. Quit 5. Postpone 6. Put off 7. Keep 8. Keep on 9. Consider 10.Think about 11.Discuss 12.Talk about 13. Like 14. Hate 15. Start 16. Begin

**5/6, 7/8, 9/10, and 11/12 have the same meaning. B) VERB + PREPOSITION + GERUND Be fond of Get bored with Give up Be happy about Look forward to Be good at Be bored with

doing something gerund

AUXILIARY May

USES

MODAL AUXILIARIES MODALNI GLAGOLI PRESENT/FUTURE 1) May I borrow your pencil? 2) You may go to the bathroom. 3) Where's Kathy? She may be in the park. 1) Where's Kathy? She might be in the park. 2) Might I borrow a cup of sugar? 1) I should study tonight. 2) I should do well on the test. (future only) 1) I ought to study tonight. 2) I ought to do well on the test. (future only) 1) You had better be ready or I will leave without you. 1) The movie is supposed to begin at 9:00p.m. 1) You are to be here at 8:00. 1) I must go to school today. 2) You must not open that door. 3) Kathy isn't in class. She must be ill today. 1) I have to go to school today. 2) I don't have to go to school today. 1) I have got to go to school today. 1) Kathy will be here at 8:00. 2) The phone is ringing. I will get it. 3) Will you please pass the salt? 1) Kathy is going to be here at 8:00. 2) I am going to build a garage. 1) I can run fast. 2)You can use my car tomorrow 3) Can I borrow your pen? 4) That can't be true! 2) Could I borrow your pen? 3) I have a big problem. You could talk to the school psychologist. 4) Where's Kathy? She could be at the library. 5) That couldn't be true! 1a) I am able to help you. 1b) I will be able to help you. 1) Would you mind if I left work early today? 2) I would rather go to the movies than stay home.

PAST

1) polite request 2) formal permission 3) less than 50% certainty 1) less than 50% certainty 2) polite request (rare)

Might

3) She may have been in the park. 1) She might have been in the park. 1) I should have studied last night. 2) I should have done well on the test. 1) I ought to have studied last night. 2) I ought to have done well on the test.

Should

1) advisability 2) 90% certainty

Ought to

1) advisability 2) 90% certainty

Had better

1) advisability with threat of bad result 1) expectation 1) strong expectation 1) strong necessity 2) prohibition (negative) 3) 95% certainty 1) necessity 2) lack of necessity (neg.)

Be supposed to Be to Must

1) The movie was supposed to begin at 9:00p.m. 1) You were to be here at 8:00. 1) I had to go to school today. 3) Kathy must have been ill yesterday. 1) I had to go to school yesterday. 2) I didn't have to go to school yesterday. 1) I had to go to school yesterday.

Have to

Have got to Will

1) necessity 1) 100% certainty 2) willingness 3) polite request 1) 100% certainty 2) definite plan

Be going to

Can

1) ability/possibility 2) informal permission 3) informal polite request 4) impossibility (neg.) 1) past ability 2) polite request 3) suggestion 4) less than 50% certainty 5) impossibility 1) ability 1) polite request 2) preference 3) repeated action in the past 1) repeated action in the past. 1) polite question to make a suggestion 2) future with I or we as subject

2) I was going to build a garage, but I ran out of money. 1) I could run fast when I was a child. 4) That can't have been true. 1) I could run fast when I was a child. 3) You could have talked to the school psychologist. 4) Where was Kathy? She could have been at the library. 5) That couldn't have been true! 1) I was able to help you.

Could

Be able to Would

Used to Shall

2) I would rather have gone to the movies than stayed at home. 3) When I was a child, I would visit my grandma every Sunday 1) I used to visit my grandma every Sunday.

1) Shall I open a window? 2) I shall come at 8:00. (will = more common)

THE PASSIVE
FORMING THE PASSIVE: Active: Bob subject mailed verb the package. object

Passive:

The package

was mailed subject

by Bob. verb

by phrase

**Obje reenice imaju isto znaenje. ______________________________________________________________________________________ _ FORM:

Subject (ex.)

Verb to be

Past Participle + was +

by phrase + by Bob.

The package

mailed

______________________________________________________________________________________ _ ACTIVE helps John. helped John. will help John. is going to help John. is helping John. was helping John. has helped John. had helped John. PASSIVE is helped was helped will be helped is going to be helped is being helped was being helped has been helped had been helped

Simple Present Simple Past Simple Future (will) Simple Future (be going to) Present Continuous Past Continuous Present Perfect Past Perfect

Mary Mary Mary Mary Mary Mary Mary Mary

John John John John John John John John

by by by by by by by by

Mary. Mary. Mary. Mary. Mary. Mary. Mary. Mary.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ** Usually, the passive is used without the by phrase. The passive is usually used when it is not known or not important to know exactly who performs the action. ** Inae, pasiv se koristi bez by fraze. Pasiv se inae koristi kada se ne zna ili nije vano znati tko tono obavlja tu radnju. Example: Rice is grown in India (by someone, by people..) Our house was built in 1945. ** If it is important to know who performs the action, then the by phrase is used. ** Ako je vano znati ili naglasiti tko obavlja radnju, onda se by fraza koristi. Example: Hamlet was written by Shakespeare __________________________________________________________________________________________________________

**Only verbs that are followed by an object (transitive verbs) are used in the passive. It is not possible to use verbs such as happen, sleep, come and seem (intransitive verbs) in the passive.

(ex.) Passive:

Active: ---------

A miracle happened.

Change the following sentences from active to passive (simple present and simple past only): 1. The teacher corrects our exercises at home. __________________________________________ 2. They opened a gift shop last week. _________________________________________________ 3. The maid broke a plate and a glass. _________________________________________________ 4. Lightning struck the house. _______________________________________________________ 5. Newspapers report important events. _______________________________________________ 6. The superintendant cuts the grass. _________________________________________________ 7. Jennifer opened a gift shop last weekend. ___________________________________________ 8. Chinese people eat a lot of rice. ___________________________________________________ 9. We drank too much beer. ________________________________________________________ 10. Mr. Smith corrected our homework on time. ________________________________________ Change the following sentences from active to passive (all verb forms): 1. Shakespeare wrote that play.

2. Sandra has suggested a new idea.

3. Bill will invite Barbara to the party.

4. Two horses were pulling the farmer's wagon.

5. The teacher is going to explain the lesson.

6.

Karlo had helped the old lady across the street.

7.

We are writing a test.

8.

I am typing a book report.

9.

Waiters serve customers.

10.

My aunt made this rug.

Change the following sentences from active to passive: 1. Previous climbers had cut steps in the ice. 2. Sombody has cleaned my shoes. 3. We use this room for special occasions. 4. Someone switched on the light. 5. They are pulling down the old theatre. 6. Someone will serve drinks 7. I have bought a car. 8. People are spending much money on food. 9. Most people opposed this. 10. Students are doing a lot of work. 11. The closure of factory will make a lot of people redundant. 12. People steal things from supermarkets every day. 13. Someone left this book in the classroom yesterday. 14. They are demolishing the entire block. 15. The court tried the man. 16. They are repairing my piano at the moment. 17. Has someone posted my parcel? 18. They invited Jack to the party. 19. We shall tow the car to the garage. 20. We will prosecute trespassers. 21. They haven't stamped the letter. 22. They threw away the rubbish. 23. An earthquake destroyed the town. 24. They are watching my house. 25. We had warned you. 26. A lorry knocked him down.

27. People often do cruel things.

QUESTION TAGS
**A question tag is a question that is added onto the end of a sentence. An auxiliary verb is used in a tag question. **The speaker uses a tag question because he/she expects the listener to agree with him/her. The speaker gives his/her idea while asking a question at the same time. POSITIVE SENTENCE NEGATIVE QUESTION TAG EXPECTED ANSWER

He is a good student, They are good students, She was angry, They were angry, He will come, He knows Mary, You know Mary, They played last week, He knew Mary, She has been to Paris, They have been to Paris, He can come,
NEGATIVE SENTENCE

isn't he? aren't they? wasn't she? weren't they? won't he? doesn't he? don't you? didn't they? didn't he? hasn't she? haven't they? can't he?
POSITIVE QUESTION TAG

Yes, he is. Yes, they are. Yes, she was. Yes, they were. Yes, he will. Yes, he does. Yes, I do. Yes, they did. Yes, he did. Yes, she has. Yes, they have. Yes, he can.
EXPECTED ANSWER

He isn't a good student, They aren't good students, She wasn't angry, They weren't angry, He won't come, He doesn't know Mary, You don't know Mary, They didn't play last week, He didn't know Mary, She hasn't been to Paris, They haven't been to Paris,

is he? are they? was she? were they? will he? does he? do you? did they? did he? has she? have they?

No, he isn't. No, they aren't. No, she wasn't. No, they weren't. No, he won't. No, he doesn't. No, I don't. No, they didn't. No, he didn't. No, she hasn't. No, they haven't.

He can't come,

can he?

No, he can't.