Example 1:

Basmajian and Super * studied the effect of a certain muscle relaxant when muscle spasticity was caused by upper motor neuron disease. They took measurements on patients when they were selected for study and one week later (control period 1 and 2). Each subject subsequently received at different times a placebo and the test drug. The results under the four conditions are shown in table below. From these data, can we conclude that there is a difference in response under the four conditions? Let = 0.05

Peak ft/lb force readings in four periods in patients with muscle spasticity Controls Patient 1 2 Placebo Test drug

1 2 3 5 6 7 9 10 12 13 14 15 18 19 22

5.140 8.112 4.608 11.418 15.154 12.371 8.262 6.578 5.629 8.272 13.325 16.582 3.601 5.629 19.955

9.927 12.381 3.954 12.061 15.367 13.368 7.962 5.450 6.166 9.491 12.177 11.539 4.990 3.533 17.076

6.592 10.779 5.019 10.992 13.765 11.931 6.403 2.193 5.963 7.521 12.081 14.593 6.079 5.310 19.316

3.814 8.112 1.859 3.495 9.607 11.156 5.276 3.069 4.705 4.705 8.436 14.462 8.146 1.781 16.650

*Basmajian, J. V., and Gail A. Super,"Dantrolene Sodium in the Treatment of Spasticity," Arch. Psys. Med. Rehabil., 54 (1973), 60-64.

SOLUTION:
Hypotheses
H 0 : M1 = M 2 = M 3 = M 4

H 1 : At least one equality is violated

Test statistic
b =15 , k = 4

Controls Patient 1 2 3 5 6 7 9 10 12 13 14 15 18 19 22 1 2 1.5 3 3 3 3 4 4 2 3 4 4 1 4 4 R1 = 45.5 2 4 4 2 4 4 4 3 3 4 4 3 1 2 2 2 R2 = 46 placebo 3 3 4 2 2 2 2 1 3 2 2 3 3 3 3 R3 = 38 Test drug 1 1.5 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 4 1 1 R4 = 20.5

From equation,

r2 =
1)

k 12 R 2 3b(k +1) j bk (k +1) j =1

r2 =

12 (45 .5 2 + 46 2 + 38 2 + 20 .5 2 ) (3)(15 )( 5) (15 )( 4)( 5)

= 242 .02 225 =17 .02

Critical value
2 From table A.11, 1, k ) , = 0.05 , k = 4 ( 1

(20.95 ,3) = 7.815

Decision
Since 62 .02 > 7.815 , thus we reject H 0

Conclusion
We can conclude that there is a difference in response under the four conditions.

Since we reject h0, so we can use multiple-comparison to see where the differences located. From question 2, we know that:

R1 = 45.5 R2 = 46 R3 = 38 R4 = 20.5 = 0.05 b = 15 k=4 then we apply this formula to compare all possible differences between pairs of samples. | Rj Rj| z

First we find = = = 0.004167 To find z value: Z = 0.5 0.004167 = 0.495833 approximate to 0.4959 (table A.2) z = 2.64 Then we subtitude value z into the formula (RHS inequality) | Rj Rj| z

Then we get

| Rj Rj| 2.64 | Rj Rj| 18.6676 Now we want to check where the differences occur. So the six pairs of differences | Rj Rj| are | R1 R2| = | 45.5 46 | = 0.5 | R1 R3| = | 45.5 38 | = 7.5 | R1 R4| = | 45.5 20.5 | = 25 | R2 R3| = | 46 38 | = 8 | R2 R4| = | 46 20.5 | = 25.5 | R3 R4| = | 38 20.5 | = 17.5 Thus, we can conclude that, pairs that yield different result is pair R1 R4 and R2 R4 Because it is greater and equal to 18.6676

Example 2:
Syme and Pollard* conducted an experiment to investigate the effect of different motivation levels on measures of food-getting dominance in the laboratory rat. The data shown in table below are the amounts of food in grams eaten by eight male hooded rats following 0, 24 and 72 hours of food deprivation. Do these data provide sufficient evidence to indicate a difference in the effects of the three levels of food deprivation? Let = 0.05

Amount of food, grams, eaten by eight rats under three level of food deprivation Hours of food deprivation Subject 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 3.5 3.7 1.6 2.5 2.8 2.0 5.9 2.5 24 5.9 8.1 8.1 8.6 8.1 5.9 9.5 7.9 72 13.9 12.6 8.1 6.8 14.3 4.2 14.5 7.9

* Syme, G. J., and J. S. Pollard, "The Relation between Differences in Level of Food Deprivation and Dominance in Food Getting in the Rat," Psychon, Sci.,29 (1972),297-298.

SOLUTION:

Hypotheses
H 0 = M1 = M 2 = M 3

H 1 = At least one equality is violated

Test statistic
b = 8, k = 3

Hours of food deprivation Subjects 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 24 2 2 2.5 3 2 3 2 2.5 72 3 3 2.5 2 3 2 3 2.5

R3 = 21

R1 = 8

R2 = 19

From equation,

r2 =

12 (8 2 +19 2 + 21 2 ) (3)( 8)( 4) (8)( 3)( 4)

=108 .25 96 =12 .25

Critical value From table A.11, = 0.05 , k = 3 critical value= 5.991

Decision Since 12 .25 > 5.991 , thus we reject H 0

Conclusion We can say that there is a difference in the effects of the three levels of food deprivation

Since we reject h0, so we can use multiple-comparison to see where the differences located. From question 2, we know that:

R1 = 8 R2 = 19 R3 = 21 k=3 b = 10 = 0.05

then we just subtitute the data into the formula, that is Rj Rj z where z is a value from table A.2 corresponding to

First we find

= 0.00833

To find z value:

Z = 0.5 0.00833 = 0.4916667 approximate to 0.4917 (table A.2) z = 2.40

Then we subtitude value z into the formula (RHS inequality) | Rj Rj| z

Then we get | Rj Rj| 2.40 | Rj Rj| 10.7331

Now we want to check where the differences occur. So the three pairs of differences | Rj Rj| are | R1 R2| = | 8 19 | = 11 | R1 R3| = | 8 21 | = 13

| R2 R3| = | 19 21 | = 2

Thus, we can conclude that, pairs that yield different result is pair R1 R2 and R1 R3 Because it is greater and equal to 10.7331

Example 3:
1. A study of effects of three drugs on reaction time of human subjects resulted in the data in table below. Do these data provide sufficient evidence to indicate that the three drugs differ in their effects? Let = 0.05

Change in response time (milliseconds) of 10 subjects after receiving one of three drugs

Subject Drug A B C 1 10 10 15 2 10 15 20 3 11 15 12 4 8 12 10 5 7 12 9 6 15 10 15 7 14 12 18 8 10 14 17 9 9 9 12 10 10 14 16

SOLUTION :
Hypotheses
H0 = M A = M B = MC

H 1 = At least one equality is violated (claim)

Test statistic
b =10 , k = 3

Subject Drug A 1 1.5 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 2.5 7 2 8 1 9 1.5 10 1

R A =13 .5

B C

1.5 3

2 3

3 2

3 2

3 2

1 2.5

1 3

2 3

1.5 3

2 3

RB = 20
RC = 26 .5

From equation,

r2 =
2)

k 12 R 2 3b(k +1) j bk (k +1) j =1

3)

r2 =

12 (13 .5 2 + 20 2 + 26 .5 2 ) (3)(10 )( 4) (10 )( 3)( 4)

=128 .45 120 =8.45

Critical value
From table A.11,
2 1 ,k ) , = 0.05 , k ( 1

=3

(20.95 , 2 ) = 5.991

Decision
Since 8.45 > 5.991 , Thus we reject H 0

Conclusion
We can conclude that the three drugs differ in their effects.

By using Multiple-Comparison Procedure

Since we rejected the Ho, we wish to know specifically which methods are different from each others. Suppose we choose an experimentwise error rate of = 0.05. With

k = 3 and = 0.05 (0.05/6=0.00833 0.01), we find in Table A.2, that

= 2.33. When we

make appropriate substitutions in the right-hand side of the inequality in 7.4 , we have

= 10.420

The rank totals were R A =13 .5 RB = 20 and RC = 26 .5 . , The three pairs of differences | Rj- Rj | are
|13.5 - 20| = 6.5 < 10.420

|13.5- 26.5| = 13 > 10.420

|20 - 26.5| = 6.5 < 10.420

Thus, we conclude that drug A and C yield different results, but drug A and B and drug B and C do not.