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University of Zimbabwe Hardware Resources

MBA BIS 2011
Eng. Martin Manuhwa

Business Information Systems

Eng. Martin Manuhwa

Computer Hardware

MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES
WHAT IS A COMPUTER SYSTEM?: CPU AND PRIMARY

STORAGE SECONDARY STORAGE INPUT & OUTPUT DEVICES TECHNOLOGY TRENDS *

Eng. Martin Manuhwa

Basic Computer Hardware Components

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Primary Storage (Main Memory)

Input Devices (Keyboard, Mouse)

Output Devices (Screen, Printer)

Secondary Storage (Disk, Tape) Buses (connections between components)

Eng. Martin Manuhwa

Computer System Components

Input Device s

Central Processing Unit Control ALU Unit

Special Cache Primary Purpose Memory Storage Processors

Output Output Devices Device

s

Secondary Storage Devices

Eng. Martin Manuhwa

Putting the Pieces Together

Output Device
DMA

Primary Input Device CPU Memory

Secondary Storage
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DMA

HOW CHARACTERS ARE STORED

BIT: Binary Digit. On/Off, 0/1, Magnetic/Not BYTE: Group of bits for one character EBCDIC- Extended Binary Coded Decimal

Interchange Code (8 bits per byte) ASCII- American Standard Code for Information Exchange (7 or 8 bits per byte) PARITY BIT: extra bit added to each byte to help detect errors *
Eng. Martin Manuhwa

EXAMPLES OF BYTES
EBCDIC ASCII (assume even-parity system)
C: 1100 0011 0 100 0011 1 A: 1100 0001 1 100 0001 0 T: 1110 0011 1 101 0100 1 Note how sum for each byte is an EVEN number *
Eng. Martin Manuhwa

INPUT/OUTPUT DEVICES
POINTING DEVICES

SOURCE DATA AUTOMATION

OUTPUT DEVICES

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Input Technology Trends

First Generation Second Generation Third Generation Fourth Generation Fifth Generation

Punched Cards Paper Tape

Punched Cards

Key to Tape/ Disk

Keyboard Data Entry Pointing Devices Optical Scanning

Voice Recognition Touch Devices Handwriting Recognition

Trend: Towards Direct Input Devices that Are More Natural and Easy to Use

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Common Input Devices

Keyboard Pointing Devices Pen Based Computing Speech Recognition Optical Scanning Magnetic Ink Character Recognition Smart Cards Digital Cameras

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POINTING DEVICES
KEYBOARD MOUSE WIRED INFRA-RED TRACKBALL TOUCH PAD JOYSTICK TOUCH SCREEN

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SOURCE DATA AUTOMATION

CAPTURES DATA IN COMPUTER FORM AT TIME & PLACE OF TRANSACTION OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION (OCR): saves characters, format BAR CODE: identifies products in stores, warehouses, shipments MAGNETIC INK CHARACTER RECOGNITION (MICR): special ink identifies bank, account, amount *

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SOURCE DATA AUTOMATION

PEN-BASED INPUT: Digitizes signature DIGITAL SCANNER: Translates images & characters

into digital form VOICE INPUT DEVICES: Converts spoken word into digital form SENSORS: Devices that collect data from environment for computer input (e.g., thermometers, pressure gauges) *

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Common Output Devices

Video Output
CRT LCD Printed Output Inkjet Laser

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OUTPUT DEVICES
CATHODE RAY TUBE (CRT) PRINTER PLOTTER VOICE OUTPUT DEVICE MULTIMEDIA

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Output Technology Trends

First Generation Second Generation Third Generation Fourth Generation Fifth Generation

Punched Cards Printed Reports and Documents

Punched Cards Printed Reports and Documents

Printed Reports and Documents Video Displays

Video Displays Video Displays Voice Responses Audio Responses Hyperlinked Printed Reports Multimedia and Documents Documents

Trend: Towards Output Methods that Communicate Naturally, Quickly, and Clearly

Eng. Martin Manuhwa

Storage Trends
Primary Storage

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First Generation

Second Generation

Third Generation

Fourth Generation

Fifth Generation

Magnetic Drum

Magnetic Core

Magnetic Core

VLSI LSI Semiconductor Semiconductor Memory Chips Memory Chips

Trend: Towards Large Capacities Using Smaller Microelectronic Circuits

Secondary Storage

Magnetic Tape Magnetic Tape Magnetic Drum Magnetic Disk

Magnetic Disk Magnetic Tape

Magnetic Disk Optical Disk Magnetic Tape

Optical Disk Magnetic Disk

Trend: Towards Massive Capacities Using Magnetic and Optical Media

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CPU & PRIMARY STORAGE

CPU
PRIMARY

STORAGE

DATA BUS ADDRESS BUS CONTROL BUS

INPUT DEVICES
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OUTPUT DEVICES

SECONDARY STORAGE

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CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)

ARITHMETIC/LOGIC UNIT

CONTROL UNIT

ROM

CLOCK

RAM

PRIMARY (MAIN) MEMORY

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CPU
Does all manipulations

Controls other computer components

Components Arithmetic-Logic Unit

Control Unit
Registers Information must be on the CPU

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ALU & CONTROL UNIT

ARITHMETIC- LOGIC UNIT: CPU component performs

logic and arithmetic operations CONTROL UNIT: CPU component controls, coordinates other parts of computer system *

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Primary Memory
Can be accessed directly by CPU

All commands/data must be in primary memory.

Read Only Memory (ROM) non-volatile holds OS/BIOS (how to be a computer) Random Access Memory (RAM) volatile hold high level OS, application, data

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TYPES OF MEMORY
RAM: Random Access Memory
Dynamic: Changes thru processing Static: Remains constant (power on)

ROM: Read Only Memory (preprogrammed)

PROM: Program can be changed once

EPROM: Erasable thru ultraviolet light

EEPROM: Electrically erasable

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Other Type Primary Memory

ROM PROM - write once
for single & low volume uses

EPROM - rewritable CMOS

holds setup memory, needs battery

RAM

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ADDRESSES IN MEMORY
Each location has an ADDRESS

Each location can hold one BYTE

101

102

103

201
301
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202
302

203
303

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MEMORY SIZE
210 bytes... 1024 bytes MEGABYTE (MB): 210 KB... million bytes GIGABYTE (GB): 210 MB... billion bytes TERABYTE (TB): 210 GB... trillion bytes *
KILOBYTE (KT):

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Secondary Storage
Sequential Access

9 track reels
tape cartridges Direct Access Storage Devices (DASD)

floppy disk drives

hard disk drives CD-ROM

DVD

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SECONDARY STORAGE

DISK TAPE OPTICAL STORAGE

*
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DIRECT ACCESS STORAGE DEVICE

HARD DISK: Steel platter array for large computer systems RAID: Redundant array of Inexpensive Disks FLOPPY DISK: Removable disk for PC

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TRACKS AND SECTORS

TRACKS

EACH TRACK HOLDS SAME AMOUNT OF DATA

START OF TRACKS SECTOR

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DIRECTORY ON TRACK 0

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DISK PACK STORAGE

LARGE SYSTEMS
RELIABLE STORAGE LARGE AMOUNTS OF DATA QUICK ACCESS & RETRIEVABLE TYPICAL: 11 2-sided disks CYLINDER: Same track all surfaces

*
READ/WRITE HEADS

DISK 1 DISK 2 DISK 3 DISK 4 DISK 5

CYLINDER 10: TRACK 10 (TOP AND BOTTOM OF EACH DISK)

Eng. Martin Manuhwa

OPTICAL STORAGE
CD-ROM: 500-660 MEGABYTES
LAND: flat parts of disk surface reflects light PITS: small scratch on surface scatters light

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WRITE ONCE / READ MANY (WORM):

CD-R: Compact Disk - Recordable CD-RW: CD - Rewritable

DIGITAL VIDEO DISK (DVD): CD size, up to 10 gigabytes

of data

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MAGNETIC TAPE
STANDARD FOR SEQUENTIAL

FILES

SPOOL OF PLASTIC TAPE COVERED WITH FERROUS

OXIDE (2400 feet per spool) RECORD GROUPS: BLOCKING FACTOR (e.g., 10 records per block)
GROUPS SEPARATED BY INTER-BLOCK GAP RECORDS READ BLOCK AT A TIME

*
HEADER IBG BLOCK 1 BLOCK 2 BLOCK 3

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MAGNETIC CARTRIDGE

ENCLOSED FERROUS OXIDE TAPE USED PERIODICALLY TO BACK UP RECORDS INEXPENSIVE STORED IN SAFE LOCATION CAN BE REUSED

*
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STORAGE AREA NETWORK (SAN)

HIGH-SPEED NETWORK CONNECTS VARIOUS STORAGE DEVICES
TAPE LIBRARIES DISK ARRAYS

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Data Bus
Information is moved to/from components on the Data

Bus via the CPU Typically want data bus = word size Some systems have a data bus < word size Some systems allow for Direct Memory Access (DMA) which bypasses the CPU

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Bus Standards
ISA Industry Standard Architecture (1984)

MCA Micro Channel Architecture (1987)

EISA Extended ISA (1998) VLB VESA Local Bus (1992) PCI Peripheral Component Interconnect AGP Accelerated Graphics Port (1996) USB Universal Serial Bus (1995) Firewire IEEE 1394 (1994)

(1993)

Eng. Martin Manuhwa

Width Clock Throughput (bits) (MHz) (MB/s)

ISA

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16

MCA
EISA VLB

32
32 32 32 32 -8 33 33 66 --

10
33 132 132 256 12

20

PCI
AGP USB

Firewire

--

--

400

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AGP
Basically an enhancement of the 66 MHz PCI specification

Targeted at high performance 3D graphics applications.

Standards exist for 2X (512 MBps) and

4X (1024 MBps).

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USB
Intended to lower costs by using standard connectors

and eliminating add-on cards Requires compatible BIOS, OS, peripherals Supports hot swapping of devices 127 devices possible using USB hubs Max cable length 5 meters Supports 12 Mbps aggregate data rate, 1.5Mbps for low speed devices

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IEEE 1394 (FireWire)

Similar concept to USB but directed at high speed

peripherals Supports speeds of 100, 200, and 400 Mbps 63 same-speed devices on single bus Up to 1,023 buses can be interconnected Expect future computer to have both a low speed bus (USB) and a high speed bus (FireWire)

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Hard Disk Interfaces

ST-506/ST-412 (MFM, RLL)

ESDI - Enhanced Small Device Interface

IDE/ATA - Integrated Drive Electronics / AT

Attachment ATA-2, Fast ATA, Fast ATA-2, ATA-2, Ultra ATA, ATAPI 16-bit, EIDE - Enhanced IDE

Eng. Martin Manuhwa

SCSI Small Computer Systems Interface

SCSI1(8 devices) 8-bit narrow bus, 5 MHZ bus (5MB/s) SCSI-2 Wide-16 bit or 32-bit (not common) Fast - 10MHz bus (10MB/s @ 8bits) SCSI-3 Ultra 20MHz bus (20MB/s @ 8 bits) Serial SCSI (Firewire) Up to 400MHz (50+ MB/s)

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COMPUTER COMPONENTS
CPU
INPUT DEVICES

SECONDARY STORAGE

BUSES
OUTPUT DEVICES
COMMUNICATIONS DEVICES

PRIMARY STORAGE
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INSTRUCTION & EXECUTION CYCLE

I-CYCLE: 1. FETCH 2. DECODE 3. PLACE IN INSTRUCTION REGISTER 4. PLACE INTO ADDRESS REGISTER *

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INSTRUCTION & EXECUTION CYCLE

E-CYCLE: 5. SEND DATA FROM MAIN MEMORY TO STORAGE REGISTER 6. COMMAND ALU 7. ALU PERFORMS OPERATION 8. SEND RESULT TO ACCUMULATOR *

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COMPUTER TIME
NAME LENGTH # PER SECOND COMPARED TO 1 SECOND

Millisecond

.001 second

thousand 15min 40 sec million billion trillion 11.6 days 31.7 years 31,700 years

Microsecond .001 millisecond Nanosecond .001microsecond Picosecond .001 nanosecond *

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MICROPROCESSOR
VLSI CIRCUIT WITH CPU
WORD LENGTH: bits processed at one time MEGAHERTZ: one million cycles per second DATA BUS WIDTH: bits moved between CPU & other devices

REDUCED INSTRUCTION SET COMPUTING (RISC): embeds

most used instructions on chip to enhance speed MultiMedia eXtension (MMX): enhanced Intel chip improves multimedia applications *

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EXAMPLES OF MICROPROCESSORS

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NAME

MICROPROCESSOR MANUFACTURER INTEL INTEL INTEL INTEL MOTOROLA, IBM, APPLE DEC

WORD DATA BUS CLOCK SPEED LENGTH WIDTH (MHz) 32 32 32 64 32 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 75 - 200 166 - 233 233 - 450 500+ 100 - 400 1000+

PENTIUM PENTIUM (MMX) PENTIUM II PENTIUM III PowerPC ALPHA

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USES OF MICROPROCESSORS
NAME PENTIUM PENTIUM II PENTIUM (MMX) PENTIUM III PowerPC ALPHA USE PCs HIGH-END PCs, WORKSTATIONS MULTIMEDIA MULTIMEDIA HIGH-END PCs, WORKSTATIONS COMPAC & DEC WORKSTATIONS

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SEQUENTIAL & PARALLEL PROCESSING

SEQUENTIAL Program TASK 1 CPU RESULT Program CPU
TASK 1

PARALLEL Program

CPU
TASK 2

CPU
TASK 3

RESULT TASK 2

CPU RESULT
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DATA PROCESSING
BATCH PROCESSING: Transaction data stored until

convenient to process as a group. Useful for less timesensitive actions. ON-LINE PROCESSING: Transaction data entered directly into system, constantly updating files. Requires direct-access devices. *

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BATCH PROCESSING
KEYBOARD INPUT BATCH OF TRANSACTIONS SORTED TRANSACTION FILE VALIDATE AND UPDATE OLD MASTER FILE

ERROR REPORTS REPORTS

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NEW MASTER FILE

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ON-LINE PROCESSING
TRANSACTIONS
PROCESS / UPDATE MASTER FILE

MASTER FILE

KEYBOARD

IMMEDIATE INPUT
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IMMEDIATE PROCESSING

IMMEDIATE FILE UPDATE

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CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS
MAINFRAME MIDRANGE & MINICOMPUTER SERVER PERSONAL COMPUTER (PC) WORKSTATION SUPERCOMPUTER

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MAINFRAME
LARGESTMillions of Instructions per second MIPS: ENTERPRISE COMPUTER 5O MEGABYTES TO OVER ONE GIGABYTE RAM COMMERCIAL, SCIENTIFIC, MILITARY APPLICATIONS MASSIVE DATA COMPLICATED COMPUTATIONS

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MIDRANGE/MINICOMPUTER
MIDDLE-RANGE
10 MEGABYTES TO OVER ONE GIGABYTE RAM UNIVERSITIES, FACTORIES, LABS USED AS FRONT-END PROCESSOR FOR MAINFRAME

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MICROCOMPUTER
DESKTOP OR PORTABLE

64 KILOBYTES TO OVER 128 MEGABYTES RAM

PERSONAL OR BUSINESS COMPUTERS AFFORDABLE

MANY AVAILABLE COMPONENTS

CAN BE NETWORKED

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SUPERCOMPUTER
TERAFLOP: TRILLION CALCULATIONS/SECOND
HIGHLY SOPHISTICATED COMPLEX COMPUTATIONS FASTEST CPUs LARGE SIMULATIONS STATE-OF-THE-ART EXPENSIVE

COMPONENTS *

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INTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIA
INTEGRATES TWO OR MORE MEDIA TEXT, GRAPHICS, SOUND, VOICE, VIDEO, ANIMATION STREAMING TECHNOLOGY MP3: Audio compression standard

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CLIENT / SERVER NETWORKED COMPUTERS

CLIENT: user (PC, workstation, laptop) requires data,

application, communications it does not have SERVER: component (computer) having desired data, application, communications *

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CLIENT / SERVER
CLIENT
REQUESTS

SERVER

DATA, SERVICE
USER INTERFACE DATA

APPLICATION
FUNCTION
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APPLICATION FUNCTION
NETWORK RESOURCES

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WORKSTATION
DESKTOP COMPUTER POWERFUL GRAPHICS EXTENSIVE MATH CAPABILITIES MULTI-TASKING USUALLY CONFIGURED TO SPECIAL FUNCTION (e.g.;

CAD, ENGINEERING, GRAPHICS) *

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CENTRALIZED / DISTRIBUTED
CENTRALIZED: PROCESSING BY CENTRAL

COMPUTER SITE
ONE STANDARD GREATER CONTROL

DISTRIBUTED: PROCESSING BY SEVERAL COMPUTER

SITES LINKED BY NETWORKS

MORE FLEXIBILITY FASTER RESPONSE

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DOWNSIZING
TRANSFER APPLICATIONS FROM LARGE COMPUTERS TO SMALL REDUCES COST SPEEDS RESULTS TO USER COMPUTER ASSIGNED TASK IT DOES BEST COOPERATIVE PROCESSING *

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NETWORK COMPUTERS
NETWORK COMPUTER: simplified desktop computer

stores minimum data to function (uses server) TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP (TCO): total cost of owning technology resources (hardware, software, upgrades, maintenance, technical support, training) *

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Evaluating Hardware & Software

Hardware evaluation factors
Performance Speed, capacity, throughput Cost Lease or purchase price Cost of operations and maintenance

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Evaluating Hardware & Software

Hardware evaluation factors (continued)

Reliability
Risk of malfunction & maintenance requirements Error control and diagnostic features

Compatibility
With existing hardware and software?
With hardware & software provided by competing suppliers?

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Evaluating Hardware & Software

Hardware evaluation factors (continued)

Technology
Year of product life cycle Does it use a new, untested technology? Does it run the risk of obsolescence?

Ergonomics
human factors engineered? User-friendly? Safe, comfortable, easy to use?

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Evaluating Hardware & Software

Hardware evaluation factors (continued)

Connectivity
Easily connected to WANs and LANs that use different types of network

technologies and bandwidth alternatives?

Scalability
Can it handle the processing demands of end users, transactions, queries,

& other processing requirements?

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Evaluating Hardware & Software

Hardware evaluation factors (continued)
Software Is system and application software available that can best use this hardware? Support Is support available?

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Evaluating Hardware & Software

Software evaluation factors
Quality Bug free? Efficiency Well-developed system of program code that does not use much CPU time, memory capacity, or disk space?

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Evaluating Hardware & Software

Software evaluation factors (continued)
Flexibility Can it handle our processes easily without major modification? Security Does it provide control procedures for errors, malfunctions, and improper use?

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Evaluating Hardware & Software

Software evaluation factors (continued)
Connectivity Web-enabled? Language Is the programming language familiar to internal software developers?

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Evaluating Hardware & Software

Software evaluation factors (continued)
Documentation Well-documented? Help screens and helpful software agents? Hardware Does existing hardware have the features required to best use this software?

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Evaluating Hardware & Software

Software evaluation factors (continued)
Other factors Performance, cost, reliability, availability, compatibility, modularity, technology, ergonomics, scalability, and support characteristics

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TECHNOLOGY TRENDS
INTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIA VIRTUAL REALITY ENHANCED WORLD WIDE WEB SUPERCHIPS FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTERS MASSIVELY PARALLEL COMPUTERS SMART CARDS MICROMINIATURIZATION

*
Eng. Martin Manuhwa