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9.1

HUMAN ACTIVITIES THAT ENDANGER AN ECOSYSTEM

Learning outcomes:

. . n

ldentify human activities that threaten the ecosystenr,

Explain the impact of hunran activities on the ecosystem,

Evaluate critically the effects of unplanned development and mismana,jentni of the ecosystem,
Describe types of pollution and sources of pollution, Explain the effect of pollution on living things and the environment,

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I

Compare and contrast pollutants in the air from different envtronments,

State the sources of air pollution, {nterpret data on the level of air pollution in some cities, Make an inference on the sources of air pollution in some cities,

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lnterpret data on the level of water pollution in some rivers, Make an inference on the sources of water pollution in some rivers, Predict the level of air and water pollution in a particular location within the next ten years, Suggest strategies to solve problems related to air and water pollution in a particular location within the next len years.

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Human activities that affect the ecosystems Many problems related to, the environment are the result of human activities and human

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the

interference

in the ways ecosystems function. The devastating human activities on

environment include:

1.

Deforestation:

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of
trees

" 2. . . . 3.

The permanent removal of trees from the forests due to the cuttinq down

for exports and local use ( furniture and building materials).

Agricultural activities that lead to: 'Slash and burn' during exploration of rlew lands for agncuiture. Levelling of hills for highland aqriculture such as in Camer-on Hignlano Use of excessive inotganic fedilizers pesticides anc hei-bicides bv crmmercial agricultural activities.

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Active mining activities such as tin mining in Malaysia that alter the land sur-face structure.

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lndusirral anci donrestrc actrvities cause

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iii= c,:ii'l rQ of waste materials in duntosrtes stinking the areas arrd also

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:re nearby water

SCUTCeS.

the drscnarge of effluent that dissolve and suspend in water to deteriorate the

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;.a;.;:-ality.
{-insr3rn:,j1 i=!/eiopments to fulfil the growing needs of an ever-increasing populatron

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natrrral habitats and cause various environmental oroblcnrs

fLrels,

Exa,rc,c ;rb:iization developments lead to deforestation burning of fossil

rncrease in waste products, intensive farming etr;

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Exercise

1:

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Fill in the blanks given to explain the human actrvities that affect the ecosystems

1.

Deforestation

lmportant roles of tropical rainforests.

the oldesi ecosystem on the Earth and home io

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Deforestation

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almost half of the world,s flora and fauna

contain manV unique species which provide

The impacts are.

[god, medicine and other resources for

human

regulate the world climate. act as a carbon sink of the Earth because

. . . .

soil erosion
flash flood

land!lidgs
chanqes in the

recvclinq of
materials

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durinq photosvnthesis and at the same time release oxvqen into the atmosnhere.

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severe clirnatic chanqes

Ihe_!-qs-!of biodiversitV

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Aqrrc!1llr4lqryr!s
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norg

nic ferlilizers:

Use
--1'/

itrates

phosphates

potassium
Hrghly soluble
(Qurckly leached out)

Lakes and rivers

3.

Mininq activities.

High water

pressure

4.

lndustrial and domestic wastes:

Rapid human population

growth

Causes

lncrease in:

T-) *---v
N

1. Domestic wastes 2. lndustrialwastes

\
Pollution to: 1. Ground 2. Water resources
Cause

1. 2.

Dumpinq of wastes
Discharqe of effluents

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icause

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Unplanneddevelopnrents

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Deforestation that results'. . Soil erosion - Land strrps of rts vegetation and
SUCCuntbS lC:C.CeS 3,:

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Landslide

- Long heavy

lairs

,jrsir-ri=qraie ihe top

layer of scrl e:sii,,'.

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Flash flood - Hapcels

Loss of_L!pglyelglly

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Disturbance of carbon and nrlrogen cycles

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Climatic changes
Greenhouse effect Globalwarminq.

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Urbanization
Causes
1

Burning of fossil fuels that contributes.

. .

7Sok of

the carbon dioxicie in the atmospherq.

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Problems associated with the greenhouse effect ancl qlobal warmilq.

lncrease in domestic and industrial wastes thal cause:

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Land pollution

Water pollution

lntensive farming leads ro

. .

Excessive use of lands that decreases the srrace and resources that are available for other species. Usage of inorqanic fertilizers
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4

to improve

crop

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_^r..L,_ tJiiiiiA= - ^-^ :: !:_Lt,. = ,,iCl;i'S:;u:,-

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quicklv leached out encing ut pollutino the surroundinq rivers and lakes thai ieacs io
eutroph ication

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The irnpact of hunran iictivities on the ecosystenr

The major problenrs on ihe ecosvsie,'ls inai are c3..ised by human activrties include pollutron greenhouse effect and lhrnninc cf ozone ia .e"

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Pollution
Definition of pollution

Pollution can be deiineci as anv undesirable chanqes

in physical, chernical or

bioloqical characteristics of the natural environment, brouqht about when harmful substances or energv are released bv human activities.
Types and sources of pollution:

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Air pollution
Pollutants enter the air from various sources but the burning of fossil fuels contributes the most.
Examples:

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Exhaust fumes from vehicles contain soot, lead carbon monoxide

oxides of nitroqen and hvdrocarbons.

Electrical power stations release large amounts of carbon dioxide into

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the atmosphere.

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Factories pump large amounts

of carbon monoxide, oxides of

t

nitroqen and sulphur dioxide into the atmosphere.

open burning also releases suspended solids other pollutant gases such as carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide.
Point to ponder:
How does acid
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Oxides of nitrogen and sulphur dioxide combine

with water vapour in tne atmosphere to form nitric acid and sulphuric acid that fall back to earth in the form of acid rain

rain form? Normal rain water has a pH of 5.6 but the pH of acid rain is less then 5.0

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Practical work Actrvity 9

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Cornparing solrd pollutants in the arr of drfferent environments (Refer activity 9.1 of practical book, page
14 l7\t tl

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Groups discussion: lnterpretation of data on the levels and sources of air pollutants in some cities Activity 9
2

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4

Analysing data on air pollution index of some cities within and outside the country (Refer activity 9.3 of text book, page 2'10).

Suqqested answers.

.1.P=100

Q=250

R=5Q

2. City Q is very unhealthv.

'3.

City X has hazardous level of air poilution as compared to city

'/ wh;cir is

1:i

verv unhealthv.
4.'City Z is located in an industrial area; the pollution comes fronr inoustrial plants and factories. City X is a densely populated area; the pollution
comes mainly from combustion qnqines of vehicles.

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5. Some health problems related to air pollution in city X, - asthma. bronchitis, and other respiratorv problems. .- skin and eve irritation and coniunctivitis.. 6. City R has good air quality, whereas city Z has hazardous level of air

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pollution. City R might be located by the sqa and awav from industrial
area, whereas city qities.

Z might be located

yrithln the vicinitv of other major

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ii. Water Pollution

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Human activities on land are the main contribution to water pollution These activities include:

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Crude oil spills that cover the water surface recjuce water

dissolved oxvqen and water Iiqht intens;itv Foint to r:onder:

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Marine animals such as sea gulls might be covered in crude oil. How can they fly to search for food and escape from predators?

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2005

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f ii lndustrial and dornestic activities discharging untreated waste materials that dissolve or suspend in water and deteriorate ttre lvater
qualitY.
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The run-offs of fertilizers, pestrcides and herbicides from agricultur4 activities into lakes and rivers affect the freshwater ecosystems

The effects of water pollution:

Eutrophication

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The oi-ganic and inorganic wastes that enter a river or a lake enrich the water with nutrients. Photosynthesizing organisms particulady alqae that grow rapidly, result in oopulation explosion known as algal bloom, High density of

algae reduces light intensitv into water, hence lead to the death of other
photosvnthetic oroanisms. The decomposition of these dead organisms by
bacteria causes severe depletion of water dissolved oxvqen, causing the death of other aerobic organisms such as flsh, prawns etc. lncrease BOD The presence of orgalic m.aterials in water promotes the rapid growth of

micro-orqanisms, thus leads the living aquatic orqanisms is

Toxic Materials

to the increase of BOD (Biologicai Oxygen

Demand). As a result, the dissolved q.ryE!_E-wgEf is reduced and the life of

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afiected"

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The illegal dumping of waste and effiuent from heavy industries are the
main source of toxic pollution, such as heavy metals and radioactive materials that are highly toxic, last for a long time and accumulate in living organisms via food chain.

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Point to ponder:
Heavy metals affect the nervous system and can cause cancer!

Radioac{ive wastes too can ceus cancr and leukaemia?

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Practical vyork
Aclivrty 9
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D

ot pollulron rn sevei-al of pollution in severaI s cf ivater (Refei' actr;iti' 3 2 practical book

, level iSvel

Groups discussion lnie:-irretaiion of data on the level of pollutants in different

WA!Ei SOUiCES

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Activity 9 z ln:e r:: ;:i-,: ::ra on ine level of water pollu:ron in sonie rivers (Refer activity 9.4 of text book, ounl't' )

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$uoqested answers 1 The higherthe content of waste materials in the water sample, tlre more polluted the river is

The pollution in river C comes from aqriculture run-offs lf the pollution continues, the river vrill be enriched and migi-rt cause an alEtal bloom (eutrophication) and the organisms that live in the river might die due to the

IB

is
to i4l ;o
'

lack of oxvgen.
The main waste materials in river D are heavy metals that migirt conre from heavy industries effluent. The main waste materials in river E are soils and sediments that might come from soil erosion due to defcrestation. Two possible sources of pollution in river A are sewaqe and aqriculture
ru

n-offs.

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The pollution rvill increase the BoD of the river because there will be a lot o{

bacterial activities to decompose the organic waste materials present.

lf the solrds are mainly non-biodegradable, they will cloq up the river flow
and the river iviil oecorne

shallow when it rains heavily,'the

surrounding

]$

villages will experience flash floods.

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Groups discussion. Formulating strategies Activity

I5

Formulating slrategies to reduce the level of pollution in

vour" area l,.,riii-iin tne next ten years. (Refer activrty 9.6 on

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page i -aO or

lre

practical book)

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Thermal Pollution Thermal pollution occurs when excess heat rvhich is released into the environment harms the living organisms and !!s_g1yi1gnrnsq!itsetf.
It has a negative effects on the food chain rnay disrupt the entire ecosystems.

The effects of the increase in water temperature are.

a. b.

The death of aquatic organisms that only survive within a certain ranqe of temDerature. lncrease in BOD value when the metabolic rate of aquatic organisrns increases. Disturbance of ecosystern balance when miqrations of organisms
occur-

c.

iv. '

Noise Pollution

The sourcs

of noise

pollution are

the motor vehicles,

aeroplanes,

construction sites etc.

The effects of noise pollution:

1. safe noise level is s 50 decibels (dB) but above B0 dB can cause

deafness.

.t

2.

Development and aggravation of stress related problems such as hiqh blood pressure, coronarv disease, ulcers, depression and headaches.

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Point to ponder:
I

ln Malaysia, the temperature is rising at 0.18"C every decade. ln the absence of emission control policies, carbon dioxide concentrations are projected to be 30 - 50% higher than today's tevets and the Earth's average temperature may rise between 1.50C to 4.50C by
21 00.

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Exercise

2:

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Frll in the blanks in the following diagrams to

1.

Relate the types ot pollution and their sources

Sou

W
I

. .

;a
A

rces: Vehicles. Construction sites. lndustrial machineries

(C
power stattons and factories.
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w
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Types of pollution

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Sou rces:

. .

Sources

{g

lndustrial processesCoolinq towers of electrical power stations.

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^ z->/-r-\ Thermal

. ) ,/

Effluents

fron-r

industrial and
residential areas.

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\____,\

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2.

Compare and cordrast the pollutants in the air from different environments

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Burning Fossil Fuels: Hiqh level of carbon particles. . Hiqh level of carbon monoxide, oxides of nitroqen and sulphur dioxide.

^*,---.] (\J=.-

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Pollutants ih Rir of Different Environments

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lndustrial PIants and Factories: . Larqe amount of carbon monoxide, oiidu. of nitroq"r'r sulphur dioxide. "nd

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Opren

Burnings: Larqe amount of

-)-J StlSt)ciluEu

_^tr)_ 5ullus.

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Larqe amouni of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide.

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Show the effects of different pollutrons on livrng organisirls

E

ff

Water

.
r

hiqh blood
press
CO u

ects: . eutrophication . alqal bloom . increase in o a\n

re

IOila rV

disease

Type of pollution

l" //

/\

Effects:

' .
Effects:

acid rain qlobal warminq

qreenhouse

. . .

water temperature increase oxvqen qases less soluble

instant death for manv aouatic

spectes

4.

Show the sources of thermal pollution and its impact.

Sources: . hot water

Effects:

(
$

tem

ind ustries.

,---=--<,
Thermal Pollution

' . .

increase water
tem peratu re.
red uces

electrical power plants discharqed into rivers.

solubilitv of oxvqen in
water. rapid groMh bf alqae:
{

ij

Lead To: . death of aquatic . orqanisirrs. . distruption of food chain and ecosvstenrs. . hiqher BOD value.
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Snow lhe sources of noise pollution and its impact
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Sources:

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vehicles

Effects:
NOISE

cclstrLictton sites acricultural and

rno ustrral m ach

7_

. .
3

Deafness

POLLUTION

.4 \j

high brlood ptessure coronary disease ulcer

depression
headerches.

ineries

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9.2

THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT AND THE THINNING OF THE OZONE LAYER.

.1 s

Leaming outcomes:

. '

Explain what greenhouse effect is

correlate the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosohere with global warming"
Explain the thinning of the ozone layer.

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Explain the impact of thinning

vlarming on the ecosystem.

of the ozone {ayer and global

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The Greenhouse Effect
The qreenhouse effect is a phenornenon to increase the Earth ternperatr-rre. \,,vithout it the Earth would be too cord for the survivar of riving organisms,
It occurs when the 1oo/o of the sunlight that enters ihe Earth's atmosphere remains

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trapped by the greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, rrelf ane and water vapoL{).

fry

greenhouse gases act as the qlass panel of a greenhcruse which trap heat anci ivarm the greenhouse, hence the term is the qreenhouse effect_
1-he

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tb

As the concentraiion of greenhouse gases rises, the mqle heat is trapyrecl irr the

atmosphere and the Earth temperature is lnqlgl5eq. This is known as qlobal

warminq.
The consequences of glotral warminq include:

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The meltinq oi ice rn the polar regions that raises ti're sea level and submerges the coastal residential area and agriculture larrd The change of the world climate that leads to unexpected heavv rains.

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Iloods, stronq winds, hurricanes etc. in certain areas Deterioration of health when many people die because of heatstroke, the
widespread of epidemic diseases (e.g. after flood), nralnutrition etc.
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b.

The Thinning of Ozone Layer

The ozone layer is a region in the stratosphere between 17 and 25 kilometres above the Earth surface. The function is to shield the Earth from receiving too much of ultra violet {UV) liqht from the sun. The thinning of ozone layer has been recorded since the 1970s. The area with very low ozone concentration ends up with the formation of ozone hole. The destruction of ozone layer is due to the increasinq levels of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in the atmosphere.
I
I i

1.

CFCs are a group of chemical compounds that contain chlorine, fluorine and carbon CFCs are used as coolants in airconditioners and refrigerators, as propellants in aerosol cans and as foaminq aqeqts in the making of Styrofoam packaging. The chemical processes that destroy the ozone layer are as follows:

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7.

i.

The CFCs in the atmosphere are struck by UV light forming chlorine atoms

cFCIr 4
(Trich loro fl uorocarbon)

ct (Chlorine)
+

cFCl2
(Dichlorofl uorocarbon )

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chlorine atom then breaks the gzone molecule into chlorine monoxide and
oxygen gas.

Cl * o: (Chlorine) (Ozone)
CIO
+

(Chlorine

Clo * monoxide)

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1Or1 gerr rrro lecu lc.;

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chlorine monoxide then reacts with the free oxvqen atom in the atmosphere
to form chlorine atom and oxygen molecule.
(Chlorine

monoxide)

(Oxygen atorn)

(Chlorinc atonr

orOrr scn'ni.rlc;.rle
r

The chlorine atoms repeat the breaking of the ozone molecules causing the depletion of the ozone layer continuously.

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The inrpact of ozone depleiton ofl tUr-i-,3n a'a tn3 eccsystems lncreace greenhouse efle:i

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Eadlr temperature increases r,vhen nrore UV (ultra violet) radiatron reaches the Eadh surface and mcre iR
a
t

'iri.ai=: 'airaiion is reflected

into tire

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n.os

plere
csLrS! s{in cancer, especially to tl-rose wiih

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ii

Skin Carcer

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Lonq exposure to sunlrghi

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fair skrn (less melanin to protect oneseif from UV lrght).

Cataract

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A harmful growth on a person's eyebali rvhich can eventually lead blindness.

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Damaging the photosynthetic mesophyll layers of plants.

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Reduce crops productions and desiruction of fclrests.

Reduce human immune system. Human beings are exposed to various diseases

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Activity 9.6. identifying the causes and effects of global warming and the thinning of ozone layer (Refer activity 9.5 on page 214
of the text book).

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Point to ponder:

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l.leasurements made by British scienlists at Haley Bay, Aniarctica, showed a thinning of the ozone layer caused by an accumulation of atmospheric chlorine dur)ng the winter
mcnths Tr;g l.iai: i.i czone layer over i,?'.2'a+.,:=:iserved was as large as

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Exercise

Fiii in ihe bianks to snow how the phenonrena of GlobalWarming occurs and its effects:

i_

; incusiries oe;c;'esiaiion I ani burninc c'i fcssii

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Heat energy is absorbed by the Earth's surface, whrch then

fuels produce greenhouse gases.

1.*
EARTH

[,

radiated into the atmosphere.

Some are reflected back by the qreenhouse qases and rises the Eafth's temperature This is important to regulate the climate, and stabilize the Earth's temperature itself
l

carbon dioxide
ca

rbon

l.
1

monoxide methane water vapour

L .,i
ln modern days, more and more qreenhouse qases especially carbon dioxide, are pumped into the atmosphere each year that the Earth's average
:

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temDerature is steadily rising. This situation is known as GlobalWarminq.

t_

Effects:
I

-1-*

Sea level rises due to the melting of ice caps in polar regions, causing flood in low coastal
areas.

contaminating freshwater supply. Change the qlobal weather patterns such as more storms and rains. Spreading of epidemic diseases after floods Expansion of desert areas.
t-".,

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Bio-KlT

l.-10
I

236

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[-ill in the blanks"to su.r.rarise the ilrinning of ozone layer process, tlre sources and efiects

3 suN: .-?--L--..,.--l---\1-

*/--Y.-

I
Stratosphere
Reaction happens between

Ultra violet
Ozone layer: f:unctions to absorb ultraviolet

radiation and shielci the orqanisr:rs

frorn its damaginq effect

ultraviolet rav and CFC

molecu les

The mechanism:

\
lncreasing CFC level

ultraviolet radiation strikes a CFC molecule and causes a chlorine atom to

break away.
the free chlorine atom combines with an

\
Sources of CFC

ozone molecule to form chlorine monoxide and a molecule of oxvgen.

when a free atom of oxvqen collides with the chlorine monoxide, the two oxygen atoms form a molecule of oxygen. The

. .

refriqerators
air conditioners

propellant in aerosol
as foaming agent
in

chlorine atom is thus released and free to

destroy more ozone molecules.
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DEPLETION OF OZONE LAYER

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Effects:

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skin cancer, metanoma.

sufiburns, reduce bodv immune svstem, leaf cells and chlorophyll are easily damageC kill micro,orqanisms and phytoplankton

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9.3

THE IMPORTANCE OF PROPER MANAGEMENT OF DEVELOPME NT ACTIVITIES AND THE ECOSYSTEM.

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Learning outcomes:

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.lustify the need of development,

explain the effect of increase rn population on the ecosysienr explain measure taken in the management of de,relocme;li and ecosystem to ensure a balance of nature is maintained
care for the ecosystem participate in activities related to the nranagement of the ecosysrenl

The need for development and the effects of an increased population on the ecosystem.

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Humans do not only influence the environments rn negative ways but also bring about positive effects by takinq measures to carry out proper manaqement

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development qualities.

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ln the act of exploiting the Earth's natural resources to fulfil the growing population's needs, we should also take the consideration to conserve and preserve

the lrving

organisms and the environment.

Example:

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are constructed across the rivers.

vernment and

on tra cto rs

ld consider the im

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the livinq orqanisms and the environrnent.

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The oeveiopmei-:i aciivilies must go on

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a r,'Vii-,cri:3ii,3f lng the tesottrces Of the co . b By taking into consideration the environmental ttlpact c B\ n:i :::,',' 'llkin-c for shorl-term gains while tglqqgtllelo_lg:1941
effects on the environment.
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3y- il-rai.iirA use Of

renewable resources

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Bv nci pollutinq the ecosystems but create a glealel and healthier lirring
environment

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Activity 9

Conductino a debate on the need for development (Refer 9 7 on page 217 of textbook).

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Managing development activities to ensure a balanced ecosystem.

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Cur denrands for sources have to be balanced with the rreed to sustain the

resources themselves. Therefore, the key to solving thrs issue is sustainable development

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2.

Hovr to carry out sustainable development?

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Activity 9.8 Measures taken in the management of development activities and the ecosystem to ensure a balance of nature is matntarned (Refer
activity 9.8 on page 218 of textbook).

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Measures taken in the management of development actrvities to ensure a balanced and stable ecosystem is maintained.

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lmplementation of laws.
Examples:

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Environmental Qualitv Act 1974, 1985 (Revised) Composed of 6 regulations related to air, vehicles smokes and gases, clean air, rubber, oil palm, sewage and indrtstrial effiuents

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i'i:r'rr,=i iorestrV Act,

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Fcr-estry and Wild Life Departments are appo!nted to protect our

naiional forest and the wild animals.

P:si,:iies and

Herbicides Act, 1974.

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and Heavv Machines Act 1967, 1983.

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The use of technology The use of special filters on nrotor exhausts and industrv chimneys to filter the release of soot, lead particles and toxrc gases into the atmosphere.
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To treat the heavv metals and toxic components in liqurd factory elfluent.

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The use of non-leaded petrol and bio-diesel (from palm orl) that
are more environmental friendly.

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The use of solar enerqv.

Recvcle the waste products e.g. The use of cattle dung as biogas sources.
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lncineration of qarbaqe.
The use of

micro-lrqanisms in cleaning up the environnrent

Educatron on the management of resources: Example:

i. ii. iii. iv.

lntroduce the study of environment at school level as earry as

possible.

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Establishment of Environmental Faculty in the local universities

such as in UpM.

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organizing environmental campaiqns through mass media such as radio, TV, newspapers etc.
Talks, workshops and seminars by qovernment aqencies and also the NGOs such as SAM (Sahabat Alam Malaysia), WWF (World Wildlife Fund) etc.

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Prese rvation and conservation.

i. ii.

The soil, water, frora and fauna of forest"s, mangrove swamps are preserved by Departments of Forestry and Wild Life. Many research rerated to preservation and conservation of

ecosvstems are also carried out by the local and foreign

universities

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The practice of biological control.

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The pest population is controllecj by usirq iirc,iiiuf sr enemies or

Predators

Example The rat population rn oil palrn estate Is controllecl

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the breedinq of owls.

The use of pesticides should be avorded ce[,nuSe apor'-i of causing air and yqelgl pollution, they also cause ihe oealh ol predator
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nsects.

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The use of renewable resources.

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Natural resources should be exploited in a susiainable manner so that they will be avatlable for future generations

Example Managing forests properly so they can continue to

perform their vital environmental functions. These include practicing selectiver timber harves!4q, replanting
new trees

and reduce the conversion

of f orests into

aetricultural lands

g.

The efficieni use of energy.

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Efficient use of non:rsnglygUe eneigy lrke fossrl fuels and nuclear fuels

mr.t ne planned and managed

carefully

We have to develop uses of aliernative energy especially

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renewable energy like solar, wind, water and biornass energyThese energy sources can be used more effrcienily wrthout much damage to our environments.

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Using fluorescent lamps which are more enerqv efficierit.

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Using pressure cooker and ccoKing utensils rnaCe of good

conductors of heat to reduce cool<ing trme and energy used.

Use public transports such as buses and LRT rhstead of own car. Car pooling will also help to reduce the use of energy.

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cer. Car pooling h,lll aisc

ie:p ic ieduce tlie use cf eneigy

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New buildings should be riesigned to be more energy efficient The buildings shoulcj
b,e

i'.ri;,veniilated, making use of solar

energy and making maximum use of natural light"

Suqqested Proiects:

1.

Conduct activities to care for the followrng ecosystems in school or at

the following ecosystems in school or home.

a. b. 2.

Fish ponds Gardens

Plan and conduct a programme related to the management of ecosystem.

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Point to ponder:

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