Interactional frameworks for analyzing leadership (LFS model) - this model is the basis for the course and

this will be key to our analysis.

One of Colins Powells great abilities was that he knew how to form, hold and motivate a highly performing team. He recognized the need to create great followers is necessary to become a successful leader. In a speaking engagement in Buffalo, NY, he describes how to create great followers. Creating a purpose for your followers, leading with intensity and passion, recognizing your followers and connecting with them are essential phases in attaining this goal. During this speech, he highlighted how the leaders job is to empower the followers so they become selfmotivated and their determination to perform is intrinsic. This is particularly important in a military setting, however the effects in the business world are equally high. He also emphasized the fact that in personally acknowledging the efforts and contributions of your followers you show your appreciation and gratitude. When done properly and personally, this will secure their long-term loyalty.
"Dont just motivate your followers; inspire them to be an important part of your organization. Create that inspirational attitude by setting high standards and by following through. Followers want to see leaders with integrity, with moral and physical courage, who recognize them and reward them and make them feel valued."- Colin Powell

However, Powell also realized and acknowledged the fact that another aspect of a great leader is his ability to sometimes make tough decisions. By finding and distinguishing the performers from the non-performers and divesting the second will ensure that the followers will keep their faith in the leader.
"Great leaders also prune their organization and weed out people who are not performing. Followers know who is performing and who is not, and they will slack off if they see a leader that doesnt take charge. General Colin Powell

www.hr.com/en/app/blog/2010/04/colin-powell-on-becoming-a-great-leader_g7x8rpw3.html

As part of his leadership lessons, Powell advises against preconceptions and following latest trends. His career is proof of how he was able to seize the moment and analyze each situation individually before making a decision. His military awards and his political career indicate he was able to assess each situation and act accordingly, within his power.
Fit no stereotypes. Dont chase the latest management fads. The situation dictates which approach best accomplishes the teams mission. General Colin Powell

http://www.acetalks.com/968/colin-powells-leadership-lesons/

Experience and Education - Development as a leader. A-O-R model. How did their experiences shape them as leaders?

Colin Powell is the son of working-class Jamaican immigrants. In spite of his modest origins, through his values, solid family foundations, as well as his strong community ties he developed a high achievers attitude. The importance of education and honesty were instilled in him at an early age. For financial reasons only, he attended City College of New York (he was also accepted at New York University, but tuition fees were much higher). Even though his academic career was not stellar (he graduated with C average), it was during these years he found his true path in life. During his time with the Reserve Officers Training Corps he realized that this will give him drive and focus in life and pursued a military career upon graduation. I liked the order in [cadets] livesthe order they could put in my life, he says. In 1962, he was a military adviser in South Vietnam where he was sent as an officer in the US Army. He was later wounded in his second tour and for his heroic acts during the incident he was presented with the Soldiers Medal. This is only one of the several honors he was awarded during his military career. It was during this time he went back to school and earned his MBA at George Washington University where this time his grades were outstanding. The White House fellowship he worked immediately after helped him

understand how the Army functioned within the federal bureaucracy, and improved his knowledge of national issues. It was his parents and immediate family who showed him the importance of hard work and respect. Keeping true to these values helped him throughout his life and career and was ultimately rewarded with appreciation and respect from members of both political parties and the American public. In total, Powell worked for five different administrations before becoming Secretary of State under George W. Bush. Both the Democrats and the Republicans considered him in 1996 a possible candidate for presidency, overpassing racial and political frontiers. Even though he declined, he was quoted in The New York Times and saying Thats the realization of a great dream,
even though I may not be the one to fill it, in one generation, we have moved from denying a black man service at a lunch counter to elevating one to the highest military office in the nation and to being a serious contender for the presidency. He also mentioned as motives the fact his family has more priority in his life

after all his years of service, and his lack of passion for politics. Despite all his lifelong successes, Powell declares: I never put chalk marks on the wall [that indicated]
Ive got to do this. Ive tried to do my best at what has come my way. Im not without ambition, but Im not driven by ambition. Ive had a full and active public life.

http://www.successmagazine.com/Power-and-Influence/PARAMS/article/511/channel/19

Perception: How do these leaders perceive themselves and others?

In his biography, Colin Powell describes himself as a professional soldier. He says he would like to be remembered as a good soldier who served well and is well thought of by his fellows. Those fellows
include his greatest mentors, the captains and majors who taught me as a lieutenant and kept me going straight ahead.

It seems the newly appointed and highly contested elected President needed public approval and he largely got it by appointing Powell as his secretary of state. Powell was Bushs first Cabinet nominee. It is largely though that Bushs approval of Powell had its roots in the fact Powell worked under his father. Even though their personalities were very different (Bushs impatience and uneasy manner contrasted with the disciplined demeanor of Powell), it seems Bush had high respect for Powell. Their relationship however seemed very reserved and rigid.
Bush publicly presented his views as being aligned with Powell in part to give his own views credibility. Our next secretary of state believes as I do that we must work closely with our allies and friends in times of calm so that we will be able to work together in times of crises. He believes as I do that our nation is best when we project our strength and our purpose with humility. President Elect George W. Bush announcing Collin Powell for Secretary of State.

After Bushs announcement of his decision about Powell, a Gallup poll was conducted in December 15 that further justified his choice. 83% of polled Americans said that they have a favorable opinion of Powell. Only 6% had an unfavorable opinion. Furthermore, Powell was liked by both parties, giving the new Bush administration more bipartisan credibility. 90% of Republicans, 80% of independents, and 80% of Democrats had a favorable opinion of the newly appointed Secretary of State.

http://www.studentpulse.com/articles/251/colin-powell-examining-a-key-player-in-the-bushadministration

Focus is on "the situation" (task, organization & environment)

In 2001, newly elected President George W. Bush appointed Colin Powell to be Secretary of State. At the time, it was the highest rank ever held by an African American in the United States government. In his first months in office, Powell won praise for his efficient administration of the State Department, and cordial relations with

other governments. Following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, Secretary Powell took a leading role in rallying America's allies for military action in Afghanistan. It was reported that Powell had serious misgivings about President Bush's subsequent plan to invade Iraq and topple the regime of Saddam Hussein. Nevertheless, Powell appeared before the Security Council of the United Nations, where he presented evidence purporting to prove that Iraq had concealed concealing an ongoing weapons development program, in violation of UN resolutions. Powell's testimony was instrumental in persuading many members of the U.S. Congress to support military action against Iraq. Some of this evidence was later discredited, and when American forces found no evidence of a weapons program in Iraq, Secretary Powell was subjected to harsh criticism. Shortly after President Bush's re-election in 2004, Powell stepped down as Secretary of State.

http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/pow0bio-1

Within the context of their leadership, what is the task structure and what types of problems do they encounter?

In line with his previous experience and career, Powell stood by his leader in times when his beliefs and opinions diverged from his leaders. In doing this, Powell became an alienated follower and subsequently ended his followership. Later on, he realized how the President used him and his trustworthiness to start a war against Iraq based on a lie and fabricated evidence of biological weapons. His regret and disappointment led him to resign and had long-term effects on him and his image.
"I'm the one who presented it to the world, and (it) will always be a part of my record. It was painful. It is painful now," Powell said in a 2005 interview with Barbara Walters. In the speech, Powell said he had relied on information he received at CIA briefings. Although he told Walters that then-CIA Director George Tenet "believed what he was giving to me was accurate," Powell admitted that "the intelligence system did not work well . . . There were some people in the intelligence community who knew at the time that some of those sources were not good, and shouldn't be relied upon, and they didn't speak up. "That devastated me," he said.

http://www.newsmax.com/Headline/colin-powell-iraq-wmd/2011/02/16/id/386373
After he served his purpose, the administration replaced him with an individual that would be a key player in streamlining the goals and positions within the administration, making it more cohesive, to move further with its agenda. Powells loyally led him to be a fallen solider. To the administration he served his role and was an ultimate success, despite its lack of allegiance to the General.

http://www.studentpulse.com/articles/251/3/colin-powell-examining-a-key-player-in-the-bushadministration

What is the culture like in their organizations? What type of culture does their leadership drive?

In a 2001 article published in U.S. Time Magazine, the authors identify the challenges Powell faced while part of President Bushs advisors. Even though he never voiced his frustrations and even denied such allegations publicly, those close to him knew how much of a toll this took on him. His vision, open-mindedness and exuberance clashed with his peers.
On the Bush team, Powell finds himself operating across a fault line. In shorthand, it is attitude. The differences within the team are not about goals so much as about the manner of accomplishing them. Powell is a multilateralist; other Bush advisers are unilateralists. He's internationalist; they're America first. If you wanted to put a label on Powell's foreign outlook, you could call it "compassionate conservatism"; the others share the second notion but not the first. He is often seen as the Administration's force of moderation, charged with checking its more extreme enthusiasms. Even when winning, he seems to prevail against the tide. Though a star of global magnitude, he is the one doing the saluting. It has to be frustrating. Naturally his aides say, "Powell doesn't give a damn about that. He doesn't care if Powell gets his way. That is not what he is about." When TIME asked him point-blank last week, he gazed back and said, "I'm not frustrated. There are problems to be solved. And my job is to help the President find the right answer to the problems he faces. It's not for me to be frustrated; that's not an option." But friends say different. A Republican Senator who knows him well says flatly, "He's frustrated. I know he's not happy." A close associate at State says, "Sure, there's frustration--especially when you didn't have to do

this and you're working your buns off at it." It has got bad enough for his intimate aides to wonder aloud whether Powell will serve out his full term. "You gotta wonder," says one, "whether you're still having fun or not." All this has left a vast audience of admirers at home and abroad wondering what all that Powell charisma and celebrity and promise are being used for. What has happened to make the Bush Administration's ace look like its odd man out? Is it Powell, or the circumstances he's in? Is it something in the Powell makeup, or some combination of rivalry and situation, that holds him back?

http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1000708,00.html#ixzz1emyRR6hH

What is the general environment in which they are being asked to lead? (ie Bush first term VS Bush second term are very different environments)

The decision making process of the Bush administration was nothing like that of other administrations that Powell had previously worked. It was not like that of Reagans administration where that had to submit formal option papers. It was nothing like the "less formal but decisive" policy decisions of the H.W. Bush administration. It was nothing like that of the Clinton administration where there was open and lengthy debates. The policy making process in the Bush administration was a bureaucratic battlefield. Pulling the President aside and conveying a position was more likely to change Bushs mind then a formal representation of that opinion. Approval often wasnt needed for those within the administration to play a key role in the way things were handled. The result was that the better at politicking, the more influence one had with the President. Powell was not good at this type of influence and decision making. He was a soldier. He respected his superiors and followed the chain of command. He was formal in the representation of his views so when they were rejected, he believed his role ended with Bushs decision. The reality, however, was that Bush often needed to be convinced and pushed in a personal and informal way to have his mind changed. Because the mentality of a soldier was up against politicians that meant that views of Powell and the State Department were often over looked and the more hawkish views of Cheney and Rumsfeld where more influential. Powell commented on this influence and said Very often maybe Mr. Rumsfeld and vice president Cheney would take decisions into the president that the rest of us weren't aware of. That did happen, on a number of occasions."

http://www.studentpulse.com/articles/251/colin-powell-examining-a-key-player-in-the-bush-administration

How effective were they? How much their leadership was affected by their values, bright/dark side personality traits, their intelligence, and their reactivity to stress?

Colin Powell was a master at coordinating meetings and achieving consensus. He also had a large impact on shaping policy. He actively and effectively participated in the interdepartmental process of national security policy formulation and execution. One of the most notable policies he helped shape dealt with reversing the race toward nuclear Armageddon. He demonstrated the ability to advise the President on policy development, strategy, and resourcing issues. He provided a textbook example of effective senior leadership as well as a person who was a great communicator. The results from his achievements validates that he was a master negotiator and consensus-builder. Additionally, he demonstrated that he was a pillar of reason and good judgment in a foggy environment of uncertainty and ambiguity. He also enjoyed the total confidence of the nations chief executive, the President of the U.S.

http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA415280

Did any of them derailed and how? What was the reason, if possible to determine?

it comes as one of the biggest surprises in the emerging Bush II era that Colin Powell, the man many thought would walk into the presidency himself a few years ago, is leaving such shallow footprints. By the cruel calculus of Washington, you are only as powerful as people think you are. Powell's megastar wattage looks curiously dimmed, as if someone has turned his light way down. People who like the Administration's foreign policy credit it to Bush, not Powell. People who don't, wonder where he is. Leaders abroad are not certain he is the definitive voice of America. A former Secretary of State says Powell seems absent from the big issues of the day. Another former top diplomat, when asked to provide an adjective for the phrase "Colin Powell is a 'blank' Secretary of State," says, "Yes, he is." A senior official in the Bush Administration who has worked with Powell for three Presidents in three agencies registers much the same reaction: "I've been struck by how not struck I am by him." A friendly foreign official notes, "It's not useful to sit as silent partner when you have his stature." What people noticed most at the U.N. Conference on Racism that opened last week in Durban, South Africa, was Powell's absence.

On Capitol Hill, the impression of Powell's deflation has set tongues wagging. "He's been largely invisible," says a top Democratic Senate aide. At the White House, officials don't even pretend Powell is Bush's primary foreign policy person.

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2003/jun/02/usa.iraq

Which characteristics do they possess of successful/derailed leaders?

Competencies are developed by the master of the strategic art during the course of a lifetime of education, service, and experience: The strategic leader provides vision and focus, capitalizes on command and peer leadership skills, and inspires others to think and act. Former USAWC Commandant, Major General Chilcoat

During his early years, Powell demonstrated ability for setting goals, being self-sufficient and constantly striving to do his best. His strong work ethics developed early in life and were partly inspired from his parents and close family members. His love for structure and discipline inspired him to join the military while still in college. In his biography, Colin Powell recalls that,
...The uniform gave me a sense of belonging, and something I had never experienced all the while I was growing up; I felt distinctive.; He learned that being in charge means making decisions, no matter how unpleasant. If its broke, fix it. When you do, you win the gratitude of the people who have been suffering under the bad situation.

Throughout his military career, he developed his negotiating, leading and decision-making skills. One of his main concerns throughout his military career and beyond was his care for the soldiers. He also mastered skills such as effective communication, confidence, responsibility, confronting the consequences of your actions and decisions, and dealing with ambiguity, stress and uncertainty. For years, I have told young officers that most of what I know about military I learned in my

first eight weeks at Fort Benning. Three key areas stood out in his training: the mission is primary, followed by taking care of soldiers; dont stand there, do something; and lead by example. Colin Powell

In his political life, he demonstrated that he was a pillar of reason and good judgment in a foggy
environment of uncertainty and ambiguity. He demonstrated he was a strategic thinker; he had

command presence and managerial expertise, and was able to articulate his views in order to convince political people within the country as well as their allies. http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA415280 The most controversial issues, which rose after his resignation, were his involvement in the start of the war on Iraq as well as the Guantanamo Bay torture practice allegations.
Rachel Maddow busts Colin Powell, the former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and former Secretary of State of the United States, as he pretends on live TV to not be qualified to know whether someone (him) would be in violation of the laws of war if that person had done what he did.

Powell also, as The Other Scott Horton notes, acknowledges the need for an investigation of him.

http://www.antiwar.com/blog/2009/04/05/colin-powell-war-criminal/

How effective was their performance?

Eight days after Bush was reelected, Powell was fired from his position as Secretary of State. He received a call from Chief of Staff, Andrew Card. "The president would like to make a change," Card said. Bush wanted Powells resignation letter dated two days from the date of the phone call, November 12th. Bush also wanted him to stay in his position until his successor, Condoleezza Rice, was confirmed by the Senate. Powell had mentioned indirectly that he did not intend to stay into a second term in the summer of that year. This led to

some confusion on whether he had been fired or resigned from the position but years later it is clear that Powell would have stayed throughout the rest of Bushs time in office, but was not welcome too. For Powell, this was the end of the battle between him and the administration on foreign policy. Rice replacing Powell signifies Bush wanting to stream line the opinions within the administration. Powell was the voice of negotiating, diplomatic strategies and multilateral approaches on the foreign affairs of the US. Where Powell contracted and objected many of the views of Bush and others in the administration, Rice would uphold the policies and beliefs of Bush without digression. When Bush announced Rice as Powell successor, the feeling that Bush picked Rice because she would uphold his view of foreign policy was apparent by his remarks. "The secretary of state is America's face to the world, and in Dr. Rice the world will see the strength, the grace and the decency of our country," he said. Powell typed up his resignation letter on his home computer, but after the White House found a typo, he was told to rewrite it. For whatever reason, possibly out of insult, Powell wrote the letter of resignation as if it was his choice to leave the administration. He wrote, Dear Mr. President: As we have discussed in recent months, I believe that now that the election is over, the time has come for me to step down as Secretary of State and return to private life. I, therefore, resign as the 65th Secretary of State, effective at your pleasure." One can assume that Powell felt betrayed by the Bush administration yet again as he was loyal to the end. http://www.studentpulse.com/articles/251/3/colin-powell-examining-a-key-player-in-the-bush-administration