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:200.
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9.1
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Evaluate critically the effects of unplanned development and mismana,jentni of the ecosystem,
Describe types of pollution and sources of pollution, Explain the effect of pollution on living things and the environment,
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lnterpret data on the level of water pollution in some rivers, Make an inference on the sources of water pollution in some rivers, Predict the level of air and water pollution in a particular location within the next ten years, Suggest strategies to solve problems related to air and water pollution in a particular location within the next len years.
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Human activities that affect the ecosystems Many problems related to, the environment are the result of human activities and human
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interference
environment include:
1.
Deforestation:
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trees
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The permanent removal of trees from the forests due to the cuttinq down
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Active mining activities such as tin mining in Malaysia that alter the land sur-face structure.
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the drscnarge of effluent that dissolve and suspend in water to deteriorate the
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{-insr3rn:,j1 i=!/eiopments to fulfil the growing needs of an ever-increasing populatron
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Exercise
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Fill in the blanks given to explain the human actrvities that affect the ecosystems
1.
Deforestation
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regulate the world climate. act as a carbon sink of the Earth because
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soil erosion
flash flood
land!lidgs
chanqes in the
recvclinq of
materials
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durinq photosvnthesis and at the same time release oxvqen into the atmosnhere.
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Bio-Scort:leoi.rrer ! Ecjiliorr
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Use
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itrates
phosphates
potassium
Hrghly soluble
(Qurckly leached out)
3.
Mininq activities.
High water
pressure
4.
Causes
lncrease in:
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Pollution to: 1. Ground 2. Water resources
Cause
1. 2.
Dumpinq of wastes
Discharqe of effluents
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Unplanneddevelopnrents
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Deforestation that results'. . Soil erosion - Land strrps of rts vegetation and
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Landslide
- Long heavy
lairs
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Climatic changes
Greenhouse effect Globalwarminq.
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Urbanization
Causes
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Land pollution
Water pollution
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Excessive use of lands that decreases the srrace and resources that are available for other species. Usage of inorqanic fertilizers
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to improve
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quicklv leached out encing ut pollutino the surroundinq rivers and lakes thai ieacs io
eutroph ication
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Pollution
Definition of pollution
in physical, chernical or
bioloqical characteristics of the natural environment, brouqht about when harmful substances or energv are released bv human activities.
Types and sources of pollution:
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Air pollution
Pollutants enter the air from various sources but the burning of fossil fuels contributes the most.
Examples:
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the atmosphere.
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rain form? Normal rain water has a pH of 5.6 but the pH of acid rain is less then 5.0
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Cornparing solrd pollutants in the arr of drfferent environments (Refer activity 9.1 of practical book, page
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Groups discussion: lnterpretation of data on the levels and sources of air pollutants in some cities Activity 9
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Analysing data on air pollution index of some cities within and outside the country (Refer activity 9.3 of text book, page 2'10).
Suqqested answers.
.1.P=100
Q=250
R=5Q
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'/ wh;cir is
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4.'City Z is located in an industrial area; the pollution comes fronr inoustrial plants and factories. City X is a densely populated area; the pollution
comes mainly from combustion qnqines of vehicles.
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5. Some health problems related to air pollution in city X, - asthma. bronchitis, and other respiratorv problems. .- skin and eve irritation and coniunctivitis.. 6. City R has good air quality, whereas city Z has hazardous level of air
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pollution. City R might be located by the sqa and awav from industrial
area, whereas city qities.
Z might be located
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Human activities on land are the main contribution to water pollution These activities include:
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Crude oil spills that cover the water surface recjuce water
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Marine animals such as sea gulls might be covered in crude oil. How can they fly to search for food and escape from predators?
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f ii lndustrial and dornestic activities discharging untreated waste materials that dissolve or suspend in water and deteriorate ttre lvater
qualitY.
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The run-offs of fertilizers, pestrcides and herbicides from agricultur4 activities into lakes and rivers affect the freshwater ecosystems
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The oi-ganic and inorganic wastes that enter a river or a lake enrich the water with nutrients. Photosynthesizing organisms particulady alqae that grow rapidly, result in oopulation explosion known as algal bloom, High density of
algae reduces light intensitv into water, hence lead to the death of other
photosvnthetic oroanisms. The decomposition of these dead organisms by
bacteria causes severe depletion of water dissolved oxvqen, causing the death of other aerobic organisms such as flsh, prawns etc. lncrease BOD The presence of orgalic m.aterials in water promotes the rapid growth of
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The illegal dumping of waste and effiuent from heavy industries are the
main source of toxic pollution, such as heavy metals and radioactive materials that are highly toxic, last for a long time and accumulate in living organisms via food chain.
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Point to ponder:
Heavy metals affect the nervous system and can cause cancer!
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Practical vyork
Aclivrty 9
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Activity 9 z ln:e r:: ;:i-,: ::ra on ine level of water pollu:ron in sonie rivers (Refer activity 9.4 of text book, ounl't' )
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$uoqested answers 1 The higherthe content of waste materials in the water sample, tlre more polluted the river is
The pollution in river C comes from aqriculture run-offs lf the pollution continues, the river vrill be enriched and migi-rt cause an alEtal bloom (eutrophication) and the organisms that live in the river might die due to the
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lack of oxvgen.
The main waste materials in river D are heavy metals that migirt conre from heavy industries effluent. The main waste materials in river E are soils and sediments that might come from soil erosion due to defcrestation. Two possible sources of pollution in river A are sewaqe and aqriculture
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The pollution rvill increase the BoD of the river because there will be a lot o{
surrounding
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Thermal Pollution Thermal pollution occurs when excess heat rvhich is released into the environment harms the living organisms and !!s_g1yi1gnrnsq!itsetf.
It has a negative effects on the food chain rnay disrupt the entire ecosystems.
a. b.
The death of aquatic organisms that only survive within a certain ranqe of temDerature. lncrease in BOD value when the metabolic rate of aquatic organisrns increases. Disturbance of ecosystern balance when miqrations of organisms
occur-
c.
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Noise Pollution
The sourcs
of noise
pollution are
aeroplanes,
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Development and aggravation of stress related problems such as hiqh blood pressure, coronarv disease, ulcers, depression and headaches.
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Point to ponder:
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ln Malaysia, the temperature is rising at 0.18"C every decade. ln the absence of emission control policies, carbon dioxide concentrations are projected to be 30 - 50% higher than today's tevets and the Earth's average temperature may rise between 1.50C to 4.50C by
21 00.
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Exercise
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power stattons and factories.
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Sou rces:
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Sources
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Effluents
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industrial and
residential areas.
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Compare and cordrast the pollutants in the air from different environments
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Burning Fossil Fuels: Hiqh level of carbon particles. . Hiqh level of carbon monoxide, oxides of nitroqen and sulphur dioxide.
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lndustrial PIants and Factories: . Larqe amount of carbon monoxide, oiidu. of nitroq"r'r sulphur dioxide. "nd
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Water
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Type of pollution
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Effects:
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Effects:
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Effects:
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Thermal Pollution
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increase water
tem peratu re.
red uces
solubilitv of oxvqen in
water. rapid groMh bf alqae:
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Lead To: . death of aquatic . orqanisirrs. . distruption of food chain and ecosvstenrs. . hiqher BOD value.
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Snow lhe sources of noise pollution and its impact
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Sources:
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vehicles
Effects:
NOISE
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Deafness
POLLUTION
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correlate the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosohere with global warming"
Explain the thinning of the ozone layer.
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The Greenhouse Effect
The qreenhouse effect is a phenornenon to increase the Earth ternperatr-rre. \,,vithout it the Earth would be too cord for the survivar of riving organisms,
It occurs when the 1oo/o of the sunlight that enters ihe Earth's atmosphere remains
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trapped by the greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, rrelf ane and water vapoL{).
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greenhouse gases act as the qlass panel of a greenhcruse which trap heat anci ivarm the greenhouse, hence the term is the qreenhouse effect_
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As the concentraiion of greenhouse gases rises, the mqle heat is trapyrecl irr the
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The meltinq oi ice rn the polar regions that raises ti're sea level and submerges the coastal residential area and agriculture larrd The change of the world climate that leads to unexpected heavv rains.
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Iloods, stronq winds, hurricanes etc. in certain areas Deterioration of health when many people die because of heatstroke, the
widespread of epidemic diseases (e.g. after flood), nralnutrition etc.
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b.
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CFCs are a group of chemical compounds that contain chlorine, fluorine and carbon CFCs are used as coolants in airconditioners and refrigerators, as propellants in aerosol cans and as foaminq aqeqts in the making of Styrofoam packaging. The chemical processes that destroy the ozone layer are as follows:
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The CFCs in the atmosphere are struck by UV light forming chlorine atoms
cFCIr 4
(Trich loro fl uorocarbon)
ct (Chlorine)
+
cFCl2
(Dichlorofl uorocarbon )
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chlorine atom then breaks the gzone molecule into chlorine monoxide and
oxygen gas.
Cl * o: (Chlorine) (Ozone)
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(Chlorine
Clo * monoxide)
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chlorine monoxide then reacts with the free oxvqen atom in the atmosphere
to form chlorine atom and oxygen molecule.
(Chlorine
monoxide)
(Oxygen atorn)
(Chlorinc atonr
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The chlorine atoms repeat the breaking of the ozone molecules causing the depletion of the ozone layer continuously.
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The inrpact of ozone depleiton ofl tUr-i-,3n a'a tn3 eccsystems lncreace greenhouse efle:i
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Eadlr temperature increases r,vhen nrore UV (ultra violet) radiatron reaches the Eadh surface and mcre iR
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into tire
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csLrS! s{in cancer, especially to tl-rose wiih
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Reduce human immune system. Human beings are exposed to various diseases
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Activity 9.6. identifying the causes and effects of global warming and the thinning of ozone layer (Refer activity 9.5 on page 214
of the text book).
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Point to ponder:
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l.leasurements made by British scienlists at Haley Bay, Aniarctica, showed a thinning of the ozone layer caused by an accumulation of atmospheric chlorine dur)ng the winter
mcnths Tr;g l.iai: i.i czone layer over i,?'.2'a+.,:=:iserved was as large as
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Exercise
Fiii in ihe bianks to snow how the phenonrena of GlobalWarming occurs and its effects:
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carbon dioxide
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ln modern days, more and more qreenhouse qases especially carbon dioxide, are pumped into the atmosphere each year that the Earth's average
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Effects:
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Sea level rises due to the melting of ice caps in polar regions, causing flood in low coastal
areas.
contaminating freshwater supply. Change the qlobal weather patterns such as more storms and rains. Spreading of epidemic diseases after floods Expansion of desert areas.
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[-ill in the blanks"to su.r.rarise the ilrinning of ozone layer process, tlre sources and efiects
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Stratosphere
Reaction happens between
Ultra violet
Ozone layer: f:unctions to absorb ultraviolet
The mechanism:
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lncreasing CFC level
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Sources of CFC
when a free atom of oxvqen collides with the chlorine monoxide, the two oxygen atoms form a molecule of oxygen. The
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refriqerators
air conditioners
propellant in aerosol
as foaming agent
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Learning outcomes:
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explain the effect of increase rn population on the ecosysienr explain measure taken in the management of de,relocme;li and ecosystem to ensure a balance of nature is maintained
care for the ecosystem participate in activities related to the nranagement of the ecosysrenl
The need for development and the effects of an increased population on the ecosystem.
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Humans do not only influence the environments rn negative ways but also bring about positive effects by takinq measures to carry out proper manaqement
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of
development qualities.
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ln the act of exploiting the Earth's natural resources to fulfil the growing population's needs, we should also take the consideration to conserve and preserve
the lrving
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vernment and
on tra cto rs
ld consider the im
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a r,'Vii-,cri:3ii,3f lng the tesottrces Of the co . b By taking into consideration the environmental ttlpact c B\ n:i :::,',' 'llkin-c for shorl-term gains while tglqqgtllelo_lg:1941
effects on the environment.
a
renewable resources
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Bv nci pollutinq the ecosystems but create a glealel and healthier lirring
environment
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Activity 9
Conductino a debate on the need for development (Refer 9 7 on page 217 of textbook).
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Cur denrands for sources have to be balanced with the rreed to sustain the
resources themselves. Therefore, the key to solving thrs issue is sustainable development
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Activity 9.8 Measures taken in the management of development activities and the ecosystem to ensure a balance of nature is matntarned (Refer
activity 9.8 on page 218 of textbook).
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Measures taken in the management of development actrvities to ensure a balanced and stable ecosystem is maintained.
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lmplementation of laws.
Examples:
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Environmental Qualitv Act 1974, 1985 (Revised) Composed of 6 regulations related to air, vehicles smokes and gases, clean air, rubber, oil palm, sewage and indrtstrial effiuents
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The use of technology The use of special filters on nrotor exhausts and industrv chimneys to filter the release of soot, lead particles and toxrc gases into the atmosphere.
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To treat the heavv metals and toxic components in liqurd factory elfluent.
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The use of non-leaded petrol and bio-diesel (from palm orl) that
are more environmental friendly.
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Recvcle the waste products e.g. The use of cattle dung as biogas sources.
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lncineration of qarbaqe.
The use of
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organizing environmental campaiqns through mass media such as radio, TV, newspapers etc.
Talks, workshops and seminars by qovernment aqencies and also the NGOs such as SAM (Sahabat Alam Malaysia), WWF (World Wildlife Fund) etc.
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The soil, water, frora and fauna of forest"s, mangrove swamps are preserved by Departments of Forestry and Wild Life. Many research rerated to preservation and conservation of
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The use of pesticides should be avorded ce[,nuSe apor'-i of causing air and yqelgl pollution, they also cause ihe oealh ol predator
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Natural resources should be exploited in a susiainable manner so that they will be avatlable for future generations
of f orests into
aetricultural lands
g.
i. ii.
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Efficient use of non:rsnglygUe eneigy lrke fossrl fuels and nuclear fuels
carefully
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renewable energy like solar, wind, water and biornass energyThese energy sources can be used more effrcienily wrthout much damage to our environments.
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New buildings should be riesigned to be more energy efficient The buildings shoulcj
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Suqqested Proiects:
1.
a. b. 2.
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Point to ponder:
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